Towards a consensus on the clinical applications and interpretations of the nailfold capillaroscopy standards in clinical practice: An initiative by the Egyptian Society of Microcirculation.

Objectives: Based on the mainstream adoption of nailfold capillaroscopy as an investigative tool for rheumatologists, this work was carried out by a panel of experts in the field of capillaroscopy and microcirculation to issue a consensus view on capillaroscopic image acquisition and analysis standardization. Patients and methods: After the key clinical questions were identified by the core team, a systematic review of the published research was carried out focusing on variable capillaroscopic techniques, definitions, and characteristics, including capillary density (number of capillaries), capillary morphology (shape of each capillary), capillary dimensions (width of apical, arterial, and venous limb of the capillary), and the presence of hemorrhages. The expert panel attained a consensus and developed recommendations for the standardization of capillaroscopy in clinical practice. These included recommendations for normality and abnormality and the different capillaroscopic patterns. It also involved recommendations for scoring systems, reliability, and reporting. Results: A panel of 11 experts participated in the two rounds with a response rate of 100%. A total of nine recommendations were obtained. The agreement with the recommendations (a score of 7-9) ranged from 81.8 to 90.9%. A consensus (i.e., ≥75% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed) was reached on all the clinical standards. Conclusion: This work highlighted the main NFC indications, the technical equipment that should be used, how to carry out the procedure, standardization of the terminology of the parameters, and the interpretation of NFC findings. An evidence-based consensus incorporating the advice and experience of a diverse international expert panel was reached.

Field performance of three mosquito collection methods for assessing the entomological efficacy of dual-active ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets.

Selection of mosquito collection methods is of crucial importance to evaluate the impact of vector control tools on entomological outcomes. During a cluster randomised control trial evaluating the relative efficacy of two dual-active ingredient (a.i.) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs, we assessed the performance of different mosquito collection methods: Human landing catches (HLC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). Anopheles mosquitoes were collected using three collection methods in 4 houses, in each of the 60 trial clusters at baseline and every quarter for 24 months using PSCs and HLCs, while CDC light traps were performed during two quarters only. Mean density of vectors collected per method per night was the highest with HLCs (15.9), followed by CDC light traps (6.8); with PSCs (1.1) collecting 10 times less mosquitoes than HLCs. All three collection methods collected fewer mosquitoes in the Interceptor G2® dual a.i. arm, compared to the other trial arms, although only HLCs and PSCs demonstrated strong evidence of this due to a greater number of collection rounds undertaken, than CDC light traps. The broadly similar results regarding the differential impact of the two dual a.i. LLINs showed by the three collection methods suggest that the more ethically acceptable, cheaper, and logistically simpler methods such as CDC light traps could be prioritised for use in large community trials for measuring the efficacy of vector control tools.

What can be learned from the residual efficacy of three formulations of insecticides (pirimiphos-methyl, clothianidin and deltamethrin mixture, and clothianidin alone) in large-scale in community trial in North Benin, West Africa?

BACKGROUND: In Alibori and Donga, two departments of high malaria incidence of Northern Benin, pirimiphos-methyl, mixture deltamethrin + clothianidin, as well as clothianidin were used at large scale for IRS. The present study aimed to assess the residual efficacy of these products. METHODS: Immatures of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) collected in the communes of Kandi and Gogounou (Department of Alibori), Djougou and Copargo (Department of Donga) were reared until adulthood. Females aged 2-5 days were used for susceptibility tube tests following the WHO protocol. The tests were conducted with deltamethrin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%), pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%) and clothianidin (2% weight per volume). For cone tests performed on cement and mud walls, the An. gambiae Kisumu susceptible strain was used. After the quality control of the IRS performed 1-week post-campaign, the evaluation of the residual activity of the different tested insecticides/mixture of insecticides was conducted on a monthly basis. RESULTS: Over the three study years, deltamethrin resistance was observed in all the communes. With bendiocarb, resistance or possible resistance was observed. In 2019 and 2020, full susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl was observed, while possible resistance to the same product was detected in 2021 in Djougou, Gogounou and Kandi. With clothianidin, full susceptibility was observed 4-6 days post-exposure. The residual activity lasted 4-5 months for pirimiphos-methyl, and 8-10 months for clothianidin and the mixture deltamethrin + clothianidin. A slightly better efficacy of the different tested products was observed on cement walls compared to the mud walls. CONCLUSION: Overall, An. gambiae s.l. was fully susceptible to clothianidin, while resistance/possible resistance was observed the other tested insecticides. In addition, clothianidin-based insecticides showed a better residual activity compared to pirimiphos-methyl, showing thus their ability to provide an improved and prolonged control of pyrethroid resistant vectors.

Trophic preferences of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae): what implications for malaria vector control in Benin?

The main objective of the present study is to assess the preferences in terms of vertebrate hosts of Anopheles coluzzii, the main malaria vector in the pastoral area of Malanville, Benin, where rice cultivation and livestock are the main source of income for the populations. Adult mosquitoes were collected through pyrethrum spray catch, and human landing catch in two communes in Benin: Malanville, a pastoral area, and Porto-Novo, a nonpastoral area. Molecular species identification was performed through PCR within the Anopheles gambiae complex. Blood meal origin and P. falciparum sporozoite infection were determined using ELISA blood meal and circumsporozoite protein tests, respectively. Overall, 97% of females of An. gambiae s.l. were An. coluzzii, with biting behavior more pronounced outdoors in the pastoral area. In Malanville, the main vertebrate hosts on which females An. coluzzii blood fed were goats (44%), humans (24.29%), bovines (22%), and pigs (1.4%). Our results also showed that single-host blood meals (human: 24.29% or animal: 68%) were mostly observed compared to mixed blood meals (8.58%). The human biting rate (HBR) and P. falciparum sporozoite rate (SR) of An. coluzzii were 66.25 bites/man/night and 0.77%, respectively. However, in the nonpastoral zone (Porto-novo), 93.98% of samples were An. coluzzii. The latter blood-fed mostly (86.84%) on humans, with an estimated HBR of 21.53 b/m/n and SR of 5.81%. The present study revealed an opportunistic and zoophagic behavior of An. coluzzii in the Malanville area with an overall low mean SR.

[Nailfold capillaroscopy-Principles and clinical application]. / Kapillarmikroskopie ­ Grundlagen und klinische Anwendung.

Nailfold capillaroscopy is a rapid and easily applicable differential diagnostic technique that allows direct visualization of the microcirculation. Abnormal findings in nailfold capillaroscopy are closely associated with connective tissue diseases, such as systemic sclerosis. The clinical manifestation of impaired microcirculation is Raynaud's phenomenon, which is a classical symptom of connective tissue diseases. Nailfold capillaroscopy is increasingly used in various fields of medicine, therefore it is important to define methods for the acquisition and analysis of the results of nailfold capillary and to have a uniform definition of abnormal capillaries. This article discusses image acquisition and analysis, various capillaroscopic techniques, normal and abnormal capillaroscopic features and their significance, scoring systems and reliability of image acquisition and interpretation.

[Nuclear medicine diagnostics in Wilson's disease]. / Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik beim Morbus Wilson.

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism and is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 13. Nuclear medicine methods can prove the metabolic defect and contribute to the assessment of central neurological deficits.With high specificity and sensitivity, the intravenous radiocopper test enables the diagnosis to be confirmed as the basis for initiating treatment. The oral radiocopper test is used to monitor zinc treatment.[123I]ß-CIT-SPECT and [123I]IBZM-SPECT provide functional information of the nigrostriatal system.[123I]ß-CIT-SPECT also allows the determination of SERT availability in the hypothalamus/brain stem as a surrogate parameter of depression.Metabolic parameters of the cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum can be assessed by [18F]FDG-PET studies.SPECT and [18F]FDG-PET studies show significant differences between neurological and non-neurological Wilson patients. Overall, only noninvasive in vivo nuclear medicine enables a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of neurological processes in Wilson's disease.

Association between probable REM sleep behavior disorder and increased dermal alpha-synuclein deposition in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients with Parkinson's disease suffer from REM sleep behavior disorder, potentially preceding the onset of motor symptoms. Phospho-alpha-synuclein is detectable in skin biopsies of patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder several years prior to the onset of manifest PD, but information on the association between dermal phospho-alpha-synuclein deposition and REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with manifest PD is limited. We therefore aimed to investigate the alpha-synuclein burden in dermal peripheral nerve fibers in patients with Parkinson's disease with and without REM sleep behavior disorder. METHODS: Patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 43) who had undergone skin biopsy for the immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein were screened for REM sleep behavior disorder using RBDSQ and Mayo Sleep Questionnaire. Skin biopsies from 43 patients with isolated polysomnography-confirmed REM sleep behavior disorder were used as comparators. RESULTS: Dermal alpha-synuclein deposition was more frequently found (81.8% vs. 52.4%, p = 0.05) and was more abundant (p = 0.01) in patients with Parkinson's disease suffering from probable REM sleep behavior disorder compared to patients without REM sleep behavior disorder and was similar to patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (79.1%). CONCLUSION: The phenotype of REM sleep behavior disorder is associated with high amounts of dermal alpha-synuclein deposition, demonstrating a strong involvement of peripheral nerves in patients with this non-motor symptom and may argue in favor of REM sleep behavior disorder as an indicator of a "body-predominant" subtype of Parkinson's disease.

[Nailfold capillaroscopy-Principles and clinical application]. / Kapillarmikroskopie ­ Grundlagen und klinische Anwendung.

Nailfold capillaroscopy is a rapid and easily applicable differential diagnostic technique that allows direct visualization of the microcirculation. Abnormal findings in nailfold capillaroscopy are closely associated with connective tissue diseases, such as systemic sclerosis. The clinical manifestation of impaired microcirculation is Raynaud's phenomenon, which is a classical symptom of connective tissue diseases. Nailfold capillaroscopy is increasingly used in various fields of medicine, therefore it is important to define methods for the acquisition and analysis of the results of nailfold capillary and to have a uniform definition of abnormal capillaries. This article discusses image acquisition and analysis, various capillaroscopic techniques, normal and abnormal capillaroscopic features and their significance, scoring systems and reliability of image acquisition and interpretation.

Assessing Insecticide Susceptibility and Resistance Intensity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Populations From Some Districts of Benin Republic, West Africa.

Pyrethroid resistance is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the insecticide resistance intensity in Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in four districts of Benin in order to better understand how pyrethroid-only nets are likely to be effective. Thus, adult females of An. gambiae s.l., reared from field-collected larvae were used for assessing resistance intensity to permethrin and deltamethrin. They were tested at 1×, 5×, and 10× the diagnostic dose, using both WHO susceptibility tube testing and CDC bottle bioassays. Identification of molecular species, as well as of L1014F Kdr and Ace-1R mutations was performed using the PCR. The level of expression of biochemical enzymes was also evaluated. Overall, moderate to high resistance intensity to permethrin and deltamethrin was observed, irrespective of the testing method. While the L1014F Kdr frequency was high (>75%), Ace-1R was low (≤6%) in An. gambiaes.s. and Anopheles coluzzii, the two predominant species [52% (95% CI: 44.8-59.1) and 45% (95% CI: 38.0-52.2), respectively]. Anopheles arabiensis was found at very low frequency (3%, 95%CI: 1.1-6.4). For Biochemical analyses, α and ß-esterases were over-expressed in all four districts, while mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) were over-expressed in only one. Overall, the two testing methods led to comparable conclusions, though there were a few inconsistencies between them. The moderate-high resistance intensity observed in the study area suggests that dual active-ingredient (AI) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) may provide better control of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes.

Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean.

Human activities are changing the Arctic environment at an unprecedented rate resulting in rapid warming, freshening, sea ice retreat and ocean acidification of the Arctic Ocean. Trace gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) play important roles in both the atmospheric reactivity and radiative budget of the Arctic and thus have a high potential to influence the region's climate. However, little is known about how these rapid physical and chemical changes will impact the emissions of major climate-relevant trace gases from the Arctic Ocean. The combined consequences of these stressors present a complex combination of environmental changes which might impact on trace gas production and their subsequent release to the Arctic atmosphere. Here we present our current understanding of nitrous oxide and methane cycling in the Arctic Ocean and its relevance for regional and global atmosphere and climate and offer our thoughts on how this might change over coming decades.

Environmental changes affect the microbial release of hydrogen sulfide and methane from sediments at Boknis Eck (SW Baltic Sea).

Anthropogenic activities are modifying the oceanic environment rapidly and are causing ocean warming and deoxygenation, affecting biodiversity, productivity, and biogeochemical cycling. In coastal sediments, anaerobic organic matter degradation essentially fuels the production of hydrogen sulfide and methane. The release of these compounds from sediments is detrimental for the (local) environment and entails socio-economic consequences. Therefore, it is vital to understand which microbes catalyze the re-oxidation of these compounds under environmental dynamics, thereby mitigating their release to the water column. Here we use the seasonally dynamic Boknis Eck study site (SW Baltic Sea), where bottom waters annually fall hypoxic or anoxic after the summer months, to extrapolate how the microbial community and its activity reflects rising temperatures and deoxygenation. During October 2018, hallmarked by warmer bottom water and following a hypoxic event, modeled sulfide and methane production and consumption rates are higher than in March at lower temperatures and under fully oxic bottom water conditions. The microbial populations catalyzing sulfide and methane metabolisms are found in shallower sediment zones in October 2018 than in March 2019. DNA-and RNA profiling of sediments indicate a shift from primarily organotrophic to (autotrophic) sulfide oxidizing Bacteria, respectively. Previous studies using data collected over decades demonstrate rising temperatures, decreasing eutrophication, lower primary production and thus less fresh organic matter transported to the Boknis Eck sediments. Elevated temperatures are known to stimulate methanogenesis, anaerobic oxidation of methane, sulfate reduction and essentially microbial sulfide consumption, likely explaining the shift to a phylogenetically more diverse sulfide oxidizing community based on RNA.

The role of a changing Arctic Ocean and climate for the biogeochemical cycling of dimethyl sulphide and carbon monoxide.

Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbon monoxide (CO) are climate-relevant trace gases that play key roles in the radiative budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Under global warming, Arctic sea ice retreats at an unprecedented rate, altering light penetration and biological communities, and potentially affect DMS and CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean. This could have socio-economic implications in and beyond the Arctic region. However, little is known about CO production pathways and emissions in this region and the future development of DMS and CO cycling. Here we summarize the current understanding and assess potential future changes of DMS and CO cycling in relation to changes in sea ice coverage, light penetration, bacterial and microalgal communities, pH and physical properties. We suggest that production of DMS and CO might increase with ice melting, increasing light availability and shifting phytoplankton community. Among others, policy measures should facilitate large-scale process studies, coordinated long term observations and modelling efforts to improve our current understanding of the cycling and emissions of DMS and CO in the Arctic Ocean and of global consequences.

Characterization of resistance profile (intensity and mechanisms) of Anopheles gambiae in three communes of northern Benin, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: The selection and the spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to the main classes of insecticides used in vector control tools are a major and ongoing challenge to malaria vector control programmes. This study aimed to determine the intensity of vector resistance to insecticides in three regions of Benin with different agro-ecological characteristics. METHODS: Larvae of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were collected from September to November 2017 in different larval sites in three northern Benin communes: Parakou, Kandi and Malanville. Two to five-day-old, non-blood-fed, female mosquitoes were exposed to papers impregnated with deltamethrin, permethrin and bendiocarb at dosages of 1 × the diagnostic dose, 5 × and 10 × to determine the intensity of resistance in these vectors. Molecular frequencies of the kdr L1014F and ace-1R G119S insecticide resistance mutations and levels of detoxification enzymes were determined for mosquitoes sampled at each study site. RESULTS: Resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) was recorded in all three communes with mortality rates below 60% using the diagnostic dose (1x). The results obtained after exposure of An. gambiae to permethrin 10 × were 99% in Kandi, 98% in Malanville and 99% in Parakou. With deltamethrin 10x, mortality rates were 100% in Kandi, 96% in Malanville and 73% in Parakou. For the diagnostic dose of bendiocarb, suspected resistance was recorded in the communes of Malanville (97%) and Kandi (94%) while sensitivity was observed in Parakou (98%).Using the 10 × dose, mortality was 98% in Kandi, 100% in Malanville and 99% in Parakou. The frequencies of the kdr L1014F allele varied between 59 and 83% depending on the sites and species of the An. gambiae complex, while the frequency of the ace-1R G119S gene varied between 0 and 5%. Biochemical tests showed high levels of oxidase and esterase activity compared to the susceptible colony strain of An. gambiae sensu stricto (Kisumu strain). CONCLUSION: Anopheles gambiae showed a generalized loss of susceptibility to permethrin and deltamethrin but also showed moderate to high intensity of resistance in different regions of Benin. This high intensity of resistance is a potential threat to the effectiveness of vector control.

Ancient noeggerathialean reveals the seed plant sister group diversified alongside the primary seed plant radiation.

Noeggerathiales are enigmatic plants that existed during Carboniferous and Permian times, ∼323 to 252 Mya. Although their morphology, diversity, and distribution are well known, their systematic affinity remained enigmatic because their anatomy was unknown. Here, we report from a 298-My-old volcanic ash deposit, an in situ, complete, anatomically preserved noeggerathialean. The plant resolves the group's affinity and places it in a key evolutionary position within the seed plant sister group. Paratingia wuhaia sp. nov. is a small tree producing gymnospermous wood with a crown of pinnate, compound megaphyllous leaves and fertile shoots each with Ω-shaped vascular bundles. The heterosporous (containing both microspores and megaspores), bisporangiate fertile shoots appear cylindrical and cone-like, but their bilateral vasculature demonstrates that they are complex, three-dimensional sporophylls, representing leaf homologs that are unique to Noeggerathiales. The combination of heterospory and gymnospermous wood confirms that Paratingia, and thus the Noeggerathiales, are progymnosperms. Progymnosperms constitute the seed plant stem group, and Paratingia extends their range 60 My, to the end of the Permian. Cladistic analysis resolves the position of the Noeggerathiales as the most derived members of a heterosporous progymnosperm clade that are the seed plant sister group, altering our understanding of the relationships within the seed plant stem lineage and the transition from pteridophytic spore-based reproduction to the seed. Permian Noeggerathiales show that the heterosporous progymnosperm sister group to seed plants diversified alongside the primary radiation of seed plants for ∼110 My, independently evolving sophisticated cone-like fertile organs from modified leaves.

The influence of the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown on patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases on their adherence to immunomodulatory medication: a cross sectional study over 3 months in Germany.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the adherence of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) to their immunomodulatory medication during the three-month lockdown in Germany. METHODS: From 16th March until 15th June 2020, IRD patients from private practices and rheumatology departments were asked to answer a questionnaire addressing their behaviour with respect to their immunomodulating therapy. Eight private practices and nine rheumatology departments that included rheumatology primary care centres and university hospitals participated. A total of 4252 questionnaires were collected and evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of patients (54%) were diagnosed with RA, followed by psoriatic arthritis (14%), ankylosing spondylitis (10%), connective tissue diseases (12%) and vasculitides (6%). Most of the patients (84%) reported to continue their immunomodulatory therapy. Termination of therapy was reported by only 3% of the patients. The results were independent from the type of IRD, the respective immunomodulatory therapy and by whom the patients were treated (private practices vs rheumatology departments). Younger patients (<60 years) reported just as often as older patients to discontinue their therapy. CONCLUSION: The data show that most of the patients continued their therapy in spite of the pandemic. A significant change in behaviour with regard to their immunomodulatory therapy was not observed during the three months of observation. The results support the idea that the immediate release of recommendations of the German Society of Rheumatology were well received, supporting the well-established physician-patient relationship in times of a crisis.

Continuous Chemiluminescence Measurements of Dissolved Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in the Ocean Surface Layer of the East China Sea.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived intermediate of the oceanic nitrogen cycle, and it is produced by biological and photochemical processes in the ocean. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reactive atmospheric compound which has not been determined in the ocean so far. Here, we present the setup and validation of a novel continuous underway measurement system to measure dissolved NO and NO2 in the surface ocean. The system consists of a seawater/gas equilibration component coupled to a chemiluminescence detector. It was successfully deployed during a 12 day cruise to the East China Sea in May 2018. Dissolved NO and NO2 surface concentrations ranged from

[A cross sectional study on patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in terms of their compliance to their immunsuppressive medication during COVID-19 pandemic]. / Einstellung von Patienten mit entzündlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen zur immunsuppressiven Therapie im Rahmen der COVID-19 Pandemie ­ eine Situationsanalyse.

The current COVID-19 pandemic inherits an unprecedented challenge for the treating rheumatologists. On the one hand, antirheumatic drugs can increase the risk of infection and potentially deteriorate the course of an infection. On the other hand, an active inflammatory rheumatic disease can also increase the risk for an infection. In the recommendations of the German Society for Rheumatology (www.dgrh.de), it is recommended that our patients continue the antirheumatic therapy to maintain remission or low state of activity despite the pandemic. In this study, patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease were asked in the first weeks of the pandemic on their opinion of their immunomodulating therapy. The result shows that over 90% of the patients followed the recommendation of the rheumatologist to continue the antirheumatic therapy, and only a small percentage of the patients terminated the therapy on their own. This result was independent of the individual anti-rheumatic therapy. Taken together, the results of this study illustrate not only the trustful patient-physician partnership in a threatening situation but also the high impact of state-of-the art recommendations by the respective scientific society.

[The piriformis syndrome-a special indication for botulinum toxin]. / Das Piriformissyndrom ­ eine spezielle Indikation für Botulinumtoxin.

The piriformis syndrome (PiS) is a possible cause of gluteal pain radiating into the legs. From a pathophysiological anatomical point of view a division into primary and secondary PiS is made. A primary PiS is based on variants of the course of the sciatic nerve with respect to the piriformis muscle. A secondary PiS occurs as a result of hypertrophy, tension and hardening of the piriformis muscle. Muscular hypertrophy causes an impingement syndrome with pressure on the sciatic nerve in the infrapiriform foramen more often than course variants. A tentative diagnosis of PiS can be made based on anamnestic information, clinical signs of strain and the flexion adduction internal rotation (FAIR) test. If asymmetry or hypertrophy exists, the tentative diagnosis is substantiated with the representation of the piriformis muscle in computed tomography (CT). Thus, a CT-supported botulinum injection (BTX) into the piriformis muscle is indicated. This is a pathogenetic treatment approach leading to a reduction in volume. In most cases a single treatment is sufficient. Since there are no adverse consequences, the BTX into the piriformis muscle is also justified from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view in cases of primary PiS if the clinical indications are clear and other causes can be ruled out. In an in-house case series the tentative diagnosis of PiS could be made for 19 patients and the effectiveness of BTX was confirmed.

What News in the Surface Chemistry of Bulk and Supported Vanadia Based SCR-Catalysts: Improvements in their Resistance to Poisoning and Thermal Sintering.

This paper reports a short review on the impact of poisoning effects and thermal aging on the reactivity of surface vanadate species on benchmark V2 O5 -WO3 /TiO2 Selective-Catalytic-Reduction catalysts. A renewed interest of this SCR technology is related to its diversification notably as after-treatment systems to treat the exhaust from Diesel engines with higher running temperature especially when SCR catalysts are coated on Diesel Particulates Filters. Particular attention is also paid to poisoning effects in conjunction with the progressive replacement of fossil fuels by bio-fuels containing alkaline contaminants which drastically deactivate the catalyst through neutralization of strong acid sites. Most of the investigations show that better insight into the mechanisms of poisoning and aging processes is needed especially to understand the relative sensibility of various vanadate species. This could provide original guidelines to catalyst preparation and or the developments of more stable bulk systems as exemplified.