Evaluating Readmission Rates for a Statewide In-Home Ecosystemic Family-Based Treatment Program for Youth with Serious Emotional Disturbance.

Family Based Mental Health Services (FBMHS) with an embedded clinical model, Ecosystemic Structural Family Therapy, is an intervention designed for youth with a serious emotional disturbance (SED) who are at risk of out-of-home placement. The current evaluation examines the association between receipt of FBMHS and rates of out-of-home and community-based care during and after an episode of FBMHS. We identified 25,016 Medicaid-enrolled youth ages 3 to 17 years with receipt of a new FBMHS episode from 1/1/2015 to 6/30/2021. 14% of youth received out-of-home services. Rates of out-of-home service decreased during receipt of FBMHS (14.25-6.98%, p < .0001) and remained lower 6 months following discharge (to 6.95%, p < .0001). Short and longer doses of service were both associated with decreased rates of out-of-home services. FBMHS has been scaled across a large geographic area and is associated with lower rates of out-of-home placement for youth with SED.

Key Issues in the First Year of Transition for a Large Medicaid-Funded Children's Service.

Behavioral Health Rehabilitation Service (BHRS) is a comprehensive service for Pennsylvania's Medicaid-enrolled youth and their families. In 2021, BHRS transitioned to Intensive Behavioral Health Service (IBHS) through state-wide policy change. To assess impact, the largest behavioral health managed care organization in the state compared service utilization in BHRS in 2019 versus IBHS in 2021. Results show that significantly more youth received non-Applied Behavior Analysis (non-ABA) services in BHRS (n = 13,795) than IBHS (n = 10,083) and more youth were discharged during the measurement period for BHRS versus IBHS (47% vs. 44%). Significantly more youth received ABA through IBHS versus BHRS (n = 4,385 vs. n = 2,690). The number of youth served in therapeutic service in IBHS did not indicate improved access during this first year of transition; however, more youth received evidence based treatments through IBHS indicating higher quality care for some youth and families.

Lessons Learned Implementing a Trauma-informed System of Care in Rural Communities.

BACKGROUND: The negative impact of trauma on health is devastating. Providers, especially those in rural areas, require support to implement trauma-informed care (TIC) on a systems level. OBJECTIVES: This paper describes a partnership of county behavioral health administrators, service providers, and a behavioral health managed care organization and steps taken over a 5-year initiative to enhance capacity and quality of community services to meet the needs of individuals in a rural setting to receive TIC. METHODS: The initiative included trainings in evidence-based and best practices in TIC, improved trauma screening, development of TIC centers, and development of community-based networks for ongoing support. Lessons learned were summarized through discussions between partnership members. LESSONS LEARNED: Shared ownership, opportunity to build networks, and continuous assessment of organizational strengths resulted in successful implementation and sustained practice. Challenges included turnover among staff and organizations. CONCLUSIONS: Building a TIC network across a rural health care system can be successful with long-term support and investment from multiple stakeholders.

Organizational Change Strategies to Support High-Quality Behavioral Health Care for LGBTQ Individuals.

There is growing recognition of the need to provide high quality behavioral health care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer/Questioning (LGBTQ) individuals. Research suggests that the LGBTQ community experiences high levels of psychological distress, psychological trauma, and other mental health symptoms as a result of minority stress. Despite these findings, the LGBTQ community continues to face barriers when seeking affirming behavioral health treatment. Using an established framework, this commentary highlights one behavioral health managed care organization's (BHMCO) work towards organizational change in the hopes of creating an affirming and inclusive environment for individuals influenced by the BHMCO (e.g., staff, members, behavioral health providers). In this commentary, we: (1) discuss the importance and role of insurers in promoting strategies to increase and deliver high quality care for LBGTQ individuals, (2) outline the steps our organization took to implement changes, (3) highlight the lessons learned throughout this process, and (4) provide recommendations for future efforts.

Evaluation of Training in Identifying and Responding to Suicide Risk by Staff of a Behavioral Health Managed Care Organization.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: Gatekeeper training for individuals who may be in contact with someone contemplating suicide is a recommended suicide prevention strategy. This study assessed organizational-level gatekeeper training. PRIMARY CARE SETTINGS: Gatekeeper training was conducted in a behavioral health managed care organization (BHMCO), which facilitates integrated behavioral and physical health services for 1.4 million Medicaid-enrolled Pennsylvanians. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE: Gatekeeper training was offered to BHMCO staff via a new training policy. Gatekeeper trainers were qualified BHMCO staff. Approximately half (47%) of trained staff served as care managers. Pre- and posttraining surveys were administered to assess self-reported confidence in ability to identify and assist individuals at risk for suicide. Post-training, staff responded to a hypothetical vignette involving suicide risk, which was evaluated for skills by gatekeeper trainers. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of staff completed training. Mean confidence scores improved significantly from pre- (η = 615) to posttraining (η = 556) (understanding = 3.41 vs. 4.11, respectively; knowledge = 3.47 vs. 4.04; identification = 3.30 vs. 3.94; respond = 3.30 vs. 4.04, p < .0001 for each). Intermediate and advanced skills to address suicide risk were demonstrated post-training in 68.6% and 17.2% of staff, respectively. More care managers versus other BHMCO staff demonstrated advanced skills (21.6% vs. 13.0%); however, both groups showed significant improvement pre- to post-training. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT: Care managers benefit from suicide prevention training and are uniquely positioned to serve as organizational leaders to successful population health initiatives to decrease suicide through training and education.

Human Services and Behavioral Health Integration: A Model for Whole-Person Medicaid Managed Care.

A comprehensive, whole-person approach to individuals' health care can be achieved by aligning, integrating, and coordinating health services with other human services. HealthChoices, Pennsylvania's managed Medicaid program, delegates responsibility for Medicaid-funded behavioral health service management to individual counties or multicounty collaboratives. County administrators' programmatic and fiscal oversight of Medicaid-funded services allows them to create synergies between behavioral health and other human service delivery systems and to set priorities on the basis of local needs. This model supports access to community-based care, integration of general medical and behavioral health services, and programs that address social determinants of health.

Implementing a trauma-informed system of care: An analysis of learning collaborative outcomes.

Trauma exposure can negatively impact health. Trauma-informed care implementation within health care systems may improve the identification and treatment of trauma-related illness on a population health level. The current study investigated outcomes of a multiagency implementation of trauma-informed care for Medicaid-enrolled adults and children in 23 rural Pennsylvania (United States) counties. Changes in trauma symptom screening, the number of staff trained in trauma-informed care, and clinician confidence in using trauma-informed care were assessed in participating treatment agencies (N = 22) over the course of a 15-month trauma-informed care learning collaborative (TLC). Data included monthly agency-reported screening, training, and confidence outcomes, which were analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Trauma symptom screening rates improved from 41.1% (SD = 43.0%) to 93.3% (SD = 12.0), p < .001; ηp 2 = .30. The average number of cumulative staff members trained in trauma-informed care per agency increased from 24.43 (SD = 42.22) to 140.00 (SD = 150.87), p < .001, Kendall's W = .09. The percentage of agencies that reported high confidence in delivering trauma-informed care increased from 15.8% (SD = 15.5%) to 80.5% (SD = 17.7%), p < .001; ηp 2 = .45. Pairwise comparisons revealed both screening rates and confidence ratings reached significant improvement in Month 11 of the TLC, suggesting that these processes may be related. A total of 2,935 staff members were trained during the TLC. The immediate impact of system-level implementation of trauma-informed care was evident for agency processes and staff confidence, with support provided by multiple stakeholders.

Implementing Trauma-Informed Care Through a Learning Collaborative: A Theory-Driven Analysis of Sustainability.

This study investigated the sustainability of a multi-agency 15-month Learning Collaborative (LC) for implementing trauma-informed care in 23 rural Pennsylvania counties. Provider agencies (N = 22) were assessed three years following completion of the LC. Sustained trauma-informed practices were assessed through criteria indicating organizational achievement as a trauma-informed care center. A theoretical model of clinical training was applied to determine the extent to which training- and skill-related factors were associated with sustained trauma-informed care. Three years after the LC, trauma symptom screening rates and staff training improvements were sustained, while staff confidence in delivering trauma-informed care worsened across time. Sustained trauma-informed care was associated with implementation milestone completion and third-party ratings of quality improvement skills during the LC. Building capacity for organizational change through training and skill development during active phases of implementation is important for sustained trauma informed care in behavioral health service.

A Statewide Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Three Models for Implementing Parent Child Interaction Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study (NIMH RO1 MH095750; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02543359) evaluated the effectiveness of three training models to implement a well-established evidence-based treatment, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). METHOD: Fifty licensed outpatient clinics, including 100 clinicians, 50 supervisors, and 50 administrators were randomized to one of three training conditions: 1) Learning Collaborative (LC), 2) Cascading Model (CM) or 3) Distance Education (DE). Data to assess training and implementation outcomes were collected at 4 time points coinciding with the training period: baseline, 6- (mid), 12- (post), and 24-months (1-year follow-up). RESULTS: Multi-level hierarchical linear growth modeling was used to examine changes over time in training outcomes. Results indicate that clinicians in CM were more likely to complete training, reported high levels of training satisfaction and better learning experiences compared to the other training conditions. However, supervisors in the LC condition reported greater learning experiences, higher levels of knowledge, understanding of treatment, and satisfaction compared to supervisors in other conditions. Although clinicians and supervisors in the DE condition did not outperform their counterparts on any outcomes, their performance was comparable to both LC and CM in terms of PCIT use, supervisor perceived acceptability, feasibility, system support, and clinician satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Through the use of a randomized controlled design and community implementation, this study contributes to the current understanding of the impact of training design on implementation of PCIT. Results also indicate that although in-person training methods may produce more positive clinician and supervisor outcomes, training is not a one-size-fits-all model, with DE producing comparable results on some variables.

Peer support to reduce readmission in Medicaid-enrolled adults with substance use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Peer support service in substance use disorder systems (PS SUD) is an optional supplement to treatment services for Medicaid-enrolled individuals across Pennsylvania. The value of PS SUD was defined through association with improved service utilization patterns. We examined service utilization in a subset of individuals receiving PS SUD following an acute service (hospitalization or withdrawal management) compared to utilization in propensity-score-matched controls via an observational analysis. METHODS: We identified all Medicaid-enrolled adults with receipt of PS SUD from 2016 to 2019 and included those with prior acute service (n = 349); the study successfully matched all to individuals receiving outpatient SUD services without peer support (n = 698). Individuals were matched on age, gender, race, ethnicity, diagnosis, and prior utilization of acute care. A large percentage of individuals receiving PS SUD (74 %) had co-occurring mental health diagnoses, which we included in matching. We examined service utilization rates via administrative paid claims data for both groups in the first 90 days following peer support/outpatient discharge. RESULTS: Acute service utilization differed between groups over time, p = .0014. We observed a larger reduction in the rate of acute care during PS SUD service (8.6 %) versus outpatient service (21.2 %), with lower rates remaining 90 days following PS SUD (13.8 %) or outpatient discharge (16.8 %). Individuals receiving PS SUD showed connection to community-based services in the 90 days following discharge from PS SUD, including 45.0 % receiving outpatient SUD and 31.8 % receiving outpatient mental health services. CONCLUSIONS: Peer support may help individuals to navigate the behavioral health system and reduce hospitalization or other restrictive levels of care.

Testing a community developed training protocol for an evidence-based treatment.

The implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in community behavioral health settings is a recommended practice, yet training experienced by community-based clinicians may require novel and creative training methods. The current study focused on creating a training protocol for Alternative for Families: a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy from both evidence-based foundations and community-based agency feedback to promote better EBT integration into agencies. Twenty-four clinicians from three agencies were trained using a community-informed training protocol. Outcomes for clinician-reports of organizational functioning, self-reports of skill and knowledge, and observational single-subject data of clinician skills were assessed. Minimal improvements were found for clinician skills across self-report and observations. More research on tailoring trainings to meet needs of community agencies and clinicians should be explored to determine best practice in wide-scale implementation efforts.

Care Management Intervention to Address Determinants of Health for Individuals With Multiple Behavioral Health Readmission.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: To examine the effectiveness of a care management intervention to decrease readmissions and to better understand clinical and social determinants associated with readmission. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTING: Inpatient mental health (MH) and substance use disorder (SUD) facilities, nonhospital SUD withdrawal management and rehabilitation facilities. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE: The authors identified 3,950 Medicaid-enrolled individuals who received the intervention from licensed clinical staff of a behavioral health managed care organization; 2,182 individuals were eligible but did not receive the intervention, for treatment as usual (TAU). We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with readmission. Determinants of readmission were summarized through descriptive tests. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with lower readmissions to SUD facilities compared with TAU (6.0% vs. 8.6%, p = .0002) and better follow-up to aftercare. Controlling for clinical differences between groups, regression results found increased odds of readmission for male gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.52, p < .0001) and dual MH and SUD diagnoses (OR: 1.52; CI: 1.29-1.79, p < .0001). Prior inpatient and case management services were also associated with increased odds for readmission. In the regression model, the intervention was not associated with decreased odds for readmission. Individuals with readmission (n = 796) were more likely to report being prescribed psychotropic medication and having housing difficulties and less likely to report having a recovery plan than those without readmission. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: Characteristics of Medicaid populations with hospitalization may contribute to readmission, which may be mitigated through care management intervention.

Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy on Retention in Medication for Addiction Treatment Within a Large Medicaid Population.

OBJECTIVES: Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Unlike methadone, which can only be dispensed in federally waived clinics and which must be combined with specific psychosocial treatment, buprenorphine can be dispensed by individual prescribers who have completed an 8-hour training program, with no requirement that patients receive concomitant psychotherapy. The objective of this study is to quantify the association of counseling and psychotherapy on retention in treatment. We also examine the effect of buprenorphine dosage on retention. METHODS: We examined a cohort of 4987 members of a not-for-profit managed care organization serving Medicaid members in 41 counties in Pennsylvania. This cohort was selected from all members who had a full year without any medication for opioid use disorder followed by initiation of treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone in 2016 to 2017 and who remained Medicaid eligible for at least 80% of the following 2 years. Outcomes were estimated using inverse probability weighted propensity scores. RESULTS: The addition of counseling and psychotherapy within the first 8 weeks of treatment was associated with greater total retention in treatment and there was a dose-response relationship. A 16 mg/d or greater dose of buprenorphine was also associated with greater retention. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for an integrated approach to treating people with an opioid use disorder, through a combination of buprenorphine pharmacotherapy and targeted counseling and psychotherapy within the first 2 months of treatment.

Increased likelihood of psychiatric readmission with Medicaid expansion vs legacy coverage.

OBJECTIVES: To compare patterns of psychiatric hospitalization and readmission within 30 days for Medicaid expansion (expansion) vs previously insured (legacy) samples. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis using Medicaid behavioral health service claims. METHODS: We identified 24,044 individuals with hospitalizations in calendar years 2017 and 2018 within the network of a behavioral health managed care organization in Pennsylvania. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with readmission. RESULTS: Individuals covered under expansion (n = 7747) vs legacy (n = 16,297) were older and more likely to be male and European American, with higher rates of cooccurring mental health (MH) and substance use disorder (SUD) diagnoses, as well as lower rates of MH and SUD services in the 30 days prior and any prior MH hospitalization. A higher proportion of individuals with expansion vs legacy status were readmitted (11.3% vs 9.0%; P < .0001). Controlling for factors associated with readmission, regression showed an increased likelihood of readmission for expansion vs legacy status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.12-1.35; P < .0001). Increased risk for readmission was also found across populations for male patients (AOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.22; P = .0124), those with prior MH hospitalizations (AOR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.51-1.81; P < .0001) or other behavioral health services (AOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26; P = .0142), those with longer hospitalization episodes (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01; P < .0001), and those with cooccurring SUD (AOR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.44-1.74; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with coverage through Medicaid expansion compared with legacy coverage have an increased risk of psychiatric readmission and may warrant targeted interventions that also address service utilization and cooccurring SUD.

Usability testing of an electronic health application for patient activation on weight management.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a leading public health concern in the United States. One promising method for enhancing patient activation to engage in health promoting behaviors is with technology in the primary care setting. The primary purpose of this study was to test the usability of a patient activation tool, called mWRAPPED, for weight management during primary care wait times. METHODS: A two-cycle approach to usability testing was followed by a pragmatic usability study in the primary care setting. The application was subsequently revised based on patient feedback. A convenience sample of patients completed usability testing in the clinical setting. Patients completed the System Usability Scale throughout all testing phases. RESULTS: First cycle patients provided an average score of 76.5 on the System Usability Scale. After revising mWRAPPED, the average patient System Usability Scale score increased to 80.5. mWRAPPED received an average System Usability Scale score of 77.9 when tested in the clinical setting. mWRAPPED demonstrated initial usability for primary care patients in an academic outpatient family medicine clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the current study will help to support the use of this application in future studies as a novel approach to delivering guideline-based weight management information to patients.

Payer-Provider Partnership to Identify Successful Retention Strategies for the Behavioral Health Workforce.

BACKGROUND: High staff turnover rates are a burden for behavioral health providers because they may negatively impact staff morale, quality of care, and clinical outcomes as well as increase costs. The Staff Assessment and Retention (STAR) Project is a partnership between a behavioral health managed care organization and community-based providers designed to: 1) share information on research-based approaches, 2) identify strategies that providers find successful yet feasible, and 3) develop a learning community around research-based, community-informed strategies to increase staff retention. METHODS: Participants from 87 community-based behavioral health providers completed a survey about successful strategies and barriers to staff retention, current retention and turnover rates, and ratings of commonly used strategies supported by research. Results were shared and discussed across the partnership through a learning community including a webinar co-facilitated by two participating providers. RESULTS: Successfully demonstrated but less utilized strategies included use of exit and stay interviews, training in best practices, availability of electronic records and other technology, and flexible work schedules. Providers reported the type of employment offered (full or part time, benefits, competitive wage; reported in 17% of responses), ability to offer trainings and staff development (13%) and using staff feedback (10%) were most important to retention. CONCLUSIONS: The partnership demonstrated that providers desire a vehicle for sharing ideas and problem-solving issues related to the behavioral health workforce. The endorsement by several community-based providers of lower-utilized strategies known to improve retention would not be realized across the community without the collaboration of the payer-provider partnership.

Inter-class Concomitant Pharmacotherapy in Medicaid-Insured Youth Receiving Psychiatric Residential Treatment.

Background: Concomitant pharmacotherapy has become increasingly common in the treatment of youth, including in psychiatric residential treatment facilities (PRTF) despite limited efficacy and safety data. Research is reported on the prevalence of any class and interclass concomitant pharmacotherapy, specific class combinations of psychotropics, and changes in number of medications from admission to discharge for Medicaid insured youth treated in PRTFs in one mid-Atlantic state. Methods: Medicaid administrative claims data were examined for youth under age 18 years who were discharged from one of 21 PRTFs during calendar year 2019. Descriptive statistics were calculated to examine patterns of service utilization 90 days prior to admission. The rates of concomitant psychotropic use at admission were compared to the rates at discharge. Logistic regression models were used to examine covariates associated with discharging on 4 or more medications. Results: Fifty-four % of youth were admitted on either two or three psychotropics, while 25% were admitted on four or more psychotropics. The proportion of youth admitting and discharging on 2 or 3 medications was stable. There was a 27% increase in number of youth discharging on 4 medications with a 24% decrease in those on a 5- drug regimen. Only the number of medications prescribed at admission was found to be significant (p < 0.001), with more medications at admission contributing to probability of discharging on 4 or more medications. Conclusions: Concomitant pharmacotherapy is common in PRTFs. These findings support the practice of deprescribing and underscore the need for further research.

Making Implementation Last: The Impact of Training Design on the Sustainability of an Evidence-Based Treatment in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Although advances have been made in facilitating the implementation of evidence-based treatments, little is known about the most effective way to sustain their use over time. The current study examined the sustainability of one evidence-based treatment, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), following a statewide implementation trial testing three training methods: Cascading Model, Learning Collaborative, and Distance Education. Participants included 100 clinicians and 50 administrators from 50 organizations across Pennsylvania. Clinicians and administrators reported on sustainability at 24-months, as measured by the number of clients receiving PCIT and the continued use of the PCIT protocol. Multi-level path analysis was utilized to examine the role of training on sustainability. Clinicians and administrators reported high levels of sustainability at 24-months. Clinicians in the Cascading Model reported greater average PCIT caseloads at 24-months, whereas clinicians in the Learning Collaborative reported greater full use of the PCIT protocol at 24-months. Attending consultation calls was associated with delivering PCIT to fewer families. Implications for the sustainable delivery of PCIT beyond the training year as well as for the broader field of implementation science are discussed.