Acceptance of emerging renal oncocytic neoplasms: a survey of urologic pathologists.

Oncocytic renal neoplasms are a major source of diagnostic challenge in genitourinary pathology; however, they are typically nonaggressive in general, raising the question of whether distinguishing different subtypes, including emerging entities, is necessary. Emerging entities recently described include eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC), low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT), eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT), and papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP). A survey was shared among 65 urologic pathologists using SurveyMonkey.com (Survey Monkey, Santa Clara, CA, USA). De-identified and anonymized respondent data were analyzed. Sixty-three participants completed the survey and contributed to the study. Participants were from Asia (n = 21; 35%), North America (n = 31; 52%), Europe (n = 6; 10%), and Australia (n = 2; 3%). Half encounter oncocytic renal neoplasms that are difficult to classify monthly or more frequently. Most (70%) indicated that there is enough evidence to consider ESC RCC as a distinct entity now, whereas there was less certainty for LOT (27%), EVT (29%), and PRNRP (37%). However, when combining the responses for sufficient evidence currently and likely in the future, LOT and EVT yielded > 70% and > 60% for PRNRP. Most (60%) would not render an outright diagnosis of oncocytoma on needle core biopsy. There was a dichotomy in the routine use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the evaluation of oncocytoma (yes = 52%; no = 48%). The most utilized IHC markers included keratin 7 and 20, KIT, AMACR, PAX8, CA9, melan A, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B, and fumarate hydratase (FH). Genetic techniques used included TSC1/TSC2/MTOR (67%) or TFE3 (74%) genes and pathways; however, the majority reported using these very rarely. Only 40% have encountered low-grade oncocytic renal neoplasms that are deficient for FH. Increasing experience with the spectrum of oncocytic renal neoplasms will likely yield further insights into the most appropriate work-up, classification, and clinical management for these entities.

Prognostic Value of Tumor Tissue Up-regulated microRNAs in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC).

BACKGROUND/AIM: The management of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) includes prognosis assessment based on TNM classification and biochemical markers. This approach stratifies patients with advanced ccRCC into groups of favorable, intermediate, and poor prognosis. The aim of the study was to improve prognosis estimation using microRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of ccRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was based on a histologically-verified set of matched ccRCC FFPE tissue samples (normal renal tissue, primary tumor, metastasis, n=20+20+20). The expression of 2,549 microRNAs was analyzed using the SurePrint G3 Human miRNA microarray kit (Agilent Technologies). Prognostic value of significantly deregulated microRNAs was further evaluated on microRNA expression and clinical data of 475 patients obtained from TCGA Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) database. RESULTS: There were 13 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated microRNAs in tumor tissues compared to control tissues. Among them, survival analysis revealed those with prognostic significance. Patients with high expression of miR-21, miR-27a, miR-34a, miR-106b, miR-210, and miR-342 showed significantly unfavorable outcome. The opposite was observed for miR-30e, patients with low expression had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of these microRNAs in a prognostic panel holds the potential to enhance stratification scoring systems, on which the treatment of ccRCC patients is based.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas of the urinary bladder in adults-A comparative analysis in favor of a common histogenesis.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the urinary bladder in adults and elderly is an exceptionally rare neoplasm that displays poorly differentiated solid (alveolar-like) small cell pattern, frequently indistinguishable from small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC). However, the histogenesis of RMS and SCNEC and their inter-relationship have not been well studied and remained controversial. We herein analyzed 23 SCNEC and 3 small round cell RMS of the bladder for neuroendocrine (synaptophysin + chromogranin A) and myogenic (desmin + myogenin) marker expression and for TERT promoter mutations. In addition, the RMS cohort and one SCNEC that was revised to RMS were tested for gene fusions using targeted RNA sequencing (TruSight Illumina Panel which includes FOXO1 and most of RMS-related other genes). Overall, significant expression of myogenin and desmin was observed in one of 23 original SCNEC justifying a revised diagnosis to RMS. On the other hand, diffuse expression of synaptophysin was noted in 2 of the 4 RMS, but chromogranin A was not expressed in 3 RMS tested. TERT promoter mutations were detected in 15 of 22 (68%) SCNEC and in two of three (67%) assessable RMS cases, respectively. None of the four RMS cases had gene fusions. Our data highlights phenotypic and genetic overlap between SCNEC and RMS of the urinary bladder. High frequency of TERT promoter mutations in SCNEC is in line with their presumable urothelial origin. In addition, the presence of TERT promoter mutation in 2 of 3 RMS and lack of FOXO1 and other gene fusions in all 4 RMSs suggest a mucosal (urothelial) origin, probably representing extensive monomorphic rhabdomyoblastic transdifferentiation in SCNEC.

Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) reactivity across the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms.

a-Methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is traditionally considered to be a marker of papillary renal cell carcinoma. However, AMACR expression can be seen in other renal tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate AMACR immunoreactivity within the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms. Fifty-three clear cell renal epithelial tumors were used in assembling the following four cohorts: low grade (LG) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), high grade (HG) CCRCC, CCRCC with cystic changes, and multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP). Representative blocks were stained for AMACR, using two different clones (SP52 and OV-TL12/30). There were at least some AMACR immunoreactivity in 77.8 % and 68.9 % of CCRCCs (using SP52 and OV-TL12/30 clone, respectively). Moderate to strong positivity, or positivity in more than one third of the tumor (even weak in intensity) was detected in 46.7 % of CCRCCs using SP52 and in 48.9 % of CCRCC using OV-TL12/30 clone. The highest AMACR reactivity was observed in HG CCRCC (60 % by SP52 and 66.7 % by OV-TL12/30). Strong and diffuse AMACR positivity was detected in 8.9 % of all CCRCCs. AMACR immunoreactivity in MCRNLMP was 37.5 % (SP52 clone) and 25 % (OV-TL12/30 clone). We demonstrated relatively high expression rate of AMACR in CCRCC, while very variable in intensity and distribution. This finding may have diagnostic implications especially in limited samples (i.e., core biopsies), as AMACR positivity does not exclude the diagnosis of CCRCC.

Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma With Extensive Retraction Artifact: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall From Micropapillary Urothelial Carcinoma.

In addition to "classic" and eosinophilic subtype, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is well-known to demonstrate various morphological patterns including adenomatoid, microcystic, pigmented, multicystic, papillary, neuroendocrine-like, and small cell-like, all of which are important to appreciate for accurate diagnosis. Herein, we expand on a unique chromophobe RCC morphology not previously described consisting of tumor cells with extensive stromal retraction, mimicking upper urothelial tract micropapillary carcinoma (MPC). Twelve MPC-like chromophobe RCC nephrectomies were reviewed with clinicopathological features recorded; molecular testing was performed on 7 of 12 tumors. Patients were mostly men (n=10) with a mean age of 65 years. Mean tumor size was 6.4 cm with pathological stage distribution as follows: 4 (33%) T1a, 2 (17%) T1b, 1 (8%) T2b, and 3 (25%) T3a. The extent of MPC-like chromophobe RCC foci ranged from 10% to 40% (mean=26%; there was no correlation between the extent of MPC-like chromophobe RCC foci and tumor stage). Other chromophobe RCC morphological patterns were not identified. When performed, all (100%) tumors depicted prototypic chromophobe RCC staining pattern of KIT positivity/KRT7 positivity. Molecular showed 6 of 7 (86%) with multiple chromosomal losses. Clinically significant mutations were identified in NF1, TP53, FLCN (likely somatic), CHEK2, and ZFHX3 genes. Follow up available in 9 patients showed no evidence of disease (mean=23 months). Although the etiology behind the extensive stromal retraction in our tumors is unknown, this may likely be artifactual in nature. Nonetheless, it is important to include MPC-like chromophobe RCC in the spectrum of "variant" morphologies to avoid diagnostic pitfalls from micropapillary carcinoma.

Non-coding RNA and gene expression analyses of papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity (PRNRP) reveal distinct pathological mechanisms from other renal neoplasms.

Papillary renal neoplasm with reversed polarity (PRNRP) is a recently described rare renal neoplasm. Traditionally, it was considered a variant of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). However, several studies reported significant differences between PRNRP and PRCC in terms of clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features. Nonetheless, PRNRP remains a poorly understood entity. We used microarray analysis to elucidate the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and gene expression profiles of 10 PRNRP cases and compared them with other renal neoplasms. Unsupervised cluster analysis showed that PRNRP had distinct expression profiles from either clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) or PRCC cases at the level of ncRNA but were less distinct at the level of gene expression. An integrated omic approach determined miRNA:gene interactions that distinguished PRNRP from PRCC and we validated 10 differentially expressed miRNAs and six genes by quantitative RT-PCR. We found that levels of the miRNAs, miR-148a, miR-375 and miR-429, were up-regulated in PRNRP cases compared to ccRCC and PRCC. miRNA target genes, including KRAS and VEGFA oncogenes, and CXCL8, which regulates VEGFA, were also differentially expressed between renal neoplasms. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) determined different activation of metabolic pathways between PRNRP and PRCC cases. Overall, this study is by far the largest molecular study of PRNRP cases and the first to investigate either ncRNA expression or their gene expression by microarray assays.

Actual encounters of the kidney kind: Exploring 48 cases of renal collision tumors through the lens of literature.

Multiple tumors of different lineages merging into a single mass, termed collision tumors, are considered a rare phenomenon in the kidney. Tumor components, or partners, may be malignant (including metastatic disease), borderline, or benign. We report the largest cohort to date of 48 cases. The cases were identified from the archives of three institutions in the last 16 years, including 43 (90%) with 2 tumor partners (dyad) and 5 (10%) with 3 partners (triad), totaling 101 individual neoplasms. The majority of cases involved immunohistochemical workup, and 5 underwent FISH or molecular studies. Forty (83%) cases featured a malignant entity, including all triads. Twenty dyads and two triads were composed entirely of malignant tumors. The most common malignant partner was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (N = 19) followed by papillary RCC (N = 17). Nine (19%) cases featured borderline entities, including 5 multilocular cystic neoplasms of low malignant potential and 6 clear cell papillary renal cell tumors. Twenty one (44%) cases contained a benign partner, including 6 benign dyads. Papillary adenoma (N = 13) and oncocytoma (N = 8) were most common. Epithelial tumors were present in all 48 cases, and non-epithelial neoplasms in 9 cases (19%). Our cohort includes many novel combinations and collision partners with rare entities such as SDH-deficient RCC, TFE3-rearranged RCC, eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC, and acquired cystic disease associated RCC. A comprehensive literature review and analysis of collision tumor phenomenon in kidney placed these cases in context suggesting that collision tumors of the kidney are more common than previously recognized.

Association of lncRNA and transcriptome intersections with response to targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve an important role in cancer progression and may be used as efficient molecular biomarkers. The present study aimed to identify lncRNAs associated with the response to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib and transcriptome profile and clinical features of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The gene expression of 84 cancer-associated lncRNAs in tumor and non-malignant tissue samples of 38 patients with mRCC was evaluated using quantitative PCR. In addition, the coding transcriptome was estimated using RNA sequencing in a subgroup of 20 patients and mRNA-lncRNA intersections were identified. In total, 37 and 13 lncRNAs were down- and upregulated, respectively, in tumor compared with non-malignant adjacent tissue samples. A total of 10 and 4 lncRNAs were up- and downregulated, respectively, in good responders to sunitinib compared with poor responders. High expression of HNF1A-AS1 and IPW lncRNAs was associated with prolonged progression-free survival of patients and a high expression of the TUSC7 lncRNA was associated with poor response and worse survival. Significant associations of dysregulated MEG3 and SNHG16 lncRNAs with expression of protein-coding genes representing various pathways, were identified. Furthermore, a significantly higher expression of CLIP4 gene was observed in good responders. The present study revealed promising candidates for predictive and prognostic biomarkers with further therapeutic potential.

Lynch syndrome-associated upper tract urothelial carcinoma frequently occurs in patients older than 60 years: an opportunity to revisit urology clinical guidelines.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is the third most common malignancy associated with Lynch syndrome (LS). The current European urology guidelines recommend screening for LS in patients with UTUC up to the age of 60 years. In this study, we examined a cohort of patients with UTUC for potential association with LS in order to establish the sensitivity of current guidelines in detecting LS. A total of 180 patients with confirmed diagnosis of UTUC were enrolled in the study during a 12-year period (2010-2022). Loss of DNA-mismatch repair proteins (MMRp) expression was identified in 15/180 patients (8.3%). Germline analysis was eventually performed in 8 patients confirming LS in 5 patients (2.8%), including 4 germline mutations in MSH6 and 1 germline mutation in MSH2. LS-related UTUC included 3 females and 2 males, with a mean age of 66.2 years (median 71 years, range 46-75 years). Four of five LS patients (all with MSH6 mutation) were older than 65 years (mean age 71.3, median 72 years). Our findings indicate that LS-associated UTUCs can occur in patients with LS older than 60 years. In contrast to previous studies which used mainly highly pre-selected populations with already diagnosed LS, the most frequent mutation in our cohort involved MSH6 gene. All MSH6 mutation carriers were > 65 years, and UTUC was the first LS manifestation in 2/4 patients. Using current screening guidelines, a significant proportion of patients with LS-associated UTUC may be missed. We suggest universal immunohistochemical MMRp screening for all UTUCs, regardless of age and clinical history.

Kidney Tumors: New and Emerging Kidney Tumor Entities.

This review summarizes current knowledge on several novel and emerging renal entities, including eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), RCC with fibromyomatous stroma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged RCC, low-grade oncocytic renal tumor, eosinophilic vacuolated tumor, thyroidlike follicular RCC, and biphasic hyalinizing psammomatous RCC. Their clinical features, gross and microscopic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular and genetic features are described. The diagnosis of most of them rests on recognizing their morphologic features using immunohistochemistry. Accurate diagnosis of these entitles will further reduce the category of "unclassifiable renal carcinomas/tumors" and will lead to better clinical management and improved patient prognostication.

Assessment of Prostate Carcinoma Aggressiveness: Relation to 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/MRI and Gleason Score.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To test the correlation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake and the expression of PSMA (prostatic specific membrane antigen) with the Gleason score, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from dynamic contrast agent-enhanced MRI/PET. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty newly diagnosed, therapy naïve patients with prostatic carcinoma (PC) (mean age of 56.7, range=34-79), who were referred for 68Ga-PSMA-11-PET/MRI for primary staging and had undergone radical prostatectomy (RAPE) were included in this prospective study. Their blood samples were tested for serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and proPSA. The patients' prostates were evaluated using whole-mount sections, which helped determine the extent and grade of the tumor; tests were performed to determine immunohistochemical PSMA expression. RESULTS: A correlation between PSMA expression and the accumulation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 was found using the Spearman correlation coefficient (p=0.0011). A stronger correlation was found between Gleason patterns 3 or 4 and PSMA expression (p=0.06). Furthermore, the correlation of Gleason score with the overall 68Ga-PSMA-11 accumulation within the tumor or non-tumor tissue was found to be significant (p=0.0157). A significant relation was found only with the Kep elimination rate constant, which was stronger in Gleason pattern 4 than in Gleason pattern 3. A weaker correlation was found between the accumulation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 and Ktrans in Gleason pattern 4: the most significant relation being between ADCmin and Gleason pattern 3 and 4 (p=0.0074). The total size of the tumor correlated with levels of proPSA (p<0.0001), and its extra prostatic extension correlated with levels of proPSA (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: 68Ga-PSMA-11 correlates well with the expression of PSMA. Gleason pattern 3 and 4 had a higher correlation with 68Ga-PSMA-11 levels than did Gleason pattern 5. Either no correlation, or a weak correlation, was established with pharmacokinetics.

Upgrade Rate and Predictive Factors Associated With Breast Papillary Lesions on Core Biopsy: A Canadian Experience.

Background: Papillary lesions of the breast are a heterogeneous group, encompassing a wide range of lesions. The histologic distinction between papillary breast lesions remains challenging, especially on core biopsy specimens. Aim: This study aimed to determine the rate of upgrade to atypia or malignancy of biopsy-proven papillary lesions on surgical follow-up and to assess for factors associated with an upgrade in Greater Vancouver, BC, Canada. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective population-based study of all breast papillary lesions diagnosed on core biopsy between 2017 and 2019 in the Fraser Health Authority in Greater Vancouver, Canada. Patients were retrieved from the laboratory information system. Patient demographics, histopathologic, and radiologic findings were analyzed. Results: A total of 269 specimens from 269 patients (mean 61.1 years), including 265 female and 4 male patients, were included in the study. Of the 269 specimens, 129 (48%) were intraductal papillomas and 140 (52%) were atypical papillary lesions. The overall upgrade rate among papillomas was 11.6% (15 of 129) on final excision. The mean age of patients diagnosed with papilloma on core biopsy was significantly younger than those with atypical papillary lesions (55.6 vs 66.1 years, P < .0001). Lesion size in patients with papillomas on core biopsy was significantly smaller than those with atypical papillary lesions (11.1 vs 15.1 mm, P = .001). The upgrade rates in patients <55 and ≥55 years were 4.9% and 13.2%. Size (P = .004) and atypia on core biopsy (P = .009) were significantly associated with upgrade. Older age (>55 years) (OR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.04-27.08) was an independent predictor of upgrade among papillomas. Size, location, and Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) radiologic categories in our study were not associated with predicting the upgrade of papillomas. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the risk of upgrade to atypia or malignancy is sufficient to warrant the excision of benign papillomas of any size in patients aged ≥55 years. In patients younger than 55 years, observation with close clinical and radiological follow-up without surgery may be sufficient. Our findings also support surgical excision of papillomas diagnosed on core biopsy when associated with atypia.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma with focal psammomatous calcifications: a rare occurrence mimicking translocation carcinoma.

AIMS: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with clear cells and psammoma-like calcifications would often raise suspicion for MITF family translocation RCC. However, we have rarely encountered tumours consistent with clear cell RCC that contain focal psammomatous calcifications. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified clear cell RCCs with psammomatous calcifications from multiple institutions and performed immunohistochemistry and fluorescence and RNA in-situ hybridisation (FISH and RNA ISH). Twenty-one tumours were identified: 12 men, nine women, aged 45-83 years. Tumour size was 2.3-14.0 cm (median = 6.75 cm). Nucleolar grade was 3 (n = 14), 2 (n = 4) or 4 (n = 3). In addition to clear cell pattern, morphology included eosinophilic (n = 12), syncytial giant cell (n = 4), rhabdoid (n = 2), branched glandular (n = 1), early spindle cell (n = 1) and poorly differentiated components (n = 1). Labelling for CA9 was usually 80-100% of the tumour cells (n = 17 of 21), but was sometimes decreased in areas of eosinophilic cells (n = 4). All (19 of 19) were positive for CD10. Most (19 of 20) were positive for AMACR (variable staining = 20-100%). Staining was negative for keratin 7, although four showed rare positive cells (four of 20). Results were negative for cathepsin K (none of 19), melan A (none of 17), HMB45 (none of 17), TFE3 (none of 5), TRIM63 RNA ISH (none of 13), and TFE3 (none of 19) and TFEB rearrangements (none of 12). Seven of 19 (37%) showed chromosome 3p deletion. One (one of 19) showed trisomy 7 and 17 without papillary features. CONCLUSIONS: Psammomatous calcifications in RCC with a clear cell pattern suggests a diagnosis of MITF family translocation RCC; however, psammomatous calcifications can rarely be found in true clear cell RCC.

Low-grade oncocytic tumour of the kidney is characterised by genetic alterations of TSC1, TSC2, MTOR or PIK3CA and consistent GATA3 positivity.

Low-grade oncocytic tumour (LOT) of the kidney has recently emerged as a potential novel tumour type. Despite similarity to oncocytoma or eosinophilic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, it shows diffuse keratin 7 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and negative KIT (CD117), which differs from both. We aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of these tumours. Seventeen tumours (one male, 16 female, nine previously published) fitting the original description of this entity (solid eosinophilic cell morphology, often with areas of tumour cells loosely stretched in oedematous stroma, and the above IHC features) were analysed with a next-generation sequencing panel of 324 cancer-associated genes from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. All tumours harboured at least one alteration in either TSC1 (n = 7, 41%), TSC2 (n = 2, 12%), MTOR (n = 5, 29%) or PIK3CA (n = 4, 24%). Four tumours harboured a second alteration, including two NF2, one each in conjunction with MTOR and TSC2 alterations, one PTEN with TSC1 alteration and one tumour with both MTOR and TSC1 alterations. No other renal cancer-related or recurring gene alterations were identified. In addition to the previously described IHC findings, 16 of 16 were positive for GATA3. Eleven patients with follow-up had no metastases or recurrent tumours. Recurrent tuberous sclerosis/MTOR pathway gene alterations in LOT support its consideration as a distinct morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic entity. PIK3CA is another pathway member that may be altered in these tumours. Further study will be necessary to determine whether tumour behaviour or syndromic associations differ from those of oncocytoma and chromophobe carcinoma, warranting different clinical consideration.

Hormone receptor conversion in metastatic breast cancer.

Background/Objective: Hormone receptor (HR) status is one of the key factors in determining the treatment of breast cancer. Previous studies suggested that HR status may change in metastatic tissue. However, available studies focused mainly on primary biopsies and there are only few trials comparing HR status in the primary tumour and the metastasis using material from complete resection. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of HR alterations in metastatic breast cancer. Materials and methods: The study retrospectively examines a total of 50 patients who underwent brain, lung, or liver metastasectomy for metastatic breast cancer between January 2000 and January 2019. Results: HR conversion was observed in a total of 30 cases (60.0%), while HER-2/neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) discrepancy surprisingly occurred only in one case (2.0%). A change in immunophenotype occurred in 28% of cases. Triple-negativity was more frequent in brain metastases (p = 0.039). Conclusions: We have confirmed that HR conversion between the primary tumour and its metastases occurs in a significant number of cases, which has important implications for further treatment decisions.

New insights in the new WHO classification of adult renal tumors.

The 5th edition of WHO classification of adult renal tumors introduced a couple of changes in existing, well established entities, as well as some new distinct renal tumors. Papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is no longer divided into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is now called “classic” variant and type 2 doesn´t exist anymore. There were long discussion about problematic type 2. According to WHO 2022 the correct name is papillary RCC (and subtype/variant should be mentioned in the description). Another important change came for clear cell papillary RCC. Because there is no convincing evidence that genuine clear cell papillary RCC can produce recurrences or metastases, it is now termed as clear cell papillary tumor. All previously reported aggressive cases are now considered misclassified clear cell RCC (mostly) or other entities. In less typical cases, genetic support of diagnosis with complex analysis of VHL gene should be added. New category “other oncocytic tumors” emerged for tumors from gray zone between renal oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC. Term hybrid oncocytic tumor should be reserved for those with hereditary Birth-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Emerging entities, like eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) and oncocytic low-grade tumor (LOT) are mentioned, however, more work is needed for better establishment of the criteria. There is a new category of “molecularly defined renal carcinomas”, where MITf translocation RCCs are divided into TFE3 rearranged RCC with fusion partner dependent morphologic variability, and to TFEB rearranged RCC. In this group, indolent TFEB translocated RCCs are recognized, as well as potentionally aggressive RCC with TFEB gene amplification. In WHO 2016, ALK rearranged RCC was considered as emerging entity. In WHO 2022 it is listed among “molecularly defined RCC” as a distinct renal tumor with broad morphologic spectrum dependent partly on fusion partners. ELOC (TCEB1) mutated RCC is renal tumor composed of clear cell elements and huge fibromyomatous stroma. Diagnostic approach should be complex with support of immunohistochemistry (including CK7) and molecular genetic approach. However, there is overlap with MTOR pathway genes mutated RCC with fibromyomatous stroma. SMARCB1 deficient renal medullary carcinoma is high-grade invasive adenocarcinoma in patients with clinically proved sickle-cell trait and SMARCB1 deficiency.

Key changes in WHO classification 2022 of testicular tumors.

Compared to the WHO classification of the male genital tumors in 2016, minimal changes were introduced in the current WHO 2022. Classification of germ cell tumors remains the same as in the previous edition, dividing germ cell tumors into those derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and those independent of GCNIS. The group of GCNIS derived germ cell tumors is essentially unchanged. Most remarkable change was made to the chapter teratoma with somatic malignancy. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), a particular type of somatic malignancy arising in the setting of teratoma, is currently termed embryonic-type neuroectodermal tumor (ENET). Diagnostic criteria for teratoma with somatic type malignancy have been mildly modified. Seminoma now belongs to the group of germinomas. There is one novel entity in the category of germ cell tumors independent of GCNIS, namely testicular neuroendocrine tumor, prepubertal type. Similar to other organ systems, the term carcinoid is no longer used. Two new entities were introduced in the category of sex cord stromal tumors: myoid gonadal stromal tumor and signet ring stromal tumor. Diagnostic criteria for malignant sex cord stromal tumors were moderately changed. Mitotic activity is now assessed according to mm2 instead of historical assessment according to the number of mitoses per high power fields. There is a new separate chapter named Genetic tumor syndromes. Intratubular large cell hyalinizing Sertoli cell neoplasia which arises exclusively in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, now belongs here. Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor occurs as a hereditary tumor in patients with Carney complex as well as sporadically. Therefore, it is enlisted both in the chapter on sex cord tumors and as well as in genetic tumor syndromes. Well differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor was added as a new entity to the section of testicular adnexal tumors. Sertoliform cystadenoma, a tumor previously belonging to testicular adnexal tumors, is currently recognized as a subtype of Sertoli cell tumor.

The 5th edition of WHO classification of the urinary tract tumors - what is new?

The 5th edition of WHO classification of the urinary tract tumors is only mildly edited version of the previous WHO classification (from year 2016). The most prominent changes are represented by modifications in the structure and concept of chapters and there are minor alterations in the nomenclature of some entities. Histological characteristics are still the gold standard for classification of urothelial tract neoplasms.

Kidney Tumors: New and Emerging Kidney Tumor Entities.

This review summarizes current knowledge on several novel and emerging renal entities, including eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), RCC with fibromyomatous stroma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged RCC, low-grade oncocytic renal tumor, eosinophilic vacuolated tumor, thyroidlike follicular RCC, and biphasic hyalinizing psammomatous RCC. Their clinical features, gross and microscopic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular and genetic features are described. The diagnosis of most of them rests on recognizing their morphologic features using immunohistochemistry. Accurate diagnosis of these entitles will further reduce the category of "unclassifiable renal carcinomas/tumors" and will lead to better clinical management and improved patient prognostication.

Histologic diversity in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma does not impact survival outcome: A comparative international multi-institutional study.

Predicting the clinical behavior and trajectory of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) by histologic features has so far proven to be challenging. It is known that ChRCC represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms demonstrating variable, yet distinctive morphologic and genetic profiles. In this international multi-institutional study, we aimed to assess the impact of histologic diversity in ChRCC (classic/eosinophilic versus rare subtypes) on survival outcome. This is an international multi-institutional matched case-control study including 14 institutions, examining the impact of histologic subtypes of ChRCC on survival outcome. The study group (cases) included 89 rare subtypes of ChRCC. The control group consisted of 70 cases of ChRCC including classic and eosinophilic features, age- and tumor size-matched. Most of the rare subtypes were adenomatoid cystic/pigmented ChRCC (66/89, 74.2%), followed by multicystic ChRCC (10/89, 11.2%), and papillary ChRCC (9/89, 10.1%). In the control group, there were 62 (88.6%) classic and 8 (11.4%) eosinophilic ChRCC. There were no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups for age at diagnosis, gender distribution, tumor size, presence of tumor necrosis, presence of sarcomatoid differentiation, and adverse outcomes. No statistically significant differences were found in clinical outcome between the rare subtypes and classic/eosinophilic groups by tumor size, necrosis, and sarcomatoid differentiation. Further, no statistically significant differences were found in clinical outcome between the two groups, stratified by tumor size, necrosis, and sarcomatoid differentiation. Our findings corroborated previous studies that both sarcomatoid differentiation and tumor necrosis were significantly associated with poor clinical outcome in classic/eosinophilic ChRCC, and this was proven to be true for ChRCC with rare histologic subtypes as well. This study suggests that rare morphologic patterns in ChRCC without other aggressive features play no role in determining the clinical behavior of the tumor.