Association of social vulnerability index and masking adherence among children enrolled in COVID-19 community research partnership study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with high social vulnerability index (SVI) have poorer outcomes with COVID-19. Masking reduces transmission of COVID-19 among children, but how SVI plays a role in masking behavior is unknown. We aimed to measure the association of SVI with masking adherence among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted a multi-site, prospective syndromic surveillance study among children aged 2 - 17 years in the Southeastern United States by daily electronic surveys which solicited symptoms of COVID-19-like illness, infection with or exposure to SARS-CoV-2, masking habits, and any receipt of COVID-19 vaccines. Parents/guardians submitted surveys for their children; adolescents 13 years and older could opt to submit their own surveys. Multivariable and univariate linear models were used to measure the associations of different predictors such as SVI with masking adherence. RESULTS: One thousand four hundred sixty-one children from 6 states and 55 counties predominately from North and South Carolina were included in the analysis. Most children in the cohort were 5 - 11 years old, non-Hispanic White, from urban counties, and with low-moderate SVI. Overall masking adherence decreased over time, and older children had higher masking adherence throughout the study period compared with younger children. Children who resided in urban counties had greater masking adherence throughout the study period than those who resided in suburban or rural counties. Masking adherence was higher among children with both low and medium SVI than those with high SVI. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being at risk for more severe outcomes with COVID-19, children with high SVI had lower levels of masking adherence compared to those with low SVI. Our findings highlight opportunities for improved and targeted messaging in these vulnerable communities.

Feasibility of At-Home Virological and Serological Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Children.

Longitudinal virological and serological surveillance is essential for understanding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) transmission among children but requires increased test capacity. We assessed the uptake of serial at-home testing in children (2-17 years) via mailed SARS-CoV-2 antibody and molecular tests. Completion rates demonstrated the feasibility and sustainability of at-home testing across age groups.

Racial Disparities in Prostate Specific Antigen Screening and Referral to Urology in a Large, Integrated Health Care System: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Contemporary trends and racial disparities in prostate cancer screening and referral to urology for prostate cancer risk are not well characterized, despite consensus that Black men are at higher risk for poor prostate cancer outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize current racial disparities in prostate cancer screening and referral from primary care to urology for prostate cancer concern within our large, integrated health care system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from Atrium Health's enterprise data warehouse, which includes patient information from more than 900 care locations across North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. We included all men seen in the ambulatory or outpatient setting between 2014 and 2019 who were ≥40 years old. Clinical and demographic data were collected for all men, including age and race. Racial outcomes were reported for all groups with >2% representation in the population. Between-group comparisons were determined using chi-squared analysis, Wilcoxon rank sum testing and multivariable logistic regression, with significance defined as p <0.05. RESULTS: We observed a significant decrease in prostate specific antigen testing across all age and racial groups in a cohort of 606,985 men at Atrium Health, including 87,189 Black men, with an overall relative decline of 56%. As compared to White men, Black men were more likely to undergo prostate specific antigen testing (adjusted OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.22-1.26) and be referred to urology for prostate cancer (adjusted OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.75-2.16). CONCLUSIONS: There was a continued significant decline in prostate cancer screening between 2014 and 2019. Despite having modestly elevated odds of being screened for prostate cancer compared to White men, Black men are relatively underscreened when considering that those who undergo prostate specific antigen screening are more likely to be referred by primary care to urology for additional prostate cancer diagnostic evaluation.

Association of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Use with Prostate Specific Antigen Level at the Time of Urology Referral in a Retrospective Cohort at a Large, Integrated Health Care System.

INTRODUCTION: 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) use leads to a 50% decline in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) without a concomitant decrease in prostate cancer (PCa) risk. We hypothesize that failure to account for the effect of 5-ARI use on serum PSA leads to increased PCa risk at urology referral among 5-ARI users. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study for the years 2018-2019. Atrium Health is a large, vertically integrated health system with over 900 care locations in North Carolina and South Carolina. Men ≥40 years old during 2018-2019 who had a PSA test performed were included. We determined differences in corrected serum PSA level at the time of referral to urology. 5-ARI users and nonusers were compared using the chi-square test, Student's t-test and gamma regression. RESULTS: From 2018-2019, there were 91,368 men who underwent PSA testing, including 2,939 5-ARI users. At referral, 5-ARI users had similar uncorrected median PSA (5.8 vs 5.6 ng/ml, p=0.05). After correcting for the effect of 5-ARIs on PSA, 5-ARI users had a median PSA of 11.6 ng/ml at urology referral, compared to 5.6 ng/ml in nonusers. CONCLUSIONS: Men taking 5-ARIs have higher corrected serum PSA at time of referral to urology. As the unadjusted PSA at referral to urology for PCa risk was similar between 5-ARI users and nonusers, this indicates that the effect of 5-ARI use on serum PSA levels is not routinely accounted for when assessing PCa risk.