Identifying pathways modulating sleep duration: from genomics to transcriptomics.

Recognizing that insights into the modulation of sleep duration can emerge by exploring the functional relationships among genes, we used this strategy to explore the genome-wide association results for this trait. We detected two major signalling pathways (ion channels and the ERBB signalling family of tyrosine kinases) that could be replicated across independent GWA studies meta-analyses. To investigate the significance of these pathways for sleep modulation, we performed transcriptome analyses of short sleeping flies' heads (knockdown for the ABCC9 gene homolog; dSur). We found significant alterations in gene-expression in the short sleeping knockdowns versus controls flies, which correspond to pathways associated with sleep duration in our human studies. Most notably, the expression of Rho and EGFR (members of the ERBB signalling pathway) genes was down- and up-regulated, respectively, consistently with the established role of these genes for sleep consolidation in Drosophila. Using a disease multifactorial interaction network, we showed that many of the genes of the pathways indicated to be relevant for sleep duration had functional evidence of their involvement with sleep regulation, circadian rhythms, insulin secretion, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis.

Antidepressant-like effects of melatonin in the mouse chronic mild stress model.

Melatonin is a hormone primarily synthesized by the pineal gland and has been shown to govern seasonal and circadian rhythms, as well as the immune system, certain behaviours, and responses to stress. Chronic exposure to stress is involved in the etiology of human depression, and depressed patients present changes in circadian and seasonal rhythms. This study investigated the effects of daily exogenous melatonin (1 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) and imipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on the changes in the coat state, grooming behaviour and corticosterone levels induced by the unpredictable chronic mild stress model of depression in mice. As expected, the 5 weeks of unpredictable chronic mild stress schedule induced significant degradation of the coat state, decreased grooming and increased serum corticosterone levels. All of these unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced changes were counteracted by melatonin (P<0.05) and imipramine (P<0.01). Especially in view of the relevance of stress as a major contributing factor in depression, as well as the alleged importance of normalizing a hyperfunctioning HPA axis and resynchronizing circadian rhythms for a successful treatment of depression, this study reassesses the potential of melatonin as an antidepressant.

Confiabilidade diagnóstica dos transtornos mentais da versäo para cuidados primários da Classificaçäo Internacional das Doenças / Diagnostic reliability of mental disorders of the International Classification of Diseases - primary care

Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade da versäo para teste do capítulo V - "Transtornos Mentais e do Comportamento", da décima revisäo da Classificaçäo Internacional das Doenças, Versäo para Cuidados Primários (CID-10 CP), preparado pela Divisäo de Saúde Mental da Organizaçäo Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Métodos: Durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 1994 foram treinados médicos gerais comunitários (MGC) da Secretaria da Saúde e do Meio Ambiente do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no uso da citada versäo, preparada para teste de campo, conforme o delineamento proposto pela OMS. Resultados: Os resultados referem-se ao estudo sobre concordância dos diagnósticos atribuídos por 9 duplas de MGC a 440 pacientes de primeira consulta. O Kappa de Cohen para Transtorno de Saúde Mental, presente ou ausente, foi de 0,79 (IC 95 por cento: 0,69-0,88). Conclusäo: O uso da CID-10 CP dará maior especificidade às informaçöes e permitirá maior comunicaçäo entre as equipes de saúde em nível de cuidados primários