Radiotherapy with or without surgery for maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma: should the clinical N0 neck be treated?

OBJECTIVES: Maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and treated using radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma were treated from 1969 to 2006, using radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection. Fifty-two (96%) patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer stages III to IV disease, and 45 (83%) patients had N0 neck disease. RESULTS: Five-year local control (LC) rates by T-stage were 63% for T2/T3; and 43% for T4. Five-year LC rates for patients treated with radiotherapy preoperatively, postoperatively, and definitively were 61%, 65%, and 37%, respectively. Initially, overall 5-year LC, neck control, and local-regional control were 49%, 82%, and 45%, respectively. The ultimate 5-year LC, neck control, and local regional control after salvage of failures were 51%, 87%, and 50%, respectively. The overall 5-year cause-specific survival was 41%. Thirty-three percent of patients had a severe complication. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy, with or without surgical resection, remains an effective tool in treating patients with this disease. LC, cause-specific survival, and complication rates need significant improvement. Treatment details and recommendations are discussed herein.

Ewing tumors of the head and neck.

PURPOSE: Retrospective review describing the 40-year University of Florida experience treating Ewing tumors of the head-and-neck region with a summary of the pertinent literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients were diagnosed and treated for Ewing sarcoma of the head and neck at our institution between 1965 and 2007. Primary sites included: mandible (3 patients), calvarium (2 patients), paranasal sinus (2 patients), oral cavity (1 patient), and the extraosseous soft tissue of the neck (1 patient). The median age at diagnosis was 13.0 years (range, 6.3-20.1 years). The median observed follow-up was 10.2 years (range, 1.5-37 years). RESULTS: All patients received multiagent chemotherapy and radiation therapy to a median dose of 55.8 Gy (range, 36-67.2 Gy). Three patients also underwent wide local excision. The actuarial 10-year overall survival, cause-specific survival, event-free survival, and local control probabilities were 66%, 66%, 56%, and 89%, respectively. Late complications included poor dentition, mild xerophthalmia, cataract, and mandibular hypoplasia. A literature search revealed 8 previous series with Ewing tumors of the head and neck analyzed as subsets of larger studies. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of limited data on head and neck Ewing tumors, combined modality therapy provides excellent local control with reasonable acute and late toxicity. Large tumors were associated with poor disease control.

Radiotherapy for cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To discuss the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck. METHODS: Review of the pertinent literature. RESULTS: The likelihood of cure with a good cosmetic outcome is high for patients with early-stage cancers treated with definitive RT. The probability of local control is higher for previously untreated cancers and is inversely related to tumor size. The likelihood of cure for patients with perineural invasion (PNI) is related to the presence of symptoms and to the radiographic extent of disease. It decreases as the tumor extends centrally towards the central nervous system. Patients with incidental PNI have a local control rate of 80% to 90% compared with about 50% to 55% for those with clinical PNI. The optimal treatment for patients with clinically positive nodes is surgery and postoperative RT. The likelihood of cure for those with positive parotid nodes is approximately 70% to 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive RT is useful for treating early-stage skin cancers where resection would result in a significant cosmetic and/or functional deficit. Postoperative RT is indicated in situations where the probability of residual disease after surgery is high and the chance of successful salvage is modest. Patients with parotid-area node metastases are optimally treated with surgery and postoperative RT.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal: long-term clinical outcomes using surgery and external-beam radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the external auditory canal (EAC) is often treated with a combination of surgery and radiotherapy (RT) to optimize the chance of achieving locoregional control. This retrospective review describes a 27-year experience of treating these tumors at the University of Florida. METHODS: Thirty patients with histologically confirmed SCCA of the EAC received external-beam radiation (RT) alone or combined with surgical resection between 1976 and 2003. Seven patients were treated with RT alone, 22 with postoperative RT, and 1with preoperative RT. Patients were grouped according to nodal status (N0/N1) and the Stell staging system for tumors of the EAC and middle ear. Early stage was defined as T1/T2 (n = 12) and advanced stage as T3 (n = 18). Median follow-up was 2 years (range, 0.1-19.4 years) with no patients lost to follow-up. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial probabilities for local control, locoregional control, and cause-specific survival for patients with early stage (T1/T2) versus advanced-stage (T3) tumors were 74% and 55% (P = 0.27), 63% and 38% (P = 0.16), and 70% and 41% (P = 0.04), respectively. The regional control rate was 83% (P = 0.6). There were 12 local recurrences and 4 neck recurrences as the first site of failure. One failure was successfully salvaged with surgery. Five of 23 (21%) patients undergoing surgery had significant complications (grade 3 or 4), whereas 2 of 30 (7%) patients receiving RT experienced grade 3 complications. CONCLUSION: Patients with early stage disease achieved better local control, locoregional control, and cause-specific survival than those with advanced tumors. Less than half of the patients (13 of 30; 43%) were cured without significant complications, suggesting a suboptimal therapeutic ratio, using current treatment methods.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to parotid-area lymph nodes.

INTRODUCTION: Metastatic spread to parotid-area lymph nodes (PALN) occurs in 1% to 3% of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Presented herein is the University of Florida experience using radiation therapy (RT) to treat patients with PALN metastases from a skin primary. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From November 1969 to February 2005, 121 parotids in 117 patients received irradiation for nonmelanotic skin carcinoma metastatic to PALN. Patients were staged by the O'Brien staging system. Of the 121 parotids receiving RT, 17 (14%) were treated preoperatively, 87 (72%) postoperatively, and 17 with RT alone. RESULTS: Five-year actuarial probabilities of local (parotid) control, local-regional control, disease-free survival and overall survival were 78%, 74%, 70%, and 54%, respectively. When patients were separated by O'Brien P-stage, statistically significant differences were seen among the groups for local (parotid) control, local-regional control, and disease-free survival. A statistically significant decrease in local control was seen in patients treated with positive surgical margins (92% vs. 76%) and in local-regional control for patients treated with preoperative RT or RT alone when compared with postoperative RT (59% and 47% vs. 83%, respectively). The 5-year actuarial probability of freedom from distant metastases was 92%. Three (2.6%) patients suffered severe complications. CONCLUSIONS: PALN metastases from a cutaneous head and neck primary site are best treated with surgery and postoperative RT. Our data support the hypothesis that the O'Brien staging system is superior to the American Joint Committee on Cancer system for the staging of cutaneous metastases to PALN. Positive surgical margins confer a worse prognosis in terms of local-regional control and disease-free survival. Patients treated with preoperative RT seem to have a worse prognosis than those treated postoperatively, likely a result of patient selection and the surgeon's inability to accurately assess viable tumor extent after preoperative RT. Severe complications are uncommon after surgery and RT for PALN metastases.

Definitive radiotherapy in the management of paragangliomas arising in the head and neck: a 35-year experience.

BACKGROUND: An evaluation of the treatment results for 104 patients with 121 paragangliomas of the temporal bone, carotid body, and/or glomus vagale who were treated with radiation therapy (RT) at the University of Florida between 1968 and 2004. METHODS: Eighty-nine paragangliomas (86%) were treated with conventional megavoltage techniques, 15 (14%) patients with stereotactic fractionated radiation therapy, 6 (6%) patients with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and 11 (11%) patients with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). RESULTS: There were 6 local recurrences. One recurrence was salvaged with additional RT. The actuarial local control and cause-specific survival rates at 10 years were 94% and 95%. The overall local control rate for all 121 lesions was 95%; the ultimate local control rate was 96%. The incidence of treatment-related complications was low. CONCLUSION: Fractionated RT offers a high probability of tumor control with minimal risks for patients with paragangliomas of the temporal bone and neck.

Definitive radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate.

BACKGROUND: We report the University of Florida experience with soft-palate carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and/or neck dissection for residual disease in the neck. METHODS: A total of 145 patients treated with curative intent from 1963 to 2004 were included. Potential follow-up was > or =2 years. RESULTS: Local control rates at 5 years were: T1, 90%; T2, 91%; T3, 67%; T4, 57%. Nodal control rates at 5 years were: N0, 90%; N1, 82%; N2, 68%; N3, 71%. Ultimate local-regional control rates at 5 years were: stage I, 89%; stage II, 88%; stage III, 96%; stage IVA, 63%; stage IVB, 43%. In multivariate analysis, overall treatment time significantly affected local and ultimate local-regional control, and nodal stage significantly affected overall survival. Overall survival rate at 5 years was 44%. Cause-specific survival rate at 5 years was 73%. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of cure after definitive radiotherapy is relatively high and is impacted by disease extent and overall treatment time.

Lymph node-positive head and neck cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy: can treatment response determine the extent of neck dissection?

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to determine if postradiotherapy (RT) neck dissection can be limited to the neck levels of residual adenopathy on post-RT computed tomography (CT). METHODS: In all, 274 patients with lymph node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with definitive RT. All patients had a contrast-enhanced CT performed 4 weeks after completing RT to evaluate tumor response. Two hundred eleven heminecks were dissected, either planned pre-RT or because of residual adenopathy on post-RT CT. CT images were reviewed to determine the presence and location of residual adenopathy. Radiographic complete response (rCR) was defined as lymph node size < or =1.5 cm and normal radiographic morphology (no filling defects or calcifications). For each neck level the CT findings were correlated with neck dissection pathology. RESULTS: Correlation of CT nodal response with neck dissection pathology revealed the following negative predictive values of rCR: level I, 100%; level II, 95%; level III, 98%; level IV, 96%; and level V, 96%. A subset analysis was performed on 61 neck levels with initially positive lymph nodes that completely responded to RT that were in a hemineck with residual lymphadenopathy elsewhere in the neck. Correlation of nodal response on CT to pathology indicated a negative predictive value of an rCR of 95% for this high-risk scenario. In 71 heminecks that underwent a selective neck dissection (defined as dissection of less than levels I-V) the 5-year neck control rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: rCR on post-RT CT has a negative predictive value of > or =95% for each neck level. This suggests that limiting neck dissection based on post-RT CT is safe.

Patterns of failure and toxicity after intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine the outcome of patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed the charts of 100 consecutive patients treated with IMRT for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (64%), nasopharynx (16%), hypopharynx (14%), and larynx (6%). Most patients were treated with a concomitant boost schedule to 72 Gy. Of the 100 patients, 54 (54%) received adjuvant chemotherapy, mostly concurrent cisplatin. The dosimetry plans for patients with either locoregional failure or Grade 4-5 complications were reviewed and fused over the computed tomography images corresponding with the location of the event. Marginal failures were defined as those that occurred at a region of high-dose falloff, where conventional fields would have provided better coverage. RESULTS: The median follow-up of living patients was 3.1 years (range, 1-5.2 years). The 3-year rate of local control, locoregional control, freedom from relapse, cause-specific survival, and overall survival for all patients was 89%, 87%, 72%, 78%, and 71%, respectively. The 3-year rate of freedom from relapse, cause-specific survival, and overall survival for the 64 oropharynx patients was 86%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. Of the 10 local failures, 2 occurred at the margin of the high-dose planning target volume. Both regional failures occurred within the planning target volume. No locoregional failures occurred outside the planning target volume. Of the 100 patients, 8 and 5 had Grade 4 and 5 complications from treatment, respectively. All patients with Grade 5 complications had received adjuvant chemotherapy. No attempt was made to discriminate between the complications from IMRT and other aspects of the patients' treatment. CONCLUSION: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy did not compromise the outcome compared with what we have achieved with conventional techniques. The 2 cases of recurrence in the high-dose gradient region highlight the potential hazard of approaches that involve highly conformal dose distributions.

Inverted papilloma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

PURPOSE: To discuss the treatment and outcomes of inverted papilloma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. METHODS: Review of the pertinent literature. RESULTS: Inverted papilloma is a benign, locally aggressive neoplasm that arises in the nasal cavity and is associated with squamous cell carcinoma in approximately 5% of patients. Squamous cell carcinoma may be present with inverted papilloma at the initial diagnosis or it may occur metachronously after prior treatment. Surgery is the primary treatment of inverted papilloma. The likelihood of local recurrence varies from less than 5% to over 50%, depending on the extent of resection. There is likely no significant difference in the risk of local recurrence after open compared with endoscopic resection. The probability of local recurrence and/or death from tumor is increased if inverted papilloma is associated with squamous cell carcinoma. The likelihood of cure is approximately 50% when malignancy is present and postoperative radiotherapy should be considered for the majority of patients. A small subset of patients with inverted papilloma present with incompletely resectable disease. Definitive radiotherapy using doses between 65 and 70 Gy will locally control gross disease in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: The preferred treatment of inverted papilloma is surgery; postoperative radiotherapy is added if it is associated with squamous cell carcinoma. The likelihood of local recurrence after surgery for inverted papilloma may be substantial and varies with the extent of resection. Definitive radiotherapy may be used to successfully treat patients with incompletely resectable inverted papilloma.

Multidisciplinary management of laryngeal carcinoma.

The management of head and neck cancer has evolved into a multidisciplinary approach in which patients are evaluated before treatment and decisions depend on prospective multi-institutional trials, as well as retrospective outcome studies. The choice of one or more modalities to use in a given case varies with the tumor site and extent, as exemplified in the treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The goals of treatment include cure, laryngeal voice preservation, voice quality, optimal swallowing, and minimal xerostomia. Treatment options include transoral laser excision, radiotherapy (both definitive and postoperative), open partial laryngectomy, total laryngectomy, and neck dissection. The likelihood of local control and preservation of laryngeal function is related to tumor volume. Patients who have a relatively high risk of local recurrence undergo follow-up computed tomography scans every 3-4 months for the first 2 years after radiotherapy. Patients with suspicious findings on computed tomography might benefit from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to differentiate post-radiotherapy changes from tumor.

Radiotherapy and concomitant intraarterial cisplatin (RADPLAT) for advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.

PURPOSE: Review of the University of Florida experience in treating advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck with concurrent intraarterial cisplatin and radiotherapy (RADPLAT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with Stage III or IV head and neck squamous cell carcinomas were treated between November 2000 and October 2001 with 3 to 4 cycles of weekly intraarterial cisplatin (150 mg/m2) and a rapid infusion of the neutralizing agent sodium thiosulfate (9 g/m2), followed by a continuous infusion of sodium thiosulfate (12 g/m2), with concomitant radiotherapy (RT). The primary site was treated with 70 Gy in 35 fractions with 6 MV photons, and the low neck received 50 to 70 Gy depending on nodal involvement. Median follow-up for all patients was 4.06 years; median follow-up for living patients was 4.34 years. RESULTS: The 4-year outcomes were: local-regional control, 78%; distant metastasis-free survival, 83%; cause-specific survival, 65%; and survival, 57%. The majority of patients with recurrent disease failed at the primary site (73%); the remaining 27% of patients with recurrent disease failed only in distant sites. Nine patients required a neck dissection after chemoradiation because of suspected residual disease; 2 of 9 patients had residual tumor in the neck nodes. Severe osteoradionecrosis occurred in 26% of patients, and 9 of 35 patients (26%) required a permanent gastrostomy. CONCLUSIONS: RADPLAT results in excellent local-regional control and survival in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Outcomes from the University of Florida are comparable to those reported by other institutions. However, in our limited experience, the likelihood of osteoradionecrosis and permanent gastrostomy may be higher than what might be anticipated after RT alone or combined with intravenous chemotherapy.

T3 and T4 true vocal cord squamous carcinomas treated with external beam irradiation: a single institution's 35-year experience.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes after external-beam radiotherapy (RT) for selected T3 and T4 vocal cord squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred nine patients with previously untreated T3 and T4 squamous cell carcinomas of the glottic larynx were treated with curative intent in this Institutional Review Board-approved outcome study using continuous-course RT alone (106 patients) or followed by a planned neck dissection (3 patients) between September 1966 and June 2002. Patients selected for such treatment had relatively low-volume, unilateral disease. Patients were staged according to the recommendations of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) as follows: T3N0, 68 patients (62%); T3N1, 14 patients (13%); T3N2B, 5 patients (5%); T4N0, 17 patients (16%); T4N1, 4 patients (4%); and T4N2B, 1 patient. RESULTS: The 5-year outcomes after treatment were: local control for stage T3 and T4, 78% and 81%; locoregional control for AJCC stage III and IVa, 62% and 78%; distant metastasis-free survival for AJCC stage III and IVa, 97% and 100%; cause-specific survival for AJCC stage III and IVa, 84% and 87%; and overall survival for AJCC stage III and IVa, 52% and 67%, respectively. Severe complications occurred in 13 patients (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this retrospective study compare favorably with those published elsewhere in the literature for T3 and T4 vocal cord carcinomas. Local control and ultimate cure probabilities will hopefully improve further with the addition of concomitant chemotherapy to RT for larger tumors.

Prognostic significance of paraglottic space invasion in T2N0 glottic carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of paraglottic space invasion determined with pretreatment computed tomography (CT) for patients with T2N0 glottic carcinoma treated with radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Eighty patients with T2N0 glottic squamous cell carcinomas treated with definitive RT between 1983 and 2002 who had pretreatment CT information available regarding paraglottic space invasion were analyzed. Follow up ranged from 0.14 to 18 years (median, 7.1 years). No patient was lost to follow up. RESULTS: Five-year outcomes were: local control, 78%; local control with larynx preservation, 80%; relapse-free survival, 71%; and cause-specific survival, 91%. Multivariate analyses of various parameters (including vocal cord mobility, paraglottic space invasion, supraglottic invasion, and subglottic extension) showed that only subglottic extension significantly influenced the probability of cure. CONCLUSION: Paraglottic space invasion is likely associated with increased tumor volume and, by itself, is not necessarily associated with poorer outcome after definitive RT.

Skin cancer of the head and neck with perineural invasion.

Perineural invasion occurs in 2% to 6% of cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and is associated with midface location, recurrent tumors, high histologic grade, and increasing tumor size. Patients may be asymptomatic with perineural invasion appreciated on pathologic examination of the surgical specimen (incidental) or may present with cranial nerve deficits (clinical). The cranial nerves most commonly involved are the 5th and 7th nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging is obtained to detect and define the extent of perineural invasion; computed tomography is used to detect regional lymph node metastases. Patients with apparently resectable cancers undergo surgery usually followed by postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with incompletely resectable cancers are treated with definitive radiotherapy. The 5-year local control, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates are approximately 87%, 65%, and 50%, respectively, for patients with incidental perineural invasion compared with 55%, 59%, and 55%, respectively, for those with clinical perineural invasion.

Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of local-regional control, survival, and complications for patients treated with postoperative radiation for squamous carcinomas of the larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx. METHODS: There were 295 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx (n = 199), hypopharynx (n = 80), and oropharynx (n = 16) treated postoperatively with radiotherapy (RT). RESULTS: Five-year local-regional control rates according to site and pathologic American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage were: stage III larynx, 89% versus stage IVA larynx, 85% (P = 0.33); stage III oropharynx/hypopharynx, 76% versus stage IVA oropharynx/hypopharynx, 79% (P = 0.72). Local-regional control rates steadily declined as the number of indications for administering postoperative RT increased. Five-year absolute survival rates versus pathologic AJCC stage for the entire group were: stage III 59% and stage IVA 40% (P = 0.40). CONCLUSION: Rates of local-regional control, survival, and complications support the use of postoperative radiation in selected patients. Tumor control and survival will hopefully improve further with the addition of chemotherapy to postoperative radiation.

Definitive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We sought to report the outcomes after definitive radiotherapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS: Between March 1983 and November 2003, 82 patients were treated with curative intent and followed from 0.2 to 22 years (median, 5 years). Follow-up on living patients ranged from 2.8 to 22 years (median, 10.8 years). Thirty-two patients (39%) were treated once daily, 45 patients (55%) were treated with hyperfractionation, and 5 patients (6%) were treated with the concomitant boost technique. Eight patients (10%) received intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Thirty-one patients (38%) received induction (17 patients) or concomitant (14 patients) chemotherapy. Fourteen patients (17%) underwent a planned neck dissection. RESULTS: The 5-year outcomes after treatment were: local control, 78%; regional control, 90%; local-regional control, 76%; distant metastasis-free survival, 80%; cause-specific survival, 66%; and survival, 57%. The impact of T-stage, N-stage, overall stage, World Health Organization class, fractionation schedule, and adjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated in a multivariate analysis of various outcomes. Only N-stage and World Health Organization class impacted regional control. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of cure after RT is relatively high. Although the likelihood of cure diminished with increasing stage, none of the parameters evaluated significantly influenced outcomes aside from N-stage and WHO class.

Postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

This review discusses the role of postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Patients with unfavorable pathologic features have a high-risk of local-regional recurrence and a decreased likelihood of survival after surgery alone. Postoperative RT reduces the risk of local-regional failure and probably improves survival. Patients who are at high risk for recurrence may benefit from more aggressive altered fractionation schedules to decrease the overall time from surgery to the completion of RT. Adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy also appears to improve the probability of cure in high-risk patients.

Definitive radiotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to update our experience with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for carcinoma of the tonsillar area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 503 patients treated between October 1964 and May 2003 (potential follow-up for at least 2 years). Of these, 198 patients underwent a planned neck dissection and 57 patients received induction (18 patients) or concomitant (39 patients) chemotherapy. RESULTS: The 5-year local control rates were as follows: T1, 88%; T2, 84%; T3, 78%; and T4, 61%. Multivariate analysis revealed that local control was significantly influenced by T stage, primary site, and fractionation. Local control after RT for early stage cancers was higher for tonsillar fossa/posterior pillar tumors than for those arising from the anterior tonsillar pillar. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates were as follows: I, 100%; II, 86%; III, 84%; IVA, 73%; and IVB, 46%. Multivariate analysis revealed that cause-specific survival was significantly influenced by T stage, overall stage, neck dissection, race, and gender. The incidence of severe late complications was 9%. CONCLUSION: Based on our data and a review of the literature, definitive RT provides cure rates that are as good as those after surgery, and is associated with a lower rate of severe complications. Patients with lateralized tumors may be safely treated with ipsilateral field arrangements. Our limited experience with intensity modulated radiotherapy suggests that it is as efficacious as conventional RT.

Definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate definitive radiotherapy (RT) for treatment of base of tongue cancer. METHODS: There were 333 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue treated with definitive RT and had follow-up from 0.2 to 26.2 years. Follow-up on living patients ranged from 1.2 to 26.2 years (median, 6.6 years). RESULTS: Local control rates at 5 years were: T1, 98%; T2, 92%; T3, 82%; and T4, 53%. The 5-year rates of local-regional control rates were: I-II, 100%; III, 82%; IVA, 87%; and IVB, 58%. The rates of absolute and cause-specific survival at 5 years were as follows: I-II, 67% and 91%; III, 66% and 77%; IVA, 67% and 84%; and IVB, 33% and 45%. Severe complications developed in 52 patients (16%). CONCLUSION: Our data and review of the pertinent literature reveal that the local-regional control rates and survival rates after RT were comparable to those after surgery, and the morbidity associated with RT was less.