Palliative Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for a Small Part of a Large Vestibular Schwannoma in an Elderly Patient.

We report a case of a large vestibular schwannoma in an 80-year-old female patient that shrank after palliative Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS). Neurological symptoms included hearing deterioration and facial palsy. The tumor volume was 21.9 mL. Craniotomy was considered high-risk, and conventional GKS was risky, owing to the risk of transient enlargement. Therefore, GKS was performed on only a portion of the tumor. The marginal dose (12 Gy) volume was 3.8 mL (17.4%). The tumor began to shrink after transient enlargement. Sixty months later, the tumor volume was only 3.1 mL, and the patient was able to maintain independent activities of daily living without salvage treatment.

Multifocal primary central nervous system angiosarcoma: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor derived from vascular endothelial cells in which a primary intracranial origin is extremely rare. Most previous reports of primary central nervous system (CNS) angiosarcoma have been solitary cases. OBSERVATIONS: The authors report a case of primary CNS angiosarcoma that caused the development of multiple disseminated cerebral hemorrhagic lesions within a short period of time. This rapid progression of symptoms resulted in the death of the patient. During surgery, several nodules suggestive of a tumor were removed from just below the surface of the brain, mixed into the hematoma. A pathological examination revealed atypical cells mimicking blood vessels in the subarachnoid space that were positive for specific vascular endothelial markers. LESSONS: In this case, multifocal angiosarcoma occurred on the brain surface and ventricles, suggesting cerebrospinal fluid dissemination. If multiple cerebral hemorrhages are found on the brain surface, multifocal angiosarcoma should also be considered.

Association between Carotid Bifurcation Angle and Vulnerable Plaque Volume Using Black Blood Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The morphology of the internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation is increasingly being recognized as the cause of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque leading to cerebral infarction. In this study, we investigated the relationship between carotid bifurcation angle and carotid plaque volume evaluated using black blood magnetic resonance imaging (BB-MRI). Among the 90 patients who underwent revascularization for atherosclerotic symptomatic carotid stenosis between April 2016 and October 2022 using BB-MRI, carotid plaque was evaluated in 57 patients. Relative overall signal intensity (roSI) was defined as the signal intensity of the plaque on T1-weighted images relative to the signal intensity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the same slice as the common carotid bifurcation. Regions showing roSI ≥ 1.0 were defined as plaque, and the plaque volume and relative plaque volume were measured from roSI ≥1.0 to ≥2.0 in 0.1 increments. We calculated the angles between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the ICA and between the CCA and the external carotid artery (ECA) on magnetic resonance angiography. We classified two groups according to carotid bifurcation angles based on the ICA angle: Group A = <35° and Group B = ≥35°. Compared with Group A (n = 42), Group B (n = 15) showed a greater relative plaque volume between roSI ≥ 1.3 and roSI ≥ 1.5. A significant correlation was identified between relative plaque volume with roSI ≥ 1.4 and ICA angle (p = 0.049). Vulnerable plaque was significantly more frequent in the group with an ICA angle of ≥35. Moreover, the ICA angle was significantly greater in patients with a roSI of ≥1.4.

Preoperative elevated eosinophils in peripheral blood for prediction of postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurological disease with a significant postoperative recurrence rate. There are numerous reported studies of the development of CSDH. In recent years, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, and inflammation have all been identified as relevant factors in the development of CSDH. While several authors have reported risk factors associated with CSDH recurrence, differential blood count of leukocytes has not yet been discussed. Therefore, in this study the authors aimed to retrospectively investigate the association between differential blood leukocyte count and the rate of CSDH recurrence. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 476 patients with 529 CSDHs who underwent surgery at a single institution between January 2011 and December 2021. After exclusion of patients who had not undergone a differential blood test of leukocytes preoperatively, CSDHs in 517 cerebral hemispheres of 466 patients were included in the study. Peripheral blood eosinophil counts ≥ 100/µL were considered eosinophil rich. RESULTS: CSDHs in 494 cerebral hemispheres of 445 patients were followed up postoperatively for at least 3 months or until resolution indicated by CSDH disappearance. Postoperative recurrence of CSDH was observed in 46 cerebral hemispheres (9.3%). Among the preoperative differential blood counts of all leukocytes, eosinophils alone were significantly associated with CSDH recurrence (median [IQR] 76/µL [30-155/µL] vs 119/µL [39-217/µL]; p = 0.03). Multivariable regression analysis showed thrombocytopenia (adjusted OR [aOR] 5.23, 95% CI 1.85-14.79; p = 0.002), use of anticoagulant drugs (aOR 2.51, 95% CI 1.17-5.38; p = 0.02), hematoma volume (10 mL per increase) (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.16; p = 0.04), and eosinophil-rich peripheral blood (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.17-4.23; p = 0.02) were all independent predictors for CSDH recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that preoperative peripheral blood eosinophil count was an independent risk factor for CSDH recurrence. Therefore, patients with CSDH who have elevated eosinophils preoperatively in peripheral blood require careful follow-up.

Atypical hypoadrenocorticism with intact zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex after long-term observation: a case report of a dog.

An 8-year-old intact male pointer presented with lethargy and hypoalbuminemia. On abdominal ultrasonography, both adrenal glands were reduced in thickness. Based on the ACTH stimulation test results and the absence of electrolyte abnormalities, the dog was diagnosed with atypical hypoadrenocorticism. After treatment with low-dose prednisolone, his general condition improved, and blood tests normalized. The dog died 818 days later, and a complete autopsy was performed. Histologically, the architecture of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis was disrupted in both adrenal glands; however, the zona glomerulosa remained relatively normal. In summary, in this study, we detailed the pathological presentation of atypical hypoadrenocorticism without electrolyte abnormalities.

Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Patients with Preceding Antithrombotic Therapy.

With the aging of the population, the number of people taking antithrombotic drugs is increasing. Few reports have described the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients with preceding antithrombotic therapy. This study included 459 patients with nontraumatic SAH who had been treated between April 2009 and May 2021. Overall, 39 of the 459 patients with aneurysmal SAH were on antithrombotic therapy before ictus (8.5%). Therefore, we classified patients into two groups: Group A (n = 39), patients with preceding antithrombotic therapy and Group B (n = 420), patients without preceding antithrombotic therapy. Hunt and Kosnik (H&K) grade on admission was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.02). Patients in Group A more frequently received endovascular treatment. The rate of endovascular therapy for symptomatic vasospasm after SAH was significantly lower in Group A (2.6%) than in Group B (15.5%; p = 0.03). The outcomes at 3 months after onset were significantly poorer in Group A patients than in Group B patients (p = 0.03). Patients with preceding antithrombotic drugs tended to be at greater risk of unfavorable outcomes, but this difference was not significant in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, patient age, H&K grade ≥4, and subdural hematoma remained as risk factors for poor outcomes; however, preceding use of antithrombotic drugs was not a significant risk factor.

Variations and management for patients with craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas: Comparison of dural, radicular, and epidural arteriovenous fistulas.

BACKGROUND: Craniocervical junction arteriovenous fistulas (CCJAVFs) are known to be rare, but variations and clinical behaviors remain controversial. METHODS: A total of 11 CCJAVF patients (M: F=9:2, age 54-77 years) were investigated. Based on the radiological and intraoperative findings, they were categorized into three types: dural AVF (DAVF), radicular AVF (RAVF), and epidural AVF (EDAVF). RESULTS: There were four symptomatic patients (subarachnoid hemorrhage in two, myelopathy in one, and tinnitus in one) and seven asymptomatic patients in whom coincidental CCJAVFs were discovered on imaging studies for other vascular diseases (arteriovenous malformation in one, intracranial DAVF in two, ruptured cerebral aneurysm in two, and carotid artery stenosis in two). Of these 11 patients, 2 (18.2%) had multiple CCJAVFs. Of 14 lesions, the diagnoses were DAVF in 5, RAVF in 3, and EDAVF in 6 (C1-C2 level ratio =5:0, 2:1, 3:3). Patients with DAVF/RAVF in four lesions with intradural venous reflux underwent surgery, although an RAVF remained in one lesion after embolization/radiation. Since all six EDAVFs, two DAVFs, and one RAVF had neither feeder aneurysms nor significant symptoms, no treatment was provided; of these nine lesions, one DAVF and one RAVF remained unchanged, whereas six EDAVFs showed spontaneous obliteration within a year. Unfortunately, however, one DAVF bled before elective surgery. CONCLUSION: CCJAVFs have many variations of shunting site, angioarchitecture, and multiplicity, and they were frequently associated with coincidental vascular lesions. For symptomatic DAVF/RAVF lesions with intradural drainage, surgery is preferred, whereas asymptomatic EDAVFs without dangerous drainage may obliterate during their natural course.

Esophageal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is extremely rare. We have described herein a case of a 59-year-old man with esophageal metastasis of RCC that was endoscopically resected. CASE PRESENTATION: The case was a 59-year-old man who had undergone left nephrectomy for renal clear cell carcinoma 17 years ago and splenectomy for splenic metastasis 3 years ago. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) performed 9 years ago revealed a small reddish elevated lesion with a smooth surface in the middle esophagus; this lesion increased in size 4 years ago. However, no biopsy was performed. The lesion continued to grow in size and was found to have become nodular during the present observation. Biopsy revealed clear cell carcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) revealed that the lesion had not invaded the submucosa, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography did not reveal any other metastasis. The lesion was successfully removed en bloc via endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Pathologically, the tumor was detected in the subepithelium with focal infiltration of the muscularis mucosa. It consisted of monotonous cells with small nuclei and a clear cytoplasm. Immunohistological findings indicated that the tumor was a metastasis of RCC. The lateral and vertical margins were noted to be free. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented herein a case of esophageal metastasis of RCC that had progressed over 9 years and was then resected en bloc through endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma is more frequent in patients with blood type A.

OBJECTIVE: Because of an aging society, the incidence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is increasing. This lesion is treated with simple burr hole irrigation, but one of the major issues is that CSDH frequently recurs. ABO blood type may be associated with a bleeding tendency and inflammation. However, its association with the recurrence of CSDH remains unknown. Therefore, the authors of the present study aimed to retrospectively investigate the association between ABO blood type and CSDH recurrence. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed symptomatic CSDHs in 425 cerebral hemispheres of 376 patients who had undergone surgical treatment with irrigation of the hematoma via burr holes at their institution from January 2011 to September 2019. Among these were 366 CSDHs in 320 patients whose ABO blood type had been determined and who were included in this study. RESULTS: In the study, 307 patients with CSDHs in 350 hemispheres were followed up postoperatively until the disappearance of the CDSH or for at least 3 months. Recurrence of CSDH was observed in 37 patients (10.6%) after surgical treatment. Blood type A was found to be significantly associated with CSDH recurrence compared to non-A blood types: 24 of 153 CDSHs (15.7%) versus 13 of 197 CDSHs (6.6%) (p = 0.008). In the multivariable regression analysis, blood type A, in addition to thrombocytopenia, was a significant independent predictor of the recurrence of CSDH. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that blood type A is an independent risk factor for the postoperative recurrence of CSDH and that careful follow-up in these patients may be needed.

Effectiveness of Transvenous Aspiration Thrombectomy for Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Report of Three Cases.

Objective: We report three patients successfully treated by emergent transvenous thrombectomy for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Case Presentation: (Case 1) A 77-year-old man presented with vomiting, dizziness, and headache. CT revealed local subarachnoid hemorrhage (l-SAH), and angiography confirmed occlusion of the right transverse sigmoid sinus and superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Emergent transvenous aspiration thrombectomy using a Penumbra catheter (PC) resulted in effective reperfusion. (Case 2) A 60-year-old man developed disorientation, sensory aphasia, and right hemiparesis. MRI demonstrated extensive cerebral edema caused by venous congestion in both thalami, and angiography revealed poor opacification of the SSS, straight sinus, and bilateral transverse sinuses. Venous sinus flow was restored by catheter aspiration using a PC and topical infusion of urokinase (UK). (Case 3) A 19-year-old man developed a headache, numbness of the right upper limb, motor paralysis, and convulsions. CT revealed l-SAH and dense clot sign in the SSS. The SSS was poorly delineated on angiography. Thrombus aspiration using a PC and topical UK administration achieved partial recanalization. Conclusion: Transvenous aspiration thrombectomy using large lumen catheters for patients with CVST is effective and safe. In particular, this method may be a better option than anti-coagulation therapy alone for patients presenting with a severe neurological condition or intracranial hemorrhage.

Improvement of Hemifacial Spasm after Stent-assisted Coil Embolization for Ipsilateral Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm.

Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the gold standard in the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS), and endovascular surgery has been described as a treatment only for aneurysm-induced HFS in several previous cases. We describe symptomatic HFS caused by a normal vertebral artery (VA) trunk adjacent to the ipsilateral dissecting VA aneurysm completely cured after stent-assisted coil embolization. A 52-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of gradually worsening left HFS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebral angiography revealed a dissecting VA aneurysm on the left side. Based on the findings from preoperative MRI, not the aneurysmal dome itself, but the VA trunk just distal to the aneurysmal dome was considered likely to be compressing the root exit zone (REZ) of the facial nerve. Stent-assisted coil embolization was conducted for the VA aneurysm, and the stent was deployed to cover the wide neck of the aneurysm and offending zone of the VA trunk simultaneously. HFS started to show improvement just after the procedure and complete disappearance within 1 year. HFS was completely resolved by stenting of the offending artery. Stents may show efficacy for "intra-arterial decompression" by reducing pulsatility against the REZ of the facial nerve due to the thickness and rigidity of the stent metal and delayed endothelialization.

Intractable Hepatic Encephalopathy with a Large Portosystemic Shunt Successfully Treated Using Shunt-preserving Disconnection of the Portal and Systemic Circulation.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a significant symptom of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Occlusion of portosystemic shunts is used to treat refractory HE. Nevertheless, these treatments often cause adverse events, such as ascites and esophageal varices. We treated a 57-year-old man with refractory HE using shunt-preserving disconnection of the portal and systemic circulation (SPDPS). After SPDPS, there were no obvious complications, and the patient's ammonia level significantly decreased. To date, the patient has not experienced recurrent HE. SPDPS appears to be a safe and effective treatment method for portosystemic encephalopathy.

Increased plasma plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex levels correlate with postoperative rebleeding after endoscopic surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative rebleeding (PR) is one of the most severe complications of endoscopic surgery, often performed to remove spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). However, the risk factors for PR remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively investigated whether increased preoperative plasma plasmin-α2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) levels, indicating activation of fibrinolysis, are associated with PR. METHODS: A total of 101 patients underwent endoscopic surgery to evacuate sICH at our institution from January 2010 to June 2019, and 79 patients who underwent examinations of plasma PIC levels at admission with available radiographical data were included. Correlations between PR and increased plasma PIC levels were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: PR occurred in eight patients (10.1%), and high PIC levels (≥ 4 or 6 µg/ml) were significantly associated with PR. The sensitivities employing high PIC levels of ≥ 4 µg/ml and ≥ 6 µg/ml were both 0.63, and the specificities using the same PIC levels were 0.86 and 0.92, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that high plasma PIC levels of ≥ 4 µg/ml (odds ratio (OR), 12.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.65-98.77; p = 0.02) or ≥ 6 µg/ml (OR, 18.33; 95% CI, 2.32-144.82; p = 0.006) were independent predictors of PR. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that increased plasma PIC levels were associated with PR following the endoscopic evacuation of sICHs, indicating that increased plasma PIC levels could be potentially used to predict PR. Further studies are needed to establish new surgical strategies and adjuvant treatments to improve surgical outcomes in patients with sICH prone to PR.

Does Noncontrast Computed Tomography Scan Predict Rebleeding After Endoscopic Surgery for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

BACKGROUND: The relationship between noncontrast computed tomography (CT) markers, which predict the expansion of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) under conservative treatment, and postoperative rebleeding (PR) after treatment by directly removing the sICH is unknown. This study investigated the relationship between noncontrast CT markers and PR in patients with sICH treated by endoscopic surgery. METHODS: The study population included 92 patients with available data who underwent endoscopic surgery for sICH at our institution from January 2010 to September 2018. The correlations between PR and preoperative noncontrast CT markers, including the blend sign, hypodensities, black hole sign, heterogeneous density, and island signs, were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: In 5 of the 18 patients (27.8%) with the blend sign, PR developed, whereas only 5 of 74 patients (6.8%) without the blend sign developed PR. In the univariate regression analyses, manifestation of hydrocephalus (odds ratio [OR], 8.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.15-35.68; P = 0.002), presence of the blend sign (OR, 5.31; 95% CI, 1.34-20.97; P = 0.02), and insertion of external ventricular drainage (OR, 13.88; 95% CI, 3.22-59.77; P < 0.001) were significant risk factors. The other radiographic markers were not associated with PR. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of the blend sign (OR, 22.07; 95% CI, 2.18-223.60; P = 0.009) was the only independent predictor of PR. CONCLUSIONS: The blend sign is likely to be a strong predictor for PR in patients who undergo endoscopic surgery for sICH. To improve the prognosis of patients with sICH, further studies are needed to establish new treatment strategies and surgical procedures.

Plaque Characteristics of Patients with Symptomatic Mild Carotid Artery Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Carotid revascularization may be considered for severe stenosis, but its use for symptomatic mild stenosis (<50%) with vulnerable plaque or ulcer remains uncertain. The characteristics of patients with symptomatic mild stenosis who underwent revascularization are reviewed. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 18 patients with symptomatic mild stenosis (<50%) on angiography from among 175 patients who underwent revascularization in our department. The plaques were evaluated by black-blood magnetic resonance imaging (BB-MRI) and ultrasonography (US) and classified into 2 types: type 1 (n = 15), a lesion with an ulcer or mobile plaque or thrombosis on angiography or US; and type 2 (n = 3), a lesion without any of the above. Fourteen patients underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA), and 4 patients underwent carotid artery stenting. RESULTS: The stenosis on angiography was 27.2% ± 10.7 (5%-41%), and the area carotid artery stenosis rate on US was 69.8 ± 14.5% (44.5%-97%). The stenosis rate of these 2 methods was not at all correlated. In type 1 plaque that underwent CEA, 10 of 11 patients had vulnerable plaque by histopathology, and 1 patient had thrombus on the plaque by operative findings. In type 2 plaque that underwent CEA, all patients had vulnerable plaque by histopathology. During the follow-up period, none of the patients had restenosis or stroke. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of US and BB-MRI in patients with symptomatic mild stenosis (<50%) on angiography are important for determining treatment. If BB-MRI or US shows the findings of vulnerable plaque in mild stenosis, surgical treatment may be considered for these patients.

Utility of Indocyanine Green Video Angiography for Sylvian Fissure Dissection in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients - Sylvian ICG Technique.

Indocyanine green (ICG) emits fluorescence in the far-red domain under light excitation. ICG video angiography (ICG-VA) has been established as a useful method to evaluate blood flow in the operative field. We report the usefulness of ICG-VA for Sylvian fissure dissection in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Subjects comprised 7 patients who underwent ICG-VA before opening the Sylvian fissure during neck clipping for ruptured cerebral aneurysm. We observed contrasted Sylvian veins before opening the Sylvian fissure using surgical microscopes. This procedure was termed "Sylvian ICG". We observed ICG fluorescence quickly in all cases. Sylvian veins that appeared unclear in the standard microscopic operative field covered with subarachnoid hemorrhage were extremely clearly depicted. These Sylvian ICG findings were helpful in identifying entry points and the dissecting course of the Sylvian fissure. At the time of clipping, no residual fluorescence from Sylvian ICG was present, and aneurysm clipping was not impeded. Sylvian ICG for SAH patients is a novel technique to facilitate dissection of the Sylvian fissure. We believe that this technique will contribute to improved safety of clipping surgery for ruptured aneurysms.

Present epidemiology of chronic subdural hematoma in Japan: analysis of 63,358 cases recorded in a national administrative database.

OBJECTIVE Aging of the population may lead to epidemiological changes with respect to chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). The objectives of this study were to elucidate the current epidemiology and changing trends of CSDH in Japan. The authors analyzed patient information based on reports using a Japanese administrative database associated with the diagnosis procedure combination (DPC) system. METHODS This study included patients with newly diagnosed CSDH who were treated in hospitals participating in the DPC system. The authors collected data from the administrative database on the following clinical and demographic characteristics: patient age, sex, and level of consciousness on admission; treatment procedure; and outcome at discharge. RESULTS A total of 63,358 patients with newly diagnosed CSDH and treated in 1750 DPC participation hospitals were included in this study. Analysis according to patient age showed that the most common age range for these patients was the 9th decade of life (in their 80s). More than half of patients 70 years old or older presented with some kind of disturbance of consciousness. Functional outcomes at discharge were good in 71.6% (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-2) of cases and poor in 28.4% (mRS score 3-6). The percentage of poor outcomes tended to be higher in elderly patients. Approximately 40% of patients 90 years old or older could not be discharged to home. The overall recurrence rate for CSDH was 13.1%. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a chronological change in the age distribution of CSDH among Japanese patients, which may be affecting the prognosis of this condition. In the aging population of contemporary Japan, patients in their 80s were affected more often than patients in other age categories, and approximately 30% of patients with CSDH required some help at discharge. CSDH thus may no longer have as good a prognosis as had been thought.

[A Case of an Orbital Angioleiomyoma].

A 70-year-old woman presented with a 4-year history of painless conjunctival congestion and proptosis of the right eye. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 48-mm lesion in the right medial orbit. As the symptoms progressed, the tumor was resected by performing fronto-orbital craniotomy. Histopathological examination revealed a vascular tumor surrounded by smooth muscle fibers and immunohistochemistry demonstrated tumor positivity for smooth muscle actin and desmin. The tumor was diagnosed as an angioleiomyoma, and no recurrence has been observed as of 5 years postoperatively. Angioleiomyomas in the orbit are extremely rare;thus, we have reported this case with reference to the literature.

Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Elderly Patients: Is This Disease Benign?

As the world population becomes progressively older, the overall incidence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is increasing. Peak age of onset for CSDH has also increased, and recently the 80-year-old level has a peak. Many patients with CSDH have had prior treatment with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs, which have an accompanying risk of CSDH. In elderly patients with CSDH, symptoms of cognitive change (memory disturbance, urinary incontinence, and decreased activity) and disturbance of consciousness at admission were more frequent compared to younger patients with CSDH. The literature actually offers conflicting advice regarding CSDH treatment; however, burr hole surgery with drainage under local anesthesia is the most common surgical procedure, even in elderly patients. The recurrence rate of CSDH has not decreased over recent decades, and it has ranged from 0.36-33.3%. Outcomes in patients over 75 years old was significantly worse than for those younger than 75. Moreover, long-term outcomes for elderly patients with CSDH are poor. CSDH in the elderly is no longer a benign disease. In the future, it will be important for us to understand the mechanisms of onset and recurrence of CSDH and to develop more effective medical treatments and noninvasive surgical techniques for elderly patients.

Bamboo Leaf Sign as a Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Finding in Spinal Subependymoma: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background and Importance. Subependymoma occurs very rarely in the spinal cord. We report another case of spinal subependymoma along with a review of the literature and discussion of a radiological finding that is useful for preoperative diagnosis of this tumor. Clinical Presentation. A 51-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of progressive muscle weakness in the right lower extremity. Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed spinal cord expansion at the Th7-12 vertebral level. Surgical resection was performed and the tumor was found to involve predominantly subpial growth. Histological diagnosis was subependymoma, classified as Grade I according to criteria of World Health Organization. We made an important discovery of what seems to be a characteristic appearance for spinal subependymoma on sagittal MRI. Swelling of the spinal cord is extremely steep, providing unusually large fusiform dilatation resembling a bamboo leaf. We have termed this characteristic MRI appearance as the "bamboo leaf sign." This characteristic was apparent in 76.2% of cases of spinal subependymoma for which MRI findings were reported. Conclusion. The bamboo leaf sign on spinal MRI is useful for differentiating between subependymoma and other intramedullary tumors. Neurosurgeons encountering the bamboo leaf sign on spinal MRI should consider the possibility of subependymoma.