Physiological evaluation and transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to reveal the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting mechanisms of glycitein in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Soy isoflavones from soy sauce residues have important biological activities. However, the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting effects of glycitein are still rarely reported. Here, we systematically evaluated and explored the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting effects of glycitein in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Firstly, we analyzed the effects of glycitein on the lifespan under normal and heat stress, reproduction, locomotion, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of C. elegans. The results showed that 100 µmol L-1 glycitein increased the anti-stress ability of nematodes and activated the antioxidant defense system. Secondly, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies were further used to explore in-depth the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting mechanisms of glycitein in C. elegans. The results showed that both differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) including PDE-2 and MSRA-1 and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including skpo-2 and cytochrome P450 (cyp-35A3, cyp-35A5, cyp-35C1, cyp-35D1) were associated with the extension of the lifespan and the exertion of antioxidant capacity. VIT-1, plx-2, and Y73F8A.35 were related to promoting reproduction. ASP-1, DNJ-10, and abu-1 were related to the anti-stress ability of glycitein. Pathway analysis revealed that the longevity regulation pathway and FOXO signaling pathway were regulated by the changes in genes and proteins to improve the lifespan of the nematode. Moreover, hydrogenase regulation, longevity regulation, and lipid metabolism were regulated by the changes in genes and proteins to promote the reproduction of nematodes. This study not only demonstrates a viable strategy for utilizing soy sauce residues, but also provides a theoretical foundation and developmental insights for the future application of glycitein.

New Utilization of Fraxinus mandshurica Leaves: As a Safe and Promising Natural Antioxidant.

In this paper, an in-depth study on Fraxinus mandshurica (FM) was conducted, focusing on the chemical constituents, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of flavonoids, acute oral toxicity testing, network pharmacology, and molecular docking in the leaves of FM. The in vitro antioxidant results revealed that the total flavonoid extract (TFE), kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin exhibited similar antioxidant activities, with TFE demonstrating significantly better scavenging ability against hydroxyl radical compared to the other flavonoids. Moreover, in vivo antioxidant findings indicated that TFE led to a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities along with a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in the liver tissues of mice in an ethanol-induced oxidative stress model, outperforming quercetin. The acute oral toxicity test established 5000 mg/kg of bw as the LD50 for TFE in rats. Through network pharmacological analysis, it was observed that all seven flavonoids in FM exhibited spontaneous binding to their respective key targets, reinforcing their potential antioxidant properties. Consequently, based on the experimental outcomes, TFE appears to be a safe and promising antioxidant source, indicating its potential as a new natural antioxidant resource.

Correction: Physiological evaluation and transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to reveal the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting mechanisms of glycitein in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Correction for 'Physiological evaluation and transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to reveal the anti-aging and reproduction-promoting mechanisms of glycitein in Caenorhabditis elegans' by Jianping Lei et al., Food Funct., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4FO02271H.

Enhanced angiogenesis in porous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds fortified with methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel after subcutaneous transplantation.

A composite scaffold composed of a porous scaffold and hydrogel filling can facilitate engraftment, survival, and retention in cell transplantation processes. This study presents a composite scaffold made of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) hydrogel and describes the corresponding physical properties (surface area, porosity, and mechanical strength) and host response (angiogenesis and fibrosis) after subcutaneous transplantation. Specifically, we synthesise MeHA with different degrees of substitution and fabricate a PCL scaffold with different porosities. Subsequently, we construct a series of PCL/MeHA composite scaffolds by combining these hydrogels and scaffolds. In experiments with mice, the scaffold composed of 3% PCL and 10-100 kDa, degree of substitution 70% MeHA results in the least fibrosis and a higher degree of angiogenesis. This study highlights the potential of PCL/MeHA composite scaffolds for subcutaneous cell transplantation, given their desirable physical properties and host response.

Improving the texture of braised pork by gradient-temperature heating and its molecular mechanism.

A novel gradient-temperature heating regime was proposed to improve the texture of braised pork. Compared with one-stage pressure heat treatment of around 107 °C, the gradient-temperature heat regime of preheating at 60 °C, followed by a slow increase of temperature to 107 °C and simmering at 97 °C increased the retention of immobilized water and reduced the shear force of meat. In this cooking regime, preheating treatment at 50-60 °C could promote the dissociation of thin and thick myofilaments, which contributed to a weakened shrinkage of myofibrils during the subsequent high temperature heating process. Pressure-heating treatment with a slow increasing temperature and the medium-temperature simmering significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and the loss of α-helical, which weakened the excessive aggregation of protein and promoted the formation of myofibril network. Both the weakened shrinkage and the formation of myofibril network during gradient-temperature heating contributed to the decreased shear force and an increased immobilized water. Hence, the reduction of the oxidation and aggregation of the proteins is the key to improve the tenderness of the braised meat.

Crucial textural properties of braised pork to evaluate the oral mastication behavior and its water distribution to influence tenderness.

The complex composition of braised pork, including lean meat, pigskin, and fat, makes it difficult for sensory evaluation of its texture properties. This study investigated the correlation between sensory texture attributes and physicochemical properties to achieve an objective and comprehensive evaluation of the texture of braised pork. Sensory analysis demonstrated that the overall texture acceptability of braised pork was significantly and negatively influenced by sensory texture attributes (including sensory hardness, chewiness, and toughness), while it was positively impacted by sensory adhesiveness, softness, and juiciness. Shear force and texture profile analysis (TPA) variables, reflecting mastication behavior, were used to characterize the textural properties of braised pork. They were closely related to water distribution, with a higher proportion of immobilized water (P21), indicating a higher water holding capacity and a more tender texture. Correlation analysis between sensory texture attributes and physicochemical properties through partial least squares regression further revealed significant associations between shear force, TPA variables, and sensory texture attributes. Moreover, the proportion of immobilized water (P21) significantly and negatively affected sensory hardness and chewiness, whereas the proportion of free water (P22) significantly influenced sensory toughness. Sensory texture attributes could be well predicted by the physicochemical properties by projecting test samples onto calibration models established by known samples. Therefore, a combination of sensory and instrumental measures can reliably reflect the texture properties of braised pork. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The combination of sensory and instrumental methods is an effective strategy to accurately and objectively evaluate the texture properties of braised pork, which overcomes the limitations caused by the complexity of the composition and texture traits of braised pork. The accurate evaluation and standardization of texture properties is an important premise for the repeatable and stable cooking of traditional braised pork. Furthermore, this research method and findings can also be applied to guide the procedural optimization of smart appliances (e.g., induction cookers) for cooking braised pork.

Pterostilbene Alleviates Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Involving Suppression of a S100A8-TLR-4-NF-κB Signaling Cascade.

Intestinal barrier hemostasis is the key to health. As a resveratrol analogue, pterostilbene (PT) has been reported to prevent dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction mainly associated with the intestinal NF-κB signaling pathway. However, the exact underlying mechanisms are not yet well-defined yet. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis and unexpectedly found that alarmin S100A8 sensitively responded to DSS-induced intestinal injury. Accordingly, histologic assessments suggested that the high expression of S100A8 was accompanied by increased intestinal infiltration of macrophages, upregulated intestinal epithelial Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and activated NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, the above phenomena were effectively counteracted upon the addition of PT. Furthermore, by using a coculture system of macrophage THP-1 cells and HT-29 colon cells, we identified macrophage-secreted S100A8 activated intestinal epithelial NF-κB signaling pathway through TLR-4. Taken together, these findings suggested that PT ameliorated DSS-induced intestinal barrier injury through suppression of the macrophage S100A8-intestinal epithelial TLR-4-NF-κB signaling cascade.

Ginger essential oil prevents NASH progression by blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome and remodeling the gut microbiota-LPS-TLR4 pathway in mice.

BACKGROUND: Diet and gut microbiota contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. High-fat diets (HFDs) change gut microbiota compositions, induce gut dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier leakage, which facilitates portal influx of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the liver and triggers inflammation in NASH. Current therapeutic drugs for NASH have adverse side effects; however, several foods and herbs that exhibit hepatoprotection could be an alternative method to prevent NASH. METHODS: We investigated ginger essential oil (GEO) against palm oil-containing HFDs in LPS-injected murine NASH model. RESULTS: GEO reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; and increased antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione levels to prevent NASH. GEO alleviated hepatic inflammation through mediated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and LPS/Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) signaling pathways. GEO further increased beneficial bacterial abundance and reduced NASH-associated bacterial abundance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that GEO prevents NASH progression which is probably associated with the alterations of gut microbiota and inhibition of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Hence, GEO may offer a promising application as a dietary supplement for the prevention of NASH.

Disclosing the Nitrogen Sources via Isotope Labeling Technique and the Formation Mechanism of Pyrazine and Alkylpyrazines during the Heat Treatment of N-(1-Deoxy-d-xylulos-1-yl)-alanine and Exogenous Alanine.

The formation pathway and mechanism of various pyrazines were investigated during the thermal treatment of the alanine-xylose Amadori compound (Ala-ARP) and exogenous alanine (Ala). 15N-labeled Ala was used to coheated with Ala-ARP to clarify the nitrogen sources and the respective contributions of exogenous Ala and the regenerated Ala released from Ala-ARP to different pyrazine formation. It was found that exogenous Ala exhibited a priority in capturing glyoxal (GO) to form pyrazine during the thermal degradation of ARP. Compared to the Ala-methylglyoxal (MGO) model, a lower activation energy was required for the Ala-GO reaction, where the reaction dynamics of Ala-GO followed a zero-order model. In addition to forming pyrazine, the interaction between existing exogenous Ala and GO would accelerate the thermal degradation of Ala-ARP and retro-aldolization reaction of deoxyxylosones (DXs) to α-dicarbonyls. During this process, the release of regenerated Ala and MGO was promoted. Accordingly, as GO was expended by exogenous Ala during the initial stage of ARP-Ala degradation, the condensation between regenerated Ala and MGO became intensified, leading to the generation of methylpyrazine and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. As a result, in the thermally treated mixture of Ala-ARP and exogenous Ala, 55% of the formed pyrazine originated from exogenous Ala, while 63% of the formed methylpyrazine and 57% of the formed 2,5-dimethylpyrazine were derived from regenerated Ala (120 °C, 30 min).

Accelerated Degradation of DiXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP via Interaction between Extra-Added Xylose and Monosubstituted Lys-ARPs during Maillard Reaction.

Lysine (Lys) is capable of forming a di-substituted Amadori rearrangement product (ARP) with xylose (Xyl), designated as diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP. DiXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation was characterized by two steps: Initially, Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP were formed through elimination or hydrolysis at specific Nα/Nε positions of the corresponding enol and imine intermediates, which were then further degraded to dicarbonyl compounds and regenerated Lys. Xyl-α- or Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP had a reactive free amino group (ε-NH2 or α-NH2), both of which were still highly reactive and able to undergo further reactions with Xyl. Therefore, the diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP/Xyl model system was established to explore the impact of extra-added Xyl on diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation behavior. Extra-added Xyl remarkably affected the degradation pathway of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP by capturing the Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP to regenerate diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP. This interaction between Xyl and mono-substituted Lys-ARPs promoted the shift of chemical equilibrium toward the degradation of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP, thereby accelerating its degradation rate. This degradation was markedly facilitated by the elevated temperature and pH values. Interestingly, the yield of Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP was particularly dependent on the pH during diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation. Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP was the dominant product at pH 5.5-7.5 while Xyl-α-Lys-ARP possessed a relatively higher content under weak alkaline conditions, which was related to the reactivities of the Nα/Nε positions under various reaction conditions.

Characteristic volatile compounds contributed to aroma of braised pork and their precursor sources.

The characteristic aroma compounds of traditional braised pork were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O), odor-activity values, and aroma recombination and omission experiments. A total of 56 volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS, among which hexanal, octanal, nonanal, (E)-2-octenal, 2,3-octanedione, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, methanethiol, and dimethyl trisulfide were identified as the key aroma compounds by molecular sensory science. Partial least squares regression analysis indicated that some aroma compounds significantly contributed to fatty (hexanal, heptanal, 2-pentylfuran, nonanal, and (E)-2-octenal), meaty (methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and octanal), sauce-like flavor (3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-furfural), and sweet, caramel (2,3-octanedione, 1-octen-3-ol). Lean meat produced more aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and sulfur-containing compounds than subcutaneous fat. The seasonings (saccharose, cooking wine, and soy sauce) facilitated the formation of ethyl L-lactate, 2-acetylfuran, 2-furfural, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, 2-methyl-pyrazine, and 2-acetylpyrrole. Meanwhile they reduced the content of lipid oxidation products, thereby stimulated the characteristic aroma of the Chinese traditional braised pork.

The short- and long-run effect of human capital on income inequality: Empirical evidence in the ASEAN region.

Human capital is a nation's primary source of inner strength to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Meanwhile, income inequality is a critical issue preventing sustainable economic growth and social transformation, especially in developing countries. This paper investigates the effect of human capital on income inequality in both the short and long term using the mean group, pooled mean group, and threshold regressions for the ASEAN-7 (including Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 1992 to 2018. The paper develops a theoretical linkage between human capital and income inequality by combining the learning theory and the Kuznets hypothesis. This linkage is then tested using data from the ASEAN countries. Findings from the paper indicate that human capital reduces income inequality in the short run in the ASEAN countries. However, the effect is reverted in the long run, suggesting that human capital may increase the income gap in these countries. Particularly, the inverted U-shaped relationship between human capital and income inequality is established for the ASEAN countries whose GDP per capita is lower than USD 8.2 thousand per year. In contrast, the U-shaped relationship is found for the countries with income per capital of more than USD 8.2 thousand. All these findings suggest that social policies targeting reducing income inequality should be prioritized and stay at the centre of any economic policies to achieve sustainable economic growth and development in the ASEAN countries.

A 2-year prospective evaluation of the Prostate Health Index in guiding biopsy decisions in a large cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate how the Prostate Health Index (PHI) impacts on clinical decision in a real-life setting for men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level between 4 and 10 ng/mL and normal digital rectal examination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since 2016, the PHI has been available at no cost to eligible men in all Hong Kong public hospitals. All eligible patients who received PHI testing in all public Urology units (n = 16) in Hong Kong between May 2016 and August 2017 were prospectively included and followed up. All included men had a PHI test, with its result and implications explained; the subsequent follow-up plan was then decided via shared decision-making with urologists. Patients were followed up for 2 years, with outcomes including prostate biopsy rates and biopsy findings analysed in relation to the initial PHI measurements. RESULTS: A total of 2828 patients were followed up for 2 years. The majority (82%) had PHI results in the lower risk range (score <35). Knowing the PHI findings, 83% of the patients with elevated PSA decided not to undergo biopsy. In all, 11% and 45% opted for biopsy in the PHI score <35 and ≥35 groups, respectively. The initial detection rate of International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group (GG) ≥2 cancer was higher in the PHI score ≥35 group (23%) than in the PHI score <35 group (7.9%). Amongst patients with no initial positive biopsy findings, the subsequent positive biopsy rate for ISUP GG ≥2 cancer was higher in the PHI score ≥35 group (34%) than the PHI score <35 group (13%) with a median follow-up of 2.4 years. CONCLUSION: In a real-life setting, with the PHI incorporated into the routine clinical pathway, 83% of the patients with elevated PSA level decided not to undergo prostate biopsy. The PHI pathway also improved the high-grade prostate cancer detection rate when compared to PSA-driven strategies. Higher baseline PHI predicted subsequent biopsy outcome at 2 years. The PHI can serve as a tool to individualise biopsy decisions and frequency of follow-up visits.

The adaptation of 3T3 cells to simulated microgravity by retrieving the major cell cycle-related protein expression during long-term in vitro proliferation.

The present study aimed to assess the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on 3T3 cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulators. 3T3 cells were induced to SMG by Gravite® for 8 days, while the control group was treated with 1G condition. The result showed that the SMG condition causes a decrease in proliferative activity in 3T3 cells. In the SMG group, the expression of cell cycle-related proteins was lower than the control on day 3. However, these proteins were upregulated in 3T3 cells of the SMG group on day 5, suggesting that these cells were rescued from the arrest and retrieved a higher proliferation. A down-regulation of cell cycle-related proteins was observed in 3T3 cells of both SMG and control groups on day 7. In conclusion, SMG results in the attenuation of cell proliferation during the initial exposure to SMG, but the cells will adapt to this condition and retrieve normal proliferation by increasing the expression of cell cycle regulators.

Calebin A attenuated inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and adipose tissue to improve hepatic glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet-fed obese mice.

The increased incidence of obesity, which become a global health problem, requires more functional food products with minor side and excellent effects. Calebin A (CbA) is a non-curcuminoid compound, which is reported to be an effective treatment for lipid metabolism and thermogenesis. However, its ability and mechanism of action in improving obesity-associated hyperglycemia remain unclear. This study was designed to explore the effect and mechanism of CbA in hyperglycemia via improvement of inflammation and glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue and liver in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. After 10 weeks fed HFD, obese mice supplemented with CbA (25 and 100 mg/kg) for another 10 weeks showed a remarkable reducing adiposity and blood glucose. CbA modulated M1/M2 macrophage polarization, ameliorated inflammatory cytokines, and restored adiponectin as well as Glut 4 expression in the adipose tissue. In the in vitro study, CbA attenuated pro-inflammatory markers while upregulated anti-inflammatory IL-10 in LPS + IFNγ-generated M1 phenotype macrophages. In the liver, CbA attenuated steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and protein levels of inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, CbA markedly upregulated Adiponectin receptor 1, AMPK, and insulin downstream Akt signaling to improve glycogen content and increase Glut2 protein. These findings indicated that CbA may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat obesity and hyperglycemia phenotype targeting on adipose inflammation and hepatic insulin signaling.

Hepatoprotective effect of dietary pterostilbene against high-fat-diet-induced lipid accumulation exacerbated by chronic jet lag via SIRT1 and SIRT3 activation.

Hepatic lipid metabolism is modulated by the circadian rhythm; therefore, circadian disruption may promote obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. This study aims to investigate dietary pterostilbene (PSB) 's protective effect against high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced lipid accumulation exacerbated by chronic jet lag and the potential role of gut microbiota therein. Mice were treated with a HFD and chronic jet lag for 14 weeks. The experimental group was supplemented with 0.25% (w/w) PSB in its diet to evaluate whether PSB had a beneficial effect. Our study found that chronic jet lag exacerbates HFD-induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation, but these adverse effects were significantly mitigated by PSB supplementation. Specifically, PSB promoted hepatic lipolysis and ß-oxidation by upregulating SIRT1 expression, which indirectly reduced oxidative stress caused by lipid accumulation. Additionally, the PSB-induced elevation of SIRT1 and SIRT3 expression helped prevent excessive autophagy and mitochondrial fission by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes. The result was evidenced by the use of SIRT1 and SIRT3 inhibitors in in vitro studies, which demonstrated that activation of SIRT1 and SIRT3 by PSB is crucial for the translocation of PGC-1α and Nrf2, respectively. Moreover, the analysis of gut microbiota suggested that PSB's beneficial effects were partly due to its positive modulation of gut microbial composition and functionality. The findings of this study suggest the potential of dietary PSB as a candidate to improve hepatic lipid metabolism via several mechanisms. It may be developed as a treatment adjuvant in the future.

Effects of ibuprofen in the ZDF rat model of type 2 diabetes.

We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of ibuprofen against type 2 diabetes (T2D) using obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as type 2 diabetes model. ZDF rats were hyperglycemic, dyslipidemic and expressed proinflammatory markers in contrast to lean controls, thus reflecting the relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation promoting T2D. Chronic treatment with ibuprofen (2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid) was used to study the impact on pathological T2D conditions as compared to metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) treated ZDF as well as lean controls. Ibuprofen decreased A1c but induced a high insulin release with improved glucose tolerance only after early time points (i.g., 15 and 30 min) resulting in a non-significant decline of AUC values and translating into a high HOMA-IR. In addition, ibuprofen significantly lowered cholesterol, free fatty acids and HDL-C. Some of these effects by ibuprofen might be based on its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cytokine/chemokine signaling (i.g., COX-2, ICAM-1 and TNF-α) as measured in whole blood and epididymal adipose tissue by TaqMan and/or upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.g., IL-4 and IL-13) by ELISA analysis in blood. In conclusion, our ZDF animal study showed positive effects of ibuprofen against diabetic complications such as inflammation and dyslipidemia but also demonstrated the risk of causing insulin resistance.

PyFaceWipe: a new defacing tool for almost any MRI contrast.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Defacing research MRI brain scans is often a mandatory step. With current defacing software, there are issues with Windows compatibility and researcher doubt regarding the adequacy of preservation of brain voxels in non-T1w scans. To address this, we developed PyFaceWipe, a multiplatform software for multiple MRI contrasts, which was evaluated based on its anonymisation ability and effect on downstream processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple MRI brain scan contrasts from the OASIS-3 dataset were defaced with PyFaceWipe and PyDeface and manually assessed for brain voxel preservation, remnant facial features and effect on automated face detection. Original and PyFaceWipe-defaced data from locally acquired T1w structural scans underwent volumetry with FastSurfer and brain atlas generation with ANTS. RESULTS: 214 MRI scans of several contrasts from OASIS-3 were successfully processed with both PyFaceWipe and PyDeface. PyFaceWipe maintained complete brain voxel preservation in all tested contrasts except ASL (45%) and DWI (90%), and PyDeface in all tested contrasts except ASL (95%), BOLD (25%), DWI (40%) and T2* (25%). Manual review of PyFaceWipe showed no failures of facial feature removal. Pinna removal was less successful (6% of T1 scans showed residual complete pinna). PyDeface achieved 5.1% failure rate. Automated detection found no faces in PyFaceWipe-defaced scans, 19 faces in PyDeface scans compared with 78 from the 224 original scans. Brain atlas generation showed no significant difference between atlases created from original and defaced data in both young adulthood and late elderly cohorts. Structural volumetry dice scores were ≥ 0.98 for all structures except for grey matter which had 0.93. PyFaceWipe output was identical across the tested operating systems. CONCLUSION: PyFaceWipe is a promising multiplatform defacing tool, demonstrating excellent brain voxel preservation and competitive defacing in multiple MRI contrasts, performing favourably against PyDeface. ASL, BOLD, DWI and T2* scans did not produce recognisable 3D renders and hence should not require defacing. Structural volumetry dice scores (≥ 0.98) were higher than previously published FreeSurfer results, except for grey matter which were comparable. The effect is measurable and care should be exercised during studies. ANTS atlas creation showed no significant effect from PyFaceWipe defacing.

Development of piperine nanoparticles stabilized by OSA modified starch through wet-media milling technique with enhanced anti-adipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Piperine (PIP) has been known for its pharmacological activities with low water solubility and poor dissolution, which limits its nutritional application. The purpose of this research was to enhance PIP stability, dispersibility and biological activity by preparing PIP nanoparticles using the wet-media milling approach combined with nanosuspension solidification methods of spray/freeze drying. Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified waxy maize starch was applied as the stabilizer to suppress aggregation of PIP nanoparticles. The particle size, redispersibility, storage stability and in vitro release behavior of PIP nanoparticles were measured. The regulating effect on adipocyte differentiation was evaluated using 3T3-L1 cell model. Results showed that PIP nanoparticles had a reduced particle size of 60 ± 1 nm, increased release rate in the simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) and enhanced inhibition effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells compared with free PIP, indicating that PIP-loaded nanoparticles with improved stability and anti-adipogenic property were developed successfully by combining wet-media milling and drying methods.

Difference comparison of characteristic aroma compounds between braised pork cooked by traditional open-fire and induction cooker and the potential formation cause under electromagnetic cooking.

The characteristic aroma compounds of braised pork were identified through molecular sensory science and PLSR analysis, and the difference between two cooking methods, traditional open-fire (BPF) and induction cooker (BPC), was compared. Seventeen aroma compounds with odor activity values (OAVs) > 1 were identified in both samples. BPF revealed higher OAVs for most of the aroma compounds compared to BPC, and the higher aroma quality. Aroma recombination and omission experiments confirmed that twelve aroma compounds significantly contributed to the characteristic aroma of braised pork, and eight compounds such as hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, and methanethiol were further confirmed as important contributors by PLSR analysis. Furthermore, PLSR analysis clarified the role of aldehydes such as hexanal, (E)-2-octenal, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal in contributing to fatty attribute, whereas methanethiol was responsible for the meaty aroma. These characteristic aroma compounds mainly derived from lean meat due to its high content of phospholipids, and the exogenous seasonings contributed to the balanced characteristic aroma profile of braised pork by altering the distribution of these characteristic aroma compounds. Variations in heating parameters affected the formation of lipid oxidation and Strecker degradation products, which might explain aroma discrepancy between braised pork cooked by two methods with different heat transfer efficiencies.