The effect of constraint-induced movement therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy in Vietnam.

PURPOSE: Pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is an evidence-based treatment that has a long history of demonstrating efficacy for children with hemiparesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a culturally responsive CIMT program for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) developed for the Vietnam healthcare system. METHODS: Thirty children with hemiplegic CP (mean age = 2.88 years, age range: 1 to 8 yrs, 60% male) were recruited to a CIMT program (7.5 h/week, 4 weeks) developed for the cultural context of Vietnam. Motor abilities of the affected arm and participation in daily activities were evaluated at 3 time points (one-week prior to CIMT (baseline), one-week before (pre) and after (post) CIMT) using the Quality of Upper Extremity Skill Test (QUEST) and Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised (PMAL-R). Individual goals were measured using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). RESULTS: There were significant increases in the "How often scale" and "How Well" scales of the PMAL-R (0.75 and 0.75, p < 0.00)). Score of Grasp and Dissociated Movement items on the QUEST increased significantly (6.47 and 7.63, p < 0.001). Group GAS T-Scores were 52.19 indicating that children met individual goals. CONCLUSIONS: A model of CIMT was successfully developed and delivered within the Vietnamese healthcare system. Future studies should explore the optimal model for CIMT in various regions of world where the delivery of rehabilitation services may vary.

This is the first study to investigate the effectiveness of a pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (PCIMT), which was specially designed to be contextually and culturally relevant for Vietnam.The program was delivered by trained therapists and parents educated about the essential elements of PCIMT.The results provide important guidance on how to adapt current evidence-based components of PCIMT models to meet the needs of children globally in settings where culture, values, and models of healthcare may differ.Future global studies on PCIMT should continue to explore the optimal implementation model for CIMT to support all children with unilateral motor weakness in various regions of the world where the delivery of rehabilitation services may vary.

Digital Twin Smart City: Integrating IFC and CityGML with Semantic Graph for Advanced 3D City Model Visualization.

The growing interest in building data management, especially the building information model (BIM), has significantly influenced urban management, materials supply chain analysis, documentation, and storage. However, the integration of BIM into 3D GIS tools is becoming more common, showing progress beyond the traditional problem. To address this, this study proposes data transformation methods involving mapping between three domains: industry foundation classes (IFC), city geometry markup language (CityGML), and web ontology framework (OWL)/resource description framework (RDF). Initially, IFC data are converted to CityGML format using the feature manipulation engine (FME) at CityGML standard's levels of detail 4 (LOD4) to enhance BIM data interoperability. Subsequently, CityGML is converted to the OWL/RDF diagram format to validate the proposed BIM conversion process. To ensure integration between BIM and GIS, geometric data and information are visualized through Cesium Ion web services and Unreal Engine. Additionally, an RDF graph is applied to analyze the association between the semantic mapping of the CityGML standard, with Neo4j (a graph database management system) utilized for visualization. The study's results demonstrate that the proposed data transformation methods significantly improve the interoperability and visualization of 3D city models, facilitating better urban management and planning.

Resistance Mutation Patterns among HIV-1-Infected Children and Features of the Program for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission in Vietnam's Central Highlands and Southern Regions, 2017-2021.

The Vietnam Ministry of Health (MOH) has intensified efforts in its aim to eliminate AIDS by 2030. Expanding the program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is a significant step towards achieving this goal. However, there are still HIV-exposed children who do not have access to PMTCT services, and some who have participated in the program but still contracted HIV. This study focused on assessing the prevalence and profile of HIV mutations among children under 18 months of age who had recently tested positive for HIV, while gaining insights into the implementation of early infant diagnostic (EID) tests. Between 2017 and 2021, 3.43% of 5854 collected dry blood spot (DBS) specimens from Vietnam's Central and Southern regions showed positive EID results. This study identified a high prevalence of resistance mutations in children, totaling 62.9% (95% CI: 53.5-72.3). The highest prevalence of mutations was observed for NNRTIs, with 57.1% (95% CI: 47.5-66.8). Common mutations included Y181C and K103N (NNRTI resistance), M184I/V (NRTI resistance), and no major mutations for PI. The percentage of children with any resistance mutation was significantly higher among those who received PMTCT interventions (69.2%; 95% CI: 50.5-92.6%) compared with those without PMTCT (45.0%; 95% CI: 26.7-71.1%) with χ2 = 6.06, p = 0.0138, and OR = 2.75 (95% CI: 1.13-6.74). Mutation profiles revealed that polymorphic mutations could be present regardless of whether PMTCT interventions were implemented or not. However, non-polymorphic drug resistance mutations were predominantly observed in children who received PMTCT measures. Regarding PMTCT program characteristics, this study highlights the issue of late access to HIV testing for both mothers and their infected children. Statistical differences were observed between PMTCT and non-PMTCT children. The proportion of late detection of HIV infection and breastfeeding rates were significantly higher among non-PMTCT children (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis between children with low viral load (≤200 copies/mL) and high viral load (>200 copies/mL) showed significant differences between the mothers' current ART regimens (p = 0.029) and the ARV prophylaxis regimen for children (p = 0.016). These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive surveillance to assess the effectiveness of the PMTCT program, including potential transmission of HIV drug-resistance mutations from mothers to children in Vietnam.

Effects of mindfulness-based preoperative intervention for patients undergoing elective surgery: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Patients often experience pain and psychological distress when undergoing elective surgeries. Mindfulness-based interventions have been proposed as potential strategies to address these challenges. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative mindfulness-based interventions on several outcomes for patients undergoing elective surgery, including preoperative anxiety/depression, postoperative anxiety/depression, postoperative pain, and quality of life (QOL). METHODS: This meta-analysis encompassed randomized controlled trials published in the database PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase to August 2023. Mindfulness-based interventions were compared to control groups, who received treatment as usual (TAU). The RevMan software was employed to assess each outcome by using standardized mean difference based on patient-reported data. Subgroup analyses were further performed according to different categories of surgical types. RESULTS: Eight RCTs with a total of 685 patients were identified. This meta-analysis demonstrated significant difference in preoperative anxiety (SMD:-0.36, 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.11, p = .006) and postoperative pain immediately (SMD:-0.65,95% CI: -1.09 to -0.20, p = .004), 2-3 days (SMD:-0.40, 95% CI:-0.78 to -0.02, p = .04),at 14 days (SMD:-0.48,95% CI: -0.85 to -0.12, p = .009) and 28 days (SMD:-0.89,95% CI: -1.55 to -0.23, p = .008) postoperatively. However, there were no differences between postoperative anxiety, preoperative/postoperative depression, and QOL. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest preoperative mindfulness-based interventions can effectively manage preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in patients scheduled for elective surgery. Further research is warranted to explore the different timing and types of mindfulness-based intervention.

Oral aspirin for preventing colorectal adenoma recurrence: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Colorectal adenomas have the potential of malignant transformation if left untreated. Multiple randomized controlled trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of aspirin in preventing colorectal adenoma recurrence in a population with a history of colorectal adenoma but not colorectal cancer, however, the relationship between aspirin dose and colorectal adenoma recurrence remains unclear. We conducted pairwise meta-analysis, meta-regression, trial sequential analysis, and network meta-analysis of all eligible studies. The ROB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the studies. The confidence in network meta-analysis (CINeMA) approach was used to evaluate the confidence of the network meta-analysis results. The network meta-analysis included eight RCTs (nine reports), comprising four on aspirin (low or high dose) alone and four on aspirin combined with another medication, all compared with placebo. In the network meta-analysis, low-dose aspirin (LDA <300 mg per day) was more effective than high-dose aspirin (HDA ≥300 mg per day) and placebo, with risk ratios of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.99) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.91), respectively. LDA was the optimal treatment relative to HDA and placebo (P-score = 0.99). In the trial sequential analysis, LDA was only more effective than placebo when the number of included participants exceeded the optimal information size; this was not the case for HDA. LDA has statistically significant efficacy for colorectal adenoma prevention, but compared with HDA, its efficacy remains uncertain. Further trials are therefore required.

Oil price uncertainty, oil pricing reform, and corporate profitability: The case of China.

This study investigates the impact of oil price uncertainty (OPU) on corporate profitability in China, the world's largest crude oil consumer. Most importantly, we examine how the Chinese government's oil price reform affects this relationship. Using the yearly data of Chinese-listed companies, we find that the uncertainty of oil prices negatively affects corporate profitability but positively impacts operating expenses from 2007 to 2020. This finding holds after robust tests, including alternative profitability metrics and endogeneity model. Most interestingly, implementing the 2013 market-oriented oil pricing reform amplifies the adverse impact of OPU on corporate profitability owing to increased operating costs in the post-2013 period. Moreover, the detrimental effect of uncertain oil prices on corporate profitability is less prominent for large-capitalized companies. This research adds to the body of knowledge on the factors affecting corporate profitability by highlighting the volatility effect of oil prices and government pricing mechanisms. The results offer grounds for legislators and corporate managers to consider how to control the uncertainty surrounding oil price matters to ensure stable corporate profitability.

Epilepsy self-management mobile health application: A needs assessment in people with epilepsy and caregivers in Viet Nam.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine (1) the needsof Vietnamese people with epilepsy (PWE) and their caregivers for self-management mobile health applications and (2) the self-management features expected to be included in an application. METHODS: The survey consisted of an anonymous self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to PWE and caregivers from the age of 18 in Vietnam through online platforms and onsite at Nguyen Tri Phuong Hospital and University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, from February 2022 to May 2022. The questionnaire assessed the participants' attitudes toward epilepsy self-management mobile applications, their willingness to use applications, and their expectations of the contents of an application. RESULTS: Responses from 103 participants were submitted. Eighty-one participants (78.6%) reported using a smartphone, but only 50.6% of those claimed to know about self-management applications. Most respondents (70.9%) thought the applications would be useful for disease self-management, and 68.9% were willing to use epilepsy self-management applications. In addition, the most expected features to be included in self-management applications were epilepsy information, seizure first aid, connecting with medical professionals, and a seizure diary. CONCLUSION: Most Vietnamese PWE and caregivers had a willingness to use epilepsy self-management applications.The expected features are related to all aspects of self-management, including information, seizure, medication, and safety management.

Repeat left ventricular-assisted device exchange and upgrade from second- to third-generation devices in a high-volume single center.

BACKGROUND: Pump exchange is an established strategy to treat LVAD-related complications such as thrombosis, infection, and driveline failure. Pump upgrades with an exchange to newer generation devices are being performed to the advantage of the patient on long-term support. The safety and efficacy of a repeat LVAD exchange with a concomitant upgrade to a third-generation pump have not been reported. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent a repeat LVAD device exchange and upgrade to HeartMate III (HMIII) at Houston Methodist Hospital between December 2018 and December 2020. RESULTS: Five patients underwent exchange and upgrade to HMIII within the specified timeframe. Four patients had already had two prior exchanges (all HMII to HMII), and one patient had one prior exchange (HVAD to HVAD). In all cases, implantation was performed as destination therapy. The surgical exchange was performed via redo median sternotomy on full cardiopulmonary bypass. No unplanned redo surgery of the device component was required. In-hospital mortality was 20% in this very high-risk population. At 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up, all discharged patients were on HMIII support, with no major LVAD-related adverse events reported. CONCLUSION: We report the feasibility and safety of a repeat pump exchange with an upgrade to HMIII in a high-volume center. The decision for medical therapy versus surgical exchange has to be tailored to individual cases based on risk factors and clinical stability but in expert hands, even a re-redo surgical approach grants options for good medium-term outcomes.

Classification of Vietnamese Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) Products Using Statistical Algorithms Based on ICP/MS Data: A Study of Food Categorization.

Fingerprinting techniques, which utilize the unique chemical and physical properties of food samples, have emerged as a promising approach for food authentication and traceability. Recent studies have demonstrated significant advancements in food authentication through the use of fingerprinting methods, such as multivariate statistical analysis techniques applied to trace elements and isotope ratios. However, further research is required to optimize these methods and ensure their validity and reliability in real-world applications. In this study, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical method was employed to determine the content of 21 elements in 300 cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) samples from 5 brands. Multivariate statistical methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA), were employed to analyze the data obtained and establish the provenance of the cashew nuts. While cashew nuts are widely marketed in many countries, no universal method has been utilized to differentiate the origin of these nuts. Our study represents the initial step in identifying the geographical origin of commercial cashew nuts marketed in Vietnam. The analysis showed significant differences in the means of 21 of the 40 analyzed elements among the cashew nut samples from the 5 brands, including 7Li, 11B, 24Mg, 27Al, 44Ca, 48Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 57Fe, 60Ni, 63Cu, 66Zn, 93Nb, 98Mo, 111Cd, 115In, 121Sb, 138Ba, 208Pb, and 209Bi. The PCA analysis indicated that the cashew nut samples can be accurately classified according to their original locations. This research serves as a prerequisite for future studies involving the combination of elemental composition analysis with statistical classification methods for the accurate establishment of cashew nut provenance, which involves the identification of key markers for the original discrimination of cashew nuts.

Disaster response: The COVID-19 pandemic and insider trading around the world.

This paper investigates how corporate insiders respond to the initial COVID-19 outbreaks. Using comprehensive insider transaction data from 25 countries, we document a consistent pattern of insider selling during the month after the first COVID-19 case is confirmed in a given country. Insider selling during these disease outbreaks is less pronounced in countries with higher information disclosure requirements, higher public enforcement index, a more efficient judiciary system, and stronger investor protection. Furthermore, cultural differences and the stringency levels of government responses to the COVID-19 outbreaks help moderate insider panic selling when health disasters strike. The findings suggest that a transparent, reliable business system contributes to rebuilding investor trust and corporate resilience during crises.

Extraction and Emulsification of Carotenoids from Carrot Pomaces Using Oleic Acid.

This study aimed to use oleic acid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) to recover carotenoids from carrot pomace and emulsify the enriched-carotenoid oleic acid using spontaneous and ultrasonic-assisted emulsification. The extraction performance of oleic acid was compared with traditional organic solvents, including hexane, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The one-factor experiments were employed to examine the impact of UAE conditions, including liquid-to-solid ratios, temperature, ultrasonic power, and time, on the extraction yield of carotenoids and to find the conditional ranges for the optimization process. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the UAE process. The second-order extraction kinetic model was used to find the mechanism of oleic acid-based UAE. After that, the enriched-carotenoid oleic acid obtained at the optimal conditions of UAE was used to fabricate nanoemulsions using spontaneous emulsification (SE), ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (UE), and SE-UE. The effect of SE and UE conditions on the turbidity of nanoemulsion was determined. Then, the physiochemical attributes of the nanoemulsion from SE, UE, and spontaneous ultrasonic-assisted emulsification (SE-UE) were determined using the dynamic light scattering method. The extraction yield of carotenoids from carrot pomace by using sonication was the highest. The adjusted optimal conditions were 39 mL/g of LSR, 50 °C, 12.5 min, and 350 W of ultrasonic power. Under optimal conditions, the carotenoid content attained was approximately 163.43 ± 1.83 µg/g, with the anticipated value (166 µg/g). The particle sizes of nanoemulsion fabricated at the proper conditions of SE, UE, and SE-UE were 31.2 ± 0.83, 33.8 ± 0.52, and 109.7 ± 8.24 nm, respectively. The results showed that SE and UE are suitable methods for fabricating nanoemulsions. The research provided a green approach for extracting and emulsifying carotenoids from carrot pomace.

HIV Drug Resistance Mutations and Subtype Profiles among Pregnant Women of Ho Chi Minh City, South Vietnam.

According to the latest data released by UNAIDS, the global number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2021 was 38.4 million, with 1.5 million new HIV infections. In different countries, a significant proportion of these cases occur in the adult fertile population aged 15-49 years. According to UNAIDS, Vietnam had a national HIV prevalence of 0.3% of the total population at the end of 2019, with approximately 230,000 PLHIV. The most effective way to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV is ART to reduce maternal viral load. HIV-infected pregnant women should undergo monthly monitoring, especially before the expected date of delivery. The aim of our work was to analyze subtypic structure and drug-resistant variants of HIV in pregnant women in Ho Chi Minh City. The study material was blood plasma samples from HIV-infected pregnant women: 31 women showed virological failure of ART, and 30 women had not previously received therapy. HIV-1 genotyping and mutation detection were performed based on analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the pol gene region. More than 98% of sequences genotyped as HIV-1 sub-subtype CRF01_AE. When assessing the occurrence of drug resistance mutations, genetic resistance to any drug was detected in 74.41% (95% CI: 62.71-85.54%) of patients. These included resistance mutations to protease inhibitors in 60.66% (95% CI: 47.31-72.93%) of patients, to NRTIs in 8.20% (95% CI: 2.72-18.10%), and to NNRTIs in 44.26% (95% CI: 31.55-57.52%). Mutations associated with NRTI (2) and NNRTI (8) resistance as well as PI mutations (12), including minor ones, were identified. The high prevalence of drug resistance mutations found in this study among pregnant women, both in therapeutically naive individuals and in patients with virological failure of ART, indicates that currently used regimens in Vietnam are insufficient to prevent vertical HIV infection.

Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1721 patients to assess the effects of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) supplementation on skin hydration and elasticity. The results showed that HC supplementation significantly improved skin hydration (test for overall effect: Z = 4.94, p < 0.00001) and elasticity (test for overall effect: Z = 4.49, p < 0.00001) compared to the placebo group. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the effects of HC supplementation on skin hydration varied based on the source of collagen and the duration of supplementation. However, there were no significant differences in the effects of different sources (p = 0.21) of collagen or corresponding measurements (p = 0.06) on skin elasticity. The study also identified several biases in the included RCTs. Overall, the findings suggest that HC supplementation can have positive effects on skin health, but further large-scale randomized control trials are necessary to confirm these findings.

Typhoid fever, complicated by syncope due to relative bradycardia: A case report.

In a United Nations (UN) staff member headquarters in South Sudan, we present a rare typhoid fever complicated by syncope due to relative bradycardia. A 25-year-old male presented to our hospital with a high fever, diarrhea, and no vomiting. He had no substantial medical background. He was diagnosed with an unspecified digestive disorder and received initial treatment. Two syncope episodes were recorded in the Level 1 hospital. He was referred to our hospital at the 30th hour and the third fainting occurred. Electrocardiogram showed bradycardia with a heart rate of 40 beats/min. The atropine test was negative; the initial diagnosis was sinus sickness syndrome. Microbiology tests later suggested typhoid infection. Then, the diagnosis changed to relative bradycardia caused by Salmonella typhi; and he was orally treated with the third-generation Quinolone antibiotic. He significantly improved and got discharged on the seventh day. In conclusion, typhoid remains a real and present threat to UN staff and civilians in South Sudan.

The prevalence of pre-treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance in Vietnam: a nationally representative survey, 2017-2018.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring the population-level emergence and transmission of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is necessary for supporting public health programmes. This study provides a nationally representative prevalence estimate of HIVDR in people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and estimates of acquired HIVDR and viral load (VL) suppression in people who have received it for 12 or ≥48 months in Vietnam. METHODS: The study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2018 following World Health Organization guidance. Thirty ART clinics were randomly sampled using probability proportional to size sampling from a total of 367 ART clinics in the country. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In total, 409 patients initiating ART were enrolled into the survey of pre-treatment HIVDR. The prevalence of any pre-treatment HIVDR was 5.8% (95% CI 3.4-9.5%), and the prevalence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance was 3.4% (95% CI 1.8-6.2%). Four hundred twenty-nine patients on ART for 12±3 months and 723 patients on ART for ≥48 months were enrolled into the surveys of acquired HIVDR. The prevalence of VL suppression (defined as <1000 copies/ml) in patients on ART for 12±3 and ≥48 months was 95.5% (95% CI 91.3-97.8%) and 96.1% (95% CI 93.2-97.8%), respectively. Among individuals with viral non-suppression, any HIVDR was detected in 11/14 (weighted prevalence 74.3%) of those on ART for 12±3 months and in 24/27 (weighted prevalence 88.5%) of those receiving ART for ≥48 months. CONCLUSIONS: This nationally representative study of HIVDR found high levels of VL suppression among those on ART for 12 and ≥48 months. Overall, high levels of VL suppression at both time points suggested good adherence among patients receiving ART and quality of treatment services in Vietnam. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Anti-Corruption Campaign and Firm Financial Performance: Evidence From Vietnam Firms.

BACKGROUND: Corruption affects businesses in various ways. Anti-corruption, on the other hand, can improve the institutions of the country as well as business operations. Vietnam, as a socialist-oriented country with an ongoing high-profile anti-corruption campaign, provides us a unique setting to evaluate the impacts of anti-corruption on corporate performance. OBJECTIVES: We address two questions: (1) what is the effect of anti-corruption on the performance of private-owned firms in Vietnam? and (2) how does anti-corruption influence the performance of firms with state ownership (FSOs) in Vietnam? RESEARCH DESIGN: To investigate the impact of anti-corruption on performance of firms with different ownership settings, we use the establishment of the Central Anti-Corruption Steering Committee of Vietnam as a quasi-natural experiment for difference-in-differences analysis. We generate treatment effects of private holding and the state block ownership. To validate the findings, we construct a novel news-based anti-corruption index from Vietnamese online newspapers and use it in a robustness test to evaluate anti-corruption's impacts on firm performance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We find a positive impact of the anti-corruption campaign on private firms' performance, supporting the social norm perspective of how corruption affects businesses. The empirical results indicate a negative impact of the campaign on FSOs' performance. The findings suggest that anti-corruption benefits private firms via improving the institutional quality of the country while improving the financial transparency of FSOs. Our study provides a method for measuring anti-corruption which is virtually unobservable and absent in the literature. The findings have implications for policymaking in contemporary Vietnam.

Viral load suppression and acquired HIV drug resistance in adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Viet Nam: results from a nationally representative survey.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this survey was to estimate the prevalence of viral load (VL) suppression and emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) among individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 36 months or longer in Viet Nam using a nationally representative sampling method. METHODS: The survey was conducted between May and August 2014 using a two-stage cluster design. Sixteen ART clinics were selected using probability proportional to proxy size sampling, and patients receiving ART for at least 36 months were consecutively enrolled. Epidemiological information and blood specimens were collected for HIV-1 VL and HIVDR testing; HIVDR was defined by the Stanford University HIVDR algorithm. RESULTS: Overall, 365 eligible individuals were recruited with a mean age of 38.2 years; 68.4% were men. The mean time on ART was 75.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 69.0-81.9 months), and 93.7% of the patients were receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Of the 365 individuals, 345 (94.7%, 95% CI: 64.1-99.4%) had VL below 1000 copies/mL and 19 (4.6%, 95% CI: 2.8--7.5) had HIVDR mutations. DISCUSSION: Our nationally representative survey found a high level of VL suppression and a low prevalence of HIVDR among individuals who received ART for at least 36 months in Viet Nam. Continued surveillance for HIVDR is important for evaluating and improving HIV programs.

Managing crime through migration law in Australia and the United States: a comparative analysis.

This article examines the intertwining of migration law and criminal law - termed 'crimmigration' by scholars - in Australia and the United States of America, and its implications for non-citizens who engage in criminal conduct. Our comparison of the two systems demonstrates that the laws and policies in both jurisdictions are similar to a significant degree. Both have strong exclusionary policies characterised by sweeping visa cancellation/removal powers, a heavy focus on enforcement, and limited review rights. In Australia, legislative amendments in 2014 have given the executive greater powers to cancel visas and remove non-citizens on character grounds as a means of ensuring national security and public safety. This has coincided with a new law enforcement body created within the Australian Department of Immigration. These changes reflect a repurposing of migration law as a tool for managing criminal threats based on the concept of 'risk management'. Drawing on the experience of the United States - where such a 'risk management' approach is entrenched - we query the utility of this shift and highlight the potential pitfalls of pursuing such a policy for Australia.

Factors associated with health risk behavior among school children in urban Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Health risk behavior among young people is a public health problem in Vietnam. In addition, road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for those aged 15-29 years. The consequences can be devastating for adolescents and their families, and can create a significant economic burden on society. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify protective and risk factors that may influence three health risk behaviors among school children: suicidal thinking (ST), drinking alcohol (DA), and underage motorbike driving (MD). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 972 adolescents (aged 12-15 years) was conducted in two secondary schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. The schools were purposely selected, one each from the inner city and a suburban area, from which classes (grade 6 to 8) were randomly selected. All students attending classes on survey days took part in the survey. The anonymous, self-completed questionnaire included measures of risk behavior, school connectedness, parental bonding, and other factors. Multivariable regression models were used to examine associations between the independent variables and the three health risk behaviors controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS: Young people in the inner city school reported a higher prevalence of all three risk behaviors than those in the suburban area (ST: 16.1% [95% confidence interval, or CI, 12.9-19.3] versus 4.6% [95% CI 2.7-6.5], p<0.001; DA: 20.3% [95% CI 16.8-23.8] versus 8.3% [95% CI 5.8-10.8], p<0.001, and MD: 10.1% [95% CI 7.4-12.8] versus 5.7% [95% CI 3.6-7.8], p<0.01). School connectedness and mother and father care appeared to be significant protective factors. For males, bullying in school was associated with suicidal thoughts, whereas for both males and females, school connectedness may be protective against suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: This study supports findings from other nations regarding suicidal thoughts and alcohol use, and appears to be one of the first to examine risk and protective factors for MD. Health promotion within schools should be introduced to improve students' feelings of connectedness in combination with communication and education campaigns focusing on parental care and engaging teachers for the promotion of safer, supportive school environments.