Teleconsulting in wound care: Connecting the primary care to the wound specialist reduces unnecessary referrals.

In the Netherlands the primary care (General Practitioner or homecare nurse) encounter a variety of wounds ranging from traumatic to diabetic foot ulcers. According to a recent study 82.4% of the patients with a wound can be treated in a primary setting with the GP as medical supervisor. The remaining 17.6% of patients need more extensive care including advice by a specialised doctor, diagnosis and treatment. Prompt analyses and treatment of underlying causes by specialised doctors in a multidisciplinary setting is necessary for treating patients with complicated wound. This article describes the impact of Electronic Health Consultation on all wounds treated in the primary care. And describes the effect on the duration until referral to the hospital and the influence on the amount of unnecessary referrals to the hospital. All data was collected prospectively from June 2020 until October 2021. The study involved a process where primary care could seek advice from a Wound Physician at the Alrijne Wound Centre through a specialised Electronic Health Consultation. A total of 118 patients were analysed. 41/118 (34.7%) patients required a physical consultation with analysis and treatment in the hospital, after teleconsultation. The remaining 77/118 (65.3%) could be treated in primary care after Electronic Health Consultation. The mean duration of wound existence until Electronic Health Consultation was 39.3 days (range 5-271, SD: 38.5). 3/41 (7.3%) of the referrals were unnecessary. Electronic Health Consultation serves as a valuable and efficient tool for enhancing wound care, ultimately contributing to improved patient management and resource allocation within the healthcare system. This article describes the impact of Electronic Health Consultation on all wounds treated in the primary care and the influence on the duration until referral to the hospital and the influence on the amount of unnecessary referrals to the hospital.

Telemedicine-Guided Two-Incision Lower Leg Fasciotomy Performed by Combat Medics During Tactical Combat Casualty Care: A Feasibility Study.

INTRODUCTION: During tactical combat casualty care, life- and limb-saving procedures might also be performed by combat medics. This study assesses whether it is feasible to use a head-mounted display (HMD) to provide telemedicine (TM) support from a consulted senior surgeon for combat medics when performing a two-incision lower leg fasciotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine combat medics were randomized into groups to perform a two-incision lower leg fasciotomy. One group used the Vuzix M400 and the second group used the RealWear HMT-1Z1. A third, control, group received no guidance. In the Vuzix M400 group and RealWear HMT-1Z1 group, a senior surgeon examined the results after the two-incision lower leg fasciotomy was finished to assess the release of compartments, possible collateral damage, and performance of the combat medics. In the control group, these results were examined by a surgical resident with expertise in two-incision lower leg fasciotomies. The resident's operative performance questionnaire was used to score the performance of the combat medics. The telehealth usability questionnaire was used to evaluate the usability of the HMDs as perceived by the combat medics. RESULTS: Combat medics using an HMD were considered competent in performing a two-incision lower leg fasciotomy (Vuzix: median 3 [range 0], RealWear: median 3 [range 1]). These combat medics had a significantly better score in their ability to adapt to anatomical variances compared to the control group (Vuzix: median 3 [range 0], RealWear: median 3 [range 0], control: median 1 [range 0]; P = .018). Combat medics using an HMD were faster than combat medics in the control group (Vuzix: mean 14:14 [SD 3:41], RealWear: mean 15:42 [SD 1:58], control: mean 17:45 [SD 2:02]; P = .340). The overall satisfaction with both HMDs was 5 out of 7 (Vuzix: median 5 [range 0], RealWear: median 5 [range 1]; P = .317). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that it is feasible to use an HMD to provide TM support performance from a consulted senior surgeon for combat medics when performing a two-incision lower leg fasciotomy. The results of this study suggest that TM support might be useful for combat medics during tactical combat casualty care when performing life- and limb-saving procedures.

Frostbite: a treatment guideline for prehospital treatment in a military environment.

Frostbite remains a severe medical condition that causes long-lasting sequelae and can threaten military operations. Information on prehospital treatment of frostbite is scarce and existing guidelines are aimed at the general population.This paper provides a guideline on prehospital emergency care of frostbite in the (Netherlands) Armed Forces. The insights gained from studies reporting on frostbite treatment in the prehospital setting were combined with the expert opinions of the authors and applied to the military context. The resulting guideline consists of two stages: (prolonged) field care and care at a Medical Treatment Facility. The cornerstones are rewarming in warm water and evacuation to a medical facility. Additional aspects of prehospital treatment are rehydration, proper analgesia, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and wound care.We suggest further collaboration among North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners and other affiliated nations, focusing on the full spectrum of military injury management including state-of-the-art aftercare, long-lasting sequelae and return to duty after frostbite.

Frostbite: a systematic review on freezing cold injuries in a military environment.

BACKGROUND: Military practice or deployment in extreme conditions includes risks, dangers and rare disorders. One of the challenges is frostbite; however, current literature does not provide an overview of this condition in a military context. This review aims to map the incidence, risk factors and outcome of frostbite in military casualties in the armed forces. METHODS: A systematic literature search on frostbite (freezing cold injuries) in military settings from 1995 to the present was performed. A critical appraisal of the included articles was conducted. Data on incidence, risk factors, treatment and outcome were extracted. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in our systematic review. Most studies of frostbite in a military setting were published nearly half a century ago. Frostbite incidence has declined from 7% to around 1% in armed forces in arctic regions but could be as high as 20% in small-scale arctic manoeuvres. Overall and military-specific risk factors for contracting frostbite were identified. CONCLUSION: During inevitable arctic manoeuvres, frostbite is a frequently diagnosed injury in service members. Postfreezing symptoms often persist after severe frostbite injury, which decreases employability within the service. Over time, military practice has changed considerably, and modern protective materials have been introduced; therefore, re-evaluation and future study in the military field are appropriate, preferably with other North Atlantic Treaty Organization partners.

Measuring Intracompartmental Pressures in the Lower Leg: Assessing the Use of Unilateral Measurements in Patients with Bilateral Symptoms.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether unilateral intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements correctly represent the contralateral ICP value in patients suspected to have bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in the anterior compartment of the leg. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed that included military service members who had been referred to a secondary care department for bilateral anterolateral exercise-related leg pain. The obtained ICP values were utilized to assess 2 possible measurement strategies to perform unilateral ICP measurements: the right-leg strategy (i.e., always testing the right leg) and the most-symptomatic-leg strategy (i.e., always testing the most symptomatic). The diagnostic cutoff value for CECS in this cohort was 35 mmHg in the first minute after provocation. Four outcome categories were created to describe the pressure classification of the second leg if only 1 leg would have been measured: correct (category 1: both values ≥35 mmHg; category 2: both values <35 mmHg) or incorrect (category 3: measured leg, ≥35 mmHg and contralateral leg, <35 mmHg; category 4: measured leg, <35 mmHg and contralateral leg, ≥35 mmHg). Results: A total of 442 patients (884 legs) were included. In 88% of patients, the unilateral value would have correctly diagnosed the other symptomatic leg, whereas in 12% of patients, the contralateral leg would have been diagnosed incorrectly. The right-leg strategy had a slightly smaller proportion of cases in which the contralateral leg would have been incorrectly diagnosed (7% compared with 8% for the most symptomatic leg strategy). In 89% of the 390 patients in categories 1 and 2, the ICP values deviated by >5 mmHg from the 35-mmHg cutoff value compared with 40% of the 52 patients in categories 3 and 4. Conclusions: In military service members with bilateral chronic anterolateral exertional pain, a unilateral ICP measurement seems to be justified, especially among those with pressure values >5 mmHg above or below the diagnostic cutoff value. When a unilateral pressure measurement is within 5 mmHg above or below the cutoff value, a bilateral ICP measurement may be warranted. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Clinical Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Leg: A Delphi Analysis.

AIM: Defining universally accepted guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is hampered by the absence of high-quality scientific research. The aim of this Delphi study was to establish consensus on practical issues guiding diagnosis and treatment of CECS of the leg in civilian and military patient populations. METHODS: An international expert group was queried using the Delphi technique with a traditional three-round electronic consultation. Results of previous rounds were anonymously disclosed in the questionnaire of rounds 2 and 3, if relevant. Consensus was defined as > 70% positive or negative agreement for a question or statement. RESULTS: The panel consisted of 27 civilian and military healthcare providers. Consensus was reached on five essential key characteristics of lower leg CECS. The panel achieved partial agreement regarding standardization of the diagnostic protocol, including muscle tissue pressure measurements. Consensus was reached on conservative and surgical treatment regimens. However, the experts did not attain consensus on their approach of postoperative rehabilitation and preferred treatment approach of recurrent or residual disease. A summary of best clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of CECS was formulated by experts working in civilian and military healthcare facilities. CONCLUSION: The Delphi panel reached consensus on key criteria for signs and symptoms of CECS and several aspects for conservative and surgical treatment. The panel did not agree on the role of ICP values in the diagnostic process, postoperative rehabilitation guidelines protocol, or the preferred treatment approach for recurrent or residual disease. These aspects serve as a first attempt to initiate simple guidelines for clinical practice.

Measuring intracompartmental pressures for the chronic exertional compartment syndrome: Challenging commercially available devices and their respective accuracy.

The aim of this study was to compare commercially available manometers and needles used for intracompartmental pressure measurements for accuracy. An experimental compartment simulation model was developed in order to compare four different terminal devices (Compass manometer, Stryker device, Meritrans transducer, and arterial line) and 22 types of needles. First, all possible device/needle combinations were introduced in rubber ports at the bottom of a water column. The water column was gradually drained three times for each device/needle combination and pressures were recorded by two researchers. This procedure was repeated after placement of a sample of homogenous porcine gluteal muscle tissue. When measuring the fluid column only, all Intraclass Correlation Coefficients were found to be ≥0.980, indicating good resemblance to the reference pressure. After addition of the muscle tissue to the experimental set up, accuracy of the Stryker device and arterial line remained the same. The accuracy of the Compass manometer and Meritrans transducer became less. Excellent reliability was found for 7 out of 22 needles when combined with the Stryker device and for 2 out of 22 needles when combined with the arterial line. The four terminal devices tested were all accurate when measuring pressure in a water column, whereas only the Stryker device and arterial line accurately represented the water column pressure in a porcine gluteal muscle model. Future research will have to verify whether these results can be repeated in human cadaver models and in vivo.

Solitary iliac branch endoprosthesis placement for iliac artery aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Isolated iliac artery aneurysms (IAAs), accounting for 2% to 7% of all abdominal aneurysms, are often treated with the use of iliac branched endografts. Although outside the manufacturer's instructions for use, iliac branched devices can be used solely, without the adjunctive placement of an endovascular aneurysm repair device, for the treatment of an isolated IAA. In the present study, we have described the outcomes of the use of the Gore iliac branched endoprosthesis (IBE; W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz), without the support of an infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair device, for the exclusion of an isolated IAA. The present study was an international multicenter retrospective cohort analysis. METHODS: All the patients who had undergone treatment with a solitary IBE for IAA exclusion from January 11, 2013 to December 31, 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was technical success. The secondary outcomes included mortality, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and reintervention. RESULTS: A total of 18 European and American centers participated, with a total of 51 patients in whom 54 IAAs were excluded. The technical success rate was 94.1%, with an assisted technical success rate of 96.1%. No 30-day mortality occurred, with 98.1% patency of the internal and external iliac artery found at 24 months of follow-up. At 24 months of follow-up, 81.5% of the patients were free of complications and 90% were free of a secondary intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a solitary IBE is a safe and, at midterm, an effective treatment strategy for selected patients with a solitary IAA.

Postdeployment reintegration attitude of injured Dutch service members: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: After deployment, service members can experience difficulties reintegrating. Sustaining injuries on the battlefield can disrupt the reintegration period. The first aim was to follow-up the reintegration attitude towards family, work and on a personal level after deployment in Dutch battlefield casualties (BCs). The second was to compare their postdeployment reintegration attitude with that of healthy controls. METHODS: A questionnaire concerning reintegration attitude, the Postdeployment Reintegration Scale (PDRS), was provided to all service members who received rehabilitation after sustaining injuries in Op TASK FORCE URUZGAN. The questionnaire was administered in 27 BCs at a median of 2 years post incident and 5.5 years post incident. At 5.5 years post incident, the PDRS of the BCs was compared with a control group consisting of service members from the same combat units. RESULTS: A significant difference was found for the BCs with an increased negative personal attitude (p=0.02) and a decreased negative attitude towards work (p=0.02) at 5.5 years compared with 2 years post incident. No differences in postdeployment reintegration attitude was observed between the BCs and controls at 5.5 years post incident. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that for the BCs the personal attitude becomes more negative in time. However, the negative attitude towards work decreases in time after deployment. Particular attention should be paid to traumatic stress and aftercare.

Historic cohort: outcome of chronic exertional compartment syndrome-suspected patients.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise-related leg pain (ERLP) may be caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS), occurring mainly in athletes and military recruits. In military populations, the effectiveness of surgical treatment in CECS is debated. The purpose of this study is to assess the outcome of surgical treatment for CECS in Alrijne Hospital (the Netherlands), a civilian hospital with supraregional referral function. METHODS: A historic cohort study was performed on patients with ERLP who were suspected for CECS and were referred for intracompartmental pressure measurement (ICPM) from 2013 to 2017 (n=160). Patient demographics, ICPM and survey response were analysed. RESULTS: The mean delay before visitation was 29.0±30.3 months. When comparing surgical-treated patients with CECS with conservative-treated patients with ERLP, surgical-treated patients were more satisfied, reported better recovery towards former level of performance (2.8±2.0 vs 3.9±1.7 and 2.5±1.6 vs 3.2±1.4 on a 7-point Likert scale, respectively) and better subjective injury status (79.3±22.6 vs 63.5±27.4 using the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score). Treatment satisfaction was 75.0% in surgical-treated CECS versus 51.4% in conservative-treated ERLP. CONCLUSION: Civilian patients report improved functional outcomes after fasciotomy for CECS. Future research should focus on non-invasive diagnostic options and methods to determine which treatment is the most appropriate for each individual patient.

Blunt and Penetrating Liver Trauma have Similar Outcomes in the Modern Era.

BACKGROUND: The trend in liver trauma management has progressively become increasingly conservative. However, a vast majority of literature focuses heavily on the management of blunt trauma. This study reviews the management of hepatic trauma at a major trauma center in a developing world setting, in order to compare blunt and penetrating liver trauma and to define current management algorithms and protocols. METHODS: All patients who sustained liver trauma between 2012 to 2018 were identified in the Hybrid Electronic Medical Registry and extracted for further analysis. RESULTS: A total of 808 patients with hepatic trauma were managed by our trauma center. There were 658 males and 150 females. The mean age was 30 years (standard deviation 13.3). A total of 68 patients died (8.2%) and a total of 290 (35%) patients required intensive care unit admission. The mean presenting shock index was 0.806 (standard deviation 0.67-1.0), the median Injury Severity Score was 18 (interquartile range 10-25) and the mean Revised Trauma Score was 12 (standard deviation 11-12). There were 367 penetrating and 441 blunt liver injuries. The age distribution was similar in both groups. There were significantly less females in the penetrating group. The shock index and the Injury Severity Score on presentation were significantly worse in the blunt group, respectively: 0.891 (standard deviation 0.31) versus 0.845 (standard deviation 0.69) (p < 0.001) and score 21 (interquartile range 13-27) versus 16 (interquartile range 9-20) (p < 0.01). The opposite applied to the Revised Trauma Score of 11.75 (standard deviation 0.74) versus 11.19 (standard deviation 1.3) (p < 0.001). There were significantly more associated intra-abdominal injuries in the penetrating group than the blunt group, in particular that of hollow organs, and 84% of patients with a penetrating injury underwent a laparotomy while only 33% of the blunt injuries underwent a laparotomy. The mortality rate was comparable between both groups. CONCLUSION: Hepatic trauma is still associated with a high morbidity rate, although there have been dramatic improvements in mortality rates over the last three decades. The mortality rates for blunt and penetrating liver trauma are now similar. Non-operative management is feasible for over two-thirds of blunt injuries and for just under 20% of penetrating injuries.

Repatriation for diseases or non-battle injuries (DNBI): long-term impact on quality of life.

INTRODUCTION: Throughout history, diseases and non-battle injuries (DNBI) have threatened deployed forces more than battlefield injuries. During the Dutch involvement in Afghanistan, the amount of DNBI that needed medical evacuation out of theatre (60%) exceeded the number of battle injuries (40%). The aim of this study is to explore the long-term quality of life (QoL) of Dutch service members that acquired a DNBI, warranting repatriation during their deployment to Afghanistan between 2003 and 2014. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional cohort study in a selected group of Dutch service members who deployed to Afghanistan 2003-2014 and were repatriated due to DNBI. Using the 36-item Short Form, EuroQol-6D, Symptom Checklist 90 and Post Deployment Reintegration Scale questionnaires, their outcomes were compared with a control group of deployed service members who did not sustain injuries or illnesses. RESULTS: Groups were comparable in age, rank, number of deployments and social status. There were significant differences found in terms of physical functioning, pain and health perspective. No differences were seen in emotional or psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: The amount of military service members who contract a DNBI is significant and imposes a burden on the capacity of the medical support, readiness of deployed units and sustainability of ongoing operations. However, regarding QoL, being forced to leave their units and to be repatriated to their home country due to a DNBI seems to have no significant impact on reported psychological symptoms of distress and reintegration experiences. Future research should focus on more in-depth registration of illnesses and not combat related diseases and injuries and even longer-term outcomes.

For debate: advanced bleeding control potentially saves lives in armed forces and should be considered.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced bleeding control options for truncal and junctional haemorrhage including resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) have been used in managing catastrophic bleeding. The primary aim is to report on potential indications for advanced bleeding control in combat casualties during the Dutch deployment in Uruzgan, Afghanistan, between August 2006 and August 2010. The secondary aim is to report on training methods for advanced bleeding control in (para)medical personnel. METHODS: The trauma registry from the Dutch role 2 enhanced medical treatment facility at Tarin Kowt, Uruzgan, Afghanistan, was used to analyse patients who sustained a battle injury with major haemorrhage. Furthermore, a comprehensive search was performed on training (para)medical personnel in advanced bleeding control. RESULTS: There were 212 possible indications for advanced bleeding control with mortality of 28.8% (61/212). These possible indications consisted of 1.9% (4/212) junctional lower extremity injuries with a 75% (3/4) mortality rate, 59% (125/212) visceral vascular injuries with a mortality rate of 12.5% (26/125). The junctional and visceral injuries (n=129) were all potential indications for advanced bleeding control options, such as REBOA. Further 39.2% (83/212) casualties with central thoracic or neck injuries had a mortality rate of 38.6% (32/83). Based on an Abbreviated Injury Scale chest or abdomen score ≥461 indications for advanced bleeding control were identified. A 24-hour average of 8.8 packets of red blood cells, 4.2 packets of plasma and 1.9 packets of platelets was used to prevent exsanguination. The total out-of-hospital survival rate was 64% (39/61). CONCLUSION: Retrospective analysis revealed 212 potential indications for advanced bleeding control with a mortality of 28.8% (61/212). Advanced bleeding control, such as REBOA, might have improved survival in approximately 61 of 212 casualties. Advanced bleeding control could be used as an adjunct to improve outcomes in major truncal or junctional haemorrhage in prehospital, remote settings and implementation should be considered. Vascular access training and REBOA placement for (para)medical military personnel should be explored in future research.

Long-term participation of Dutch service members with combat-related injury.

BACKGROUND: After deployment service members need to adapt to civilian life and return to participation in family, vocational and community life. AIMS: To assess the level of activity and participation of service members with combat-related injury after their rehabilitation intervention and to measure the effect of injury severity, adaptive coping, number of deployments and traumatic stress. METHODS: The physical functioning scale of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36 PF), the Assessment of Life Habits short version (LIFE-H), the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) were administered to service members who sustained combat-related injury. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was calculated, and the number of deployments was noted. Correlations were calculated between the LIFE-H and ISS, IES-R, number of deployments and adaptive coping and between the SF-PF and ISS, IES-R, number of deployments and adaptive coping. RESULTS: The response rate was 55% (32 service members). A moderate correlation was found between LIFE-H and IES (r = -0.49) and a very weak correlation was found between LIFE-H and injury severity (r = 0.31). No correlation was found between SF-36 PF and ISS, IES, number of deployments or CERQ and between LIFE-H and number of deployments or CERQ. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate correlation was found between level of participation and traumatic stress in service members with combat-related injury in a 5-year follow-up. Therefore, it is advisable to screen for traumatic stress symptoms and monitor these symptoms during the rehabilitation intervention.

Consensus on resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the Aorta: A first consensus paper using a Delphi method.

BACKGROUND: To further strengthen the evidence base on the use of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) we performed a Delphi consensus. The aim of this paper is to establish consensus on the indications and contraindications for the use of REBOA in trauma and non-trauma patients based on the existing evidence and expertise. STUDY DESIGN: A literature review facilitated the design of a three-round Delphi questionnaire. Delphi panelists were identified by the investigators. Consensus was reached when at least 70% of the panelists responded to the survey and more than 70% of respondents reached agreement or disagreement. RESULTS: Panel members reached consensus on potential indications, contra-indications and settings for use of REBOA (excluding the pre hospital environment), physiological parameters for patient selection and indications for early femoral access. Panel members failed to reach consensus on the use of REBOA in patients in extremis (no pulse, no blood pressure) and the use of REBOA in patients with two major bleeding sites. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached on indications, contra indications, physiological parameters for patient selection for REBOA and early femoral access. The panel did not reach consensus on the use of REBOA in patients in pre-hospital settings, patients in extremis (no pulse, no blood pressure) and in patients with 2 or more major bleeding sites. Further research should focus on the indications of REBOA in pre hospital settings, patients in near cardiac arrest and REBOA inflation times.

Markers of Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Using Exhaled Breath Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Although hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has beneficial effects, some patients experience fatigue and pulmonary complaints after several sessions. The current limits of hyperbaric oxygen exposure to prevent pulmonary oxygen toxicity (POT) are based on pulmonary function tests (PFT), but the limitations of PFT are recognized worldwide. However, no newer modalities to detect POT have been established. Exhaled breath analysis in divers have shown volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of inflammation and methyl alkanes. This study hypothesized that similar VOCs might be detected after HBOT. METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers of the Royal Netherlands Navy underwent six HBOT sessions (95 min at 253 kPa, including three 5-min "air breaks"), i.e., on five consecutive days followed by another session after 2 days of rest. At 30 min before the dive, and at 30 min, 2 and 4 h post-dive, exhaled breath was collected and followed by PFT. Exhaled breath samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After univariate tests and correlation of retention times, ion fragments could be identified using a reference database. Using these fragments VOCs could be reconstructed, which were clustered using principal component analysis. These clusters were tested longitudinally with ANOVA. RESULTS: After GC-MS analysis, eleven relevant VOCs were identified which could be clustered into two principal components (PC). PC1 consisted of VOCs associated with inflammation and showed no significant change over time. The intensities of PC2, consisting of methyl alkanes, showed a significant decrease (p = 0.001) after the first HBOT session to 50.8%, remained decreased during the subsequent days (mean 82%), and decreased even further after 2 days of rest to 58% (compared to baseline). PFT remained virtually unchanged. DISCUSSION: Although similar VOCs were found when compared to diving, the decrease of methyl alkanes (PC2) is in contrast to the increase seen in divers. It is unknown why emission of methyl alkanes (which could originate from the phosphatidylcholine membrane in the alveoli) are reduced after HBOT. This suggests that HBOT might not be as damaging to the pulmonary tract as previously assumed. Future research on POT should focus on the identified VOCs (inflammation and methyl alkanes).

Migration of Aortic Occlusion Balloons in an in vitro model of the human circulation.

BACKGROUND: Aortic Occlusion Balloons (AOB) are used for hemorrhage control in hemodynamically unstable patients. Stability of an AOB is essential for reliable aortic occlusion. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether different types of AOB migrate after total, intermittent or partial occlusion in a porcine aorta positioned in an in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A porcine thoracic aortic section was positioned in a model of the human circulation. Primary and secondary migration was tested in Cook Coda™ 2-9.0-35-120-32 and 2-10-35-140-46, Cook Medical, USA; Rescue balloon™ Tokai RB-167080-E, Tokai Medical Products, Japan; Reliant™ AB46, Medtronic, USA; Russian prototype AOB; ER-REBOA™, Prytime Medical Devices, USA; LeMaitre™ 28 and 45 Aortic Occlusion Catheter, LeMaitre Vascular, USA. These AOB were tested in hypotensive, normotensive and hypertensive scenarios. Migration in total occlusion, intermittent occlusion and partial occlusion was recorded for all AOB. RESULTS: Limited primary migration occurred in all AOB after total occlusion. The Cook Coda™ 2-9.0-35-120-32 balloon showed maximal migration in 1 test cycle. No migration occurred during intermittent occlusion. Kinking occurs in various degrees but does not seem to prevent a successful occlusion of the aorta. No migration occurred during partial occlusion except in the Russian prototype AOB. In a partial occlusion scenario, distal perfusion occurred only with 5 ml remaining in all balloon types. CONCLUSIONS: All AOB were successful in full aortic occlusion. Limited primary migration occurred in all AOB after total occlusion only the Cook Coda™ 2-9.0-35-120-32 balloon showed maximal migration once. No migration occurred during intermittent occlusion, during partial occlusion only the Russian prototype AOB migrated. Stiffness and size of the catheter are important factors in preventing migration and kinking.

Vascular access training for REBOA placement: a feasibility study in a live tissue-simulator hybrid porcine model.

BACKGROUND: The use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in patients with severe haemorrhagic shock is increasing. Obtaining vascular access is a necessary prerequisite for REBOA placement in these situations. METHODS: During the EVTM workshop (September 2017, Örebro, Sweden), 21 individuals participated in this study, 16 participants and five instructors. A formalised curriculum was constructed including basic anatomy of the femoral region and basic training in access materials for REBOA placement in zone 1. Key skills: (1) preparation of endovascular toolkit, (2) achieving vascular access in the model and (3) bleeding control with REBOA. Scoring ranged from 0 to 5 for non-anatomical skills. Identification of anatomical structures was either sufficient (score=1) or insufficient (score=0). Five consultants performed a second identical procedure as a post test. RESULTS: Consultants had significantly better overall technical skills in comparison with residents (p=0.005), while understanding of surgical anatomy showed no difference. Procedure times differed significantly (p<0.01), with residents having a median procedure time of 3 min and 24 s, consultants 2:33 and instructors 1:09. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive training model using a live tissue-simulator hybrid porcine model can be used for femoral access and REBOA placement training in medical personnel with different prior training levels. Higher levels of training are associated with faster procedure times. Further research in open and percutaneous access training is necessary to simulate real-life situations. This training method can be used in a multistep training programme, in combination with realistic moulage and perfused cadaver models.