From Foodborne Disease Outbreak (FBDO) to Investigation: The Plant Toxin Trap, Brittany, France, 2018.

On 6 July 2018, the Center for Epidemiology and Public Health of the French Armed Forces was informed of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among customers of a dining facility at a military base in Brittany, France. A total of 200 patients were reported out of a population of 1700 (attack rate: 12%). The symptoms were mainly lower digestive tract disorders and occurred rapidly after lunch on 5 July (median incubation period: 3.3 h), suggesting a toxin-like pathogenic process. A case-control survey was carried out (92 cases and 113 controls). Statistical analysis pointed to the chili con carne served at lunch on 5 July as the very likely source of poisoning. Phytohaemagglutinin, a plant lectin, was found in the chili con carne at a concentration above the potentially toxic dose (400 HAU/gram). The raw kidney beans incorporated in the chili con carne presented a high haemagglutination activity (66,667 HAU/gram). They were undercooked, and the phytohaemagglutinin was not completely destroyed. FBDOs due to PHA are poorly documented. This study highlights the need to develop methods for routine testing of plant toxins in food matrices. Improved diagnostic capabilities would likely lead to better documentation, epidemiology, and prevention of food-borne illnesses caused by plant toxins.

Blister Beetle Dermatitis Outbreaks in Mali.

INTRODUCTION: Meloidae are distributed in temperate and arid regions but are also common in subtropical and tropical savannahs. These insects contain cantharidin, a vesicant substance that can cause poisoning by ingestion and dermatitis by direct contact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe recurrent Meloidae-related dermatitis outbreaks and their health impact by analyzing medical consultation records and meteorological data. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2019, dermatitis outbreaks took place at a French military base at the end of the rainy season, from July to August, with 100 cases reported in 2015, 74 in 2017, 100 in 2018, and 36 in 2019. In 2017, the incidence rate was 4.4% for the base's population. Initial medical consultations represented 31.5% of total medical care activity. Meloidae were identified as Cyaneolytta fryi. CONCLUSIONS: These outbreaks of burn-like lesions, although clinically benign, can place a considerable burden on the medical activity of health care facilities. The diagnosis of Meloidae dermatitis is exclusively anamnestic and clinical and requires reported contact with the insect. The treatment protocol is that of standard burn care, and the best preventive measure is to avoid bright white lights. Military personnel, foreign workers, and travelers venturing into the Sahel should be warned of the risks associated with these beetles.

Is Lanreotide Really Useful in High Output Stoma? Comparison between Lanreotide to Conventional Antidiarrheal Treatment Alone.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of high-output stoma (HOS) was reported to be approximately 3 to 16% in the literature, and HOS can cause dehydration. This complication is often severe enough to warrant hospital readmission and may result in renal failure. The aim of this study was to show a decrease of 50% in ileostomy output in the experimental arm using lanreotide treatment. METHODS: Patients with an ileostomy output ≥ 1.5 l/24 hours were included in this prospective, open, multicentre randomized trial. Patients were randomly allocated between treatment arms with either lanreotide (LAN) and antidiarrhoeal treatments (TAD) (LAN-TAD group) or antidiarrhoeal treatments only (TADS group). The primary outcome was ileostomy output after 72 days. The secondary endpoints were ileostomy output during the first 6 days, blood urea and creatinine values, hospital length of stay and serious adverse events. RESULTS: In the per-protocol analysis, there were nine patients in the control group (TADS) and six patients in the experimental group (TAD-LAN group). The stoma outputs at Day 3 (D3) in the experimental and control groups were 1,900 ± 855.7 mL and 1,728.6 ± 845.5 mL, respectively (p = 0.2). No differences were found concerning stoma output at D6, renal function, or hospital length of stay between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The trial was prematurely stopped due to the low number of patients included. The question of the usefulness of somatostatin analogues in HOS persists, especially as the cost of this treatment is high, and there is a lack of evidence of its effectiveness.

Interleukin 6 receptor inhibition in primary Sjögren syndrome: a multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: No immunomodulatory drug has been approved for primary Sjögren's syndrome, a systemic autoimmune disease affecting 0.1% of the population. To demonstrate the efficacy of targeting interleukin 6 receptor in patients with Sjögren's syndrome-related systemic complications. METHODS: Multicentre double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial between 24 July 2013 and 16 July 2018, with a follow-up of 44 weeks, involving 17 referral centres. Inclusion criteria were primary Sjögren's syndrome according to American European Consensus Group criteria and score ≥5 for the EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease activity Index (ESSDAI, score of systemic complications). Patients were randomised to receive either 6 monthly infusions of tocilizumab or placebo. The primary endpoint was response to treatment at week 24. Response to treatment was defined by the combination of (1) a decrease of at least 3 points in the ESSDAI, (2) no occurrence of moderate or severe activity in any new domain of the ESSDAI and (3) lack of worsening in physician's global assessment on a Visual Numeric Scale ≥1/10, all as compared with enrolment. RESULTS: 110 patients were randomised, 55 patients to tocilizumab (mean (SD) age: 50.9 (12.4) years; women: 98.2%) and 55 patients to placebo (54.8 (10.7) years; 90.9%). At 24 weeks, the proportion of patients meeting the primary endpoint was 52.7% (29/55) in the tocilizumab group and 63.6% (35/55) in the placebo group, for a difference of -11.4% (95% credible interval -30.6 to 9.0) (Pr[Toc >Pla]=0.14). CONCLUSION: Among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, the use of tocilizumab did not improve systemic involvement and symptoms over 24 weeks of treatment compared with placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01782235.