Pyomyositis in the sternocleidomastoid muscle in a previously healthy 36-year-old woman.

Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of striated muscle, usually located to muscles in the extremities or pelvis. We present a microbiologically unique case report of pyomyositis in the sternocleidomastoid muscle (the first of its kind in Denmark) caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. capitis and possibly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pyomyositis is very rare but can lead to critical complications such as endocarditis and sepsis. It is therefore important to know the condition when evaluating an infected patient with muscle pain. Treatment consists of antibiotics and - if relevant - surgical abscess drainage.

The Ultra-Long-Term Sleep study: Design, rationale, data stability and user perspective.

Sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are significant societal challenges that negatively impact individuals' health. The interaction between subjective sleep quality, objective sleep measures, physical and cognitive performance, and their day-to-day variations remains poorly understood. Our year-long study of 20 healthy individuals, using subcutaneous electroencephalography, aimed to elucidate these interactions, assessing data stability and participant satisfaction, usability, well-being and adherence. In the study, 25 participants were fitted with a minimally invasive subcutaneous electroencephalography lead, with 20 completing the year of subcutaneous electroencephalography recording. Signal stability was measured using covariance of variation. Participant satisfaction, usability and well-being were measured with questionnaires: Perceived Ease of Use questionnaire, System Usability Scale, Headache questionnaire, Major Depression Inventory, World Health Organization 5-item Well-Being Index, and interviews. The subcutaneous electroencephalography signals remained stable for the entire year, with an average participant adherence rate of 91%. Participants rated their satisfaction with the subcutaneous electroencephalography device as easy to use with minimal or no discomfort. The System Usability Scale score was high at 86.3 ± 10.1, and interviews highlighted that participants understood how to use the subcutaneous electroencephalography device and described a period of acclimatization to sleeping with the device. This study provides compelling evidence for the feasibility of longitudinal sleep monitoring during everyday life utilizing subcutaneous electroencephalography in healthy subjects, showcasing excellent signal stability, adherence and user experience. The amassed subcutaneous electroencephalography data constitutes the largest dataset of its kind, and is poised to significantly advance our understanding of day-to-day variations in normal sleep and provide key insights into subjective and objective sleep quality.

Children with otitis media in Greenland - A qualitative study of parental experiences.

INTRODUCTION: The Greenlandic population has one of the world's highest prevalence of otitis media (OM). Approximately 9-14% of all children suffer from OM during childhood. Due to the climate, lack of infrastructure, and minimal access to specialist services, the Greenlandic healthcare system operates under significant challenges. To support treatment implementation, we explored parental experiences of having a child with recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM) and chronic suppurative otitis media in Greenland (CSOM). METHODS: We applied a qualitative methodology with semi-structured interviews, to investigate parents' individual experiences. We included parents from six selected towns and settlements in Greenland, who were primary caregivers to minimum one child who had suffered from rAOM or CSOM. The interviews followed a semi-structured interview guide. RESULTS: Eight interviews were conducted with ten parents (nine mothers, one father) to 13 children (nine girls, four boys) aged two to 20 years (median age five years). We carried out a hermeneutic-phenomenological, Ricoeur-inspired text analysis of data. The first episode of OM was associated with uncertainty about the condition, including pain relief and treatment. However, recurrence led to symptom recognition and a changed disease perception among the parents: from being a simple case of childhood OM to a recognition of a chronic condition that might lead to delayed linguistic development and hearing impairment. CONCLUSION: Under difficult healthcare situations, parents represented a unique resource in care and treatment implementation. Parents often feel alone with the responsibility of care and had concerns for their child's hearing and language development, and they wished for their experiences and observations to be actively included in consultations.

Panel 1: Epidemiology and global health, including child development, sequelae and complications.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the published research evidence on the epidemiology of otitis media, including the risk factors and sequelae associated with this condition. DATA SOURCES: Medline (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library covering the period from 2019 to June 1st, 2023. REVIEW METHODS: We conducted a broad search strategy using otitis [Medical Subject Heading] combined with text words to identify relevant articles on the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, complications, and sequelae for acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and chronic suppurative otitis media. At least one review author independently screened titles and abstracts of the retrieved records for each condition to determine whether the research study was eligible for inclusion. Any discrepancies were resolved by reviewing the full text followed by discussion with a second review author. Studies with more than 100 participants were prioritised. RESULTS: Over 2,000 papers on otitis media (OM) have been published since 2019. Our review has highlighted around 100 of these publications. While the amount of otitis media research on the Medline database published each year has not increased, there has been an increase in epidemiological studies using routinely collected data and systematic review methodology. Most of the large incidence studies have addressed acute otitis media (AOM) in children. Several studies have described a decrease in incidence of AOM after the introduction of conjugate PCV vaccines. Similarly, a decrease was noted when rates of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) were high and there were major public health efforts to reduce the spread of infection. There have been new studies on OM in adults and OM prevalence in a broader range of countries and population subgroups. CONCLUSION: Overall, the rates of severe and/or suppurative OM appeared to be decreasing. However, there is substantial heterogeneity between populations. While better use of available data is informative, it can be difficult to predict rates of severe disease without accurate examination findings. Most memorably, the COVID-19 pandemic had an enormous impact on the research and clinical services for otitis media for most of the period under review. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The use of routinely collected data for epidemiological studies will lead to greater variability in the definitions and diagnostic criteria used. The impact of new vaccines will continue to be important. Some of the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic concerning behaviours that reduce spread of respiratory viruses can hopefully be used to decrease the burden of otitis media in the future. There are still many countries in the world where the burden of otitis media is not well described. In countries where otitis media has been studied over many years, new potential risk factors continue to be identified. In addition, a better understanding of the disease in specific subgroups has been achieved.

Minimally invasive surgery for placement of a subcutaneous EEG implant.

Background: A new class of subcutaneous electroencephalography has enabled ultra long-term monitoring of people with epilepsy. The objective of this paper is to describe surgeons' experiences in an early series of implantations as well as discomfort or complications experienced by the participants. Methods: We included 38 implantation procedures from two trials on people with epilepsy and healthy adults. Questionnaires to assess surgeons' and participants' experience were analyzed as well as all recorded adverse events occurring up to 21 days post-surgery. Results: With training, the implantation could be performed in approximately 15 min. Overall, the implantation procedure was considered easy to perform with only 2 episodes where the implant got fixated in the introducing needle and a new implant had to be used. The explantation procedure was considered effortless. In 2 cases the silicone sheath covering the lead was damaged during the explantation, but it was possible to remove the entire implant without leaving any foreign body under the skin. Especially in the trial on healthy participants, a proportion experienced adverse events in the form of headache or implant-pain up to 21 days post-operatively. In 6 cases, adverse events contributed to the decision to explant and discontinue the study: Four of these cases involved implant pain or headache; One case involved a post-operative local infection; and in one case superficial lead placement resulted in skin perforation a few weeks after implantation. Conclusion: The implantation and explantation procedures are considered swift and easy to perform by both neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons. The implant is well tolerated by most participants. However, headache or pain around the implant can occur for up to 21 days post-operatively as anticipated with any such surgery. The expected benefits from the implant should always outweigh the potential disadvantages.

Traumatic injuries to the cartilage of the nose.

Injuries to the cartilaginous structures of the nose can arise after minor trauma and without a concomitant nasal fracture. They are diagnosed with a thorough clinical examination and can, if not diagnosed and treated in the acute phase, result in nasal/septal deformation, saddle nose or abscess formation with subsequent intracranial spreading of the infection. Even with proper treatment in the acute phase, the cartilage often heals with deviation. This can result in functional and cosmetic problems which may require later reconstructive surgery, as argued in this review.

A support nurse may strengthen the participation of patients with low socio-economic status in treatment pathways of head and neck cancer: A theory-based evaluation.

AIM: To test and evaluate a support nurse intervention within the head and neck cancer (HNC) pathway. BACKGROUND: Even though interventions aiming to support patients with a low socio-economic status have been a focus for development and implementation in several countries, research still shows that these patients often have unmet needs and encounter challenges in communicating with health professionals during their treatment pathways. Furthermore, support interventions are few in Denmark and none of the existing interventions target patients with HNC receiving radiation therapy of whom the majority have a low socio-economic status and therefore potentially carry a high risk of being challenged during their treatment pathways. DESIGN: A theory-based evaluation was used as framework. A support nurse intervention was designed to offer patients with a low socio-economic status help and support in the initial part of the HNC pathway. Eleven patients were included in the trial period. METHODS: The evaluation of the intervention was based on interviews, a questionnaire survey and field notes. RESULTS: The expected outputs were achieved, thus: (1) the patients felt supported and assisted, (2) the support nurse was capable of supporting, helping and accompanying the patients, (3) the patients were informed as relevant and understood the information provided. Unexpected outputs were that the support nurse was capable of co-ordinating the pathway in line with the patient's needs and that she facilitated the interaction between patients and health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Support for patients with a low socio-economic status improves their ability to engage in their cancer treatment pathway. This, in turn, increases their preparedness for participation and, hence, strengthens their choice of treatment. REPORTING METHOD: This study is reported using consolidated guideline for reporting interventions Template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR checklist). We used theory-based evaluation as described by Peter Dahler-Larsen. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Lymphomas of the salivary glands: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Lymphomas constitute 2% of all salivary gland tumors and are the second most common group of malignancies in the head and neck region. OBJECTIVES: In this systematic review, the demographics and characteristics of salivary gland lymphomas are presented. METHODS: All types of studies that involve data of salivary gland lymphomas between 1990 and 2020 were identified and screened. RESULTS: A total of 169 articles with 1640 patients were identified. The median age of the patients was 59 years with a range between 10 and 87 years. The anatomic locations of salivary gland lymphomas were distributed with 88% in the parotid glands, 9% in the submandibular glands, 1% in the minor salivary glands, and 0.3% in the sublingual glands. The overall survival at 12 months is high and in line with the outcome of indolent lymphomas in general. The predominant indolent subtypes were extranodal marginal zone lymphomas and follicular lymphomas, whereas the more aggressive subtypes were mainly diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, mantle cell lymphomas, and T-cell lymphomas. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, lymphomas occur in all salivary glands and mainly in elderly female patients. Sjögren's syndrome is frequently associated. Depending on the anatomical location, the lymphoma subtypes vary in aggressiveness, stage, and prognosis.

Self-reported dizziness, falls, and self-rated health in a rural population in Denmark.

PURPOSE: To investigate associations between dizziness, hearing loss, medication, and self-perceived health in the region of Lolland-Falster in Denmark. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study using data from questionnaires and physical examinations between February 8th, 2016, and February 13th, 2020. Individuals aged 50 years or above in the region of Lolland-Falster were randomly invited to participate. RESULTS: Of 10,092 individuals (52% female), the mean age was 64.7 and 65.7 years for females and males, respectively. 20% reported dizziness during the past 30 days, and prevalence increased with age. 24% of dizzy females suffered from falls compared to 21% of males. 43% sought treatment for dizziness. Logistic regression revealed a higher odds ratio of dizziness in groups with poor self-perceived health (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.71, 2.72]) and very poor self-perceived health (OR = 3.62 [1.75, 7.93]) compared to moderate self-perceived health. A higher OR was found for seeking treatment for dizziness in the group that had experienced falls (OR = 3.21 [2.54, 4.07]). 40% reported hearing loss. Logistic regression revealed a higher OR for dizziness in the group with severe hearing loss (OR = 2.40 [1.77, 3.26]) and moderate hearing loss (OR = 1.63 [1.37, 1.94]) compared to no hearing loss. CONCLUSION: One of five participants reported dizziness during the last month. Dizziness was negatively associated with self-perception of good health also after adjusting for comorbidities. Almost half of the dizzy participants sought treatment for dizziness and 21% experienced falls. Identification and treatment of dizziness are important to prevent falls from happening. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (NCT02482896).

Estimates of 10-year risk of cardiovascular death and adherence to cardiovascular risk factor management in Danish patients investigated for obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in both morbidity and mortality. We used the risk chart of Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) from European Society of Cardiology (ESC) to determine the 10-year risk of cardiovascular death, and adherence to cardiovascular risk factor management in Danish patients investigated for obstructive sleep apnea. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 303 patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA were investigated for cardiovascular risk factors before initiating CPAP therapy. Primary outcome was estimates of 10-year risk of cardiovascular death assessed from the ESC risk chart SCORE based on sex, age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure and s-total cholesterol. Furthermore we analyzed treatment indication with statins in patients with mild (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI <15), moderate (AHI 15-29.9) and severe OSA (AHI ≥30). RESULTS: Patients with mild OSA predominately had low or moderate 10-year risk of CVD (low risk 55.4%, moderate risk 30.8%) while patients with moderate and severe OSA were more likely to have high or very high risk of 10-year CVD (p = 0.001). The large majority of included OSA patients had dyslipidemia, 235 (77.6%) and of those, only 27.4% were treated with cholesterol lowering drugs while additional 27.7% were eligible for oral statin supplement as risk-estimated by the ESC SCORE. In multiple regression analysis among statin naive patients, AHI was positively associated with statin eligibility when adjusted for age and sex. CONCLUSION: Patients with moderate and severe OSA had an elevated 10-year risk of fatal CVD and were undertreated with CVD risk lowering agents such as statins.

Dominant Gene Expression Profiles Define Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC) from Different Tissues: Validation of a Gene Signature Classifier for Poor Survival in Salivary Gland ACC.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy that most often arises in salivary or lacrimal glands but can also occur in other tissues. We used optimized RNA-sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of 113 ACC tumor samples from salivary gland, lacrimal gland, breast or skin. ACC tumors from different organs displayed remarkedly similar transcription profiles, and most harbored translocations in the MYB or MYBL1 genes, which encode oncogenic transcription factors that may induce dramatic genetic and epigenetic changes leading to a dominant 'ACC phenotype'. Further analysis of the 56 salivary gland ACC tumors led to the identification of three distinct groups of patients, based on gene expression profiles, including one group with worse survival. We tested whether this new cohort could be used to validate a biomarker developed previously with a different set of 68 ACC tumor samples. Indeed, a 49-gene classifier developed with the earlier cohort correctly identified 98% of the poor survival patients from the new set, and a 14-gene classifier was almost as accurate. These validated biomarkers form a platform to identify and stratify high-risk ACC patients into clinical trials of targeted therapies for sustained clinical response.

Obstacles for patients with a low socio-economic status treated within the head and neck cancer pathway: A multiple case study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork exploring various head and neck cancer treatment pathways of patients with low socio-economic status being treated with radiation therapy in Denmark, our aim was to explore how and why inequality in this treatment pathway might occur in the encounter between these patients and Danish healthcare. BACKGROUND: In recent years, inequality in cancer treatment of patients with a low socio-economic status has been a growing concern worldwide. The majority of patients with head and neck cancer have a relatively low socio-economic status and are at risk of experiencing inequality in their cancer treatment. DESIGN/METHODS: Using a method proposed by Robert Yin, we performed a multiple case study of five treatment pathways of patients with a low socio-economic status. The case studies consisted of participant observations and interviews with patients, relatives and health professionals. We applied Herbert Blumer's theory of symbolic interaction as a framework for our analysis. RESULTS: We identified three concepts that all blocked joint action because patients and health professionals had different perceptions of what interaction required of them in terms of (1) Understanding information; (2) Assuming responsibility for managing practical tasks; and (3) Coordinating one's own treatment pathway. CONCLUSIONS: We identified how different situations challenged the patients' abilities to assume participation in their own treatment pathway. In their encounter with patients, healthcare professionals did not know which situational impediments to joint action patients were facing. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: We argue that being aware of how challenges unfold in the interaction with patients with low socio-economic status may serve as a starting point for changing practice to reduce inequality in the treatment of these patients. REPORTING METHOD: This study is reported using consolidated criteria for reporting Qualitative research (SRQR). We used the theory and method of Robert Yin of performing a multi-case study and we applied Herbert Blumer's theory of Symbolic interactionism as a framework for understanding data. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Malignancy rates of salivary gland tumors in Greenlandic Inuit comparable to non-endemic populations; epidemiological mapping of salivary gland tumors 1990-2019.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland tumors are assumed to be predominantly malignant in the Greenlandic Inuit population, but there is limited literature on the subject. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using national registers to describe the histological tumor types, location, incidence, and survival of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. METHODS: We analyzed data on all Greenlandic Inuit with an epithelial-derived salivary gland tumor from 1990 to 2019. We extracted data from the Central Personal Registry and crossmatched it with the Danish Pathology Data Bank. All specimens were reviewed by a specialized pathologist. We noted patient and histological characteristics, calculated crude and age-adjusted incidence rates, overall survival, and excess mortality. RESULTS: Our study found that 76% of salivary gland tumors in the Greenlandic Inuit population were benign, with pleomorphic adenoma being the most common. Malignant tumors accounted for 24% of cases, with lymphoepithelial carcinoma being the most common type. The most common place of origin for malignant tumors was the parotid gland (71%) and the submandibular gland (15%). The median age of onset for malignant tumors was 47 years. Age-adjusted incidence rates of malignant tumors for men and women were 3.00 and 4.12 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the proportion of malignant salivary gland tumors in the Greenlandic Inuit population is similar to other nonendemic populations. Our incidence rates are higher than previously reported, likely due to differences in methodology and definitions of the Inuit population. This study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of salivary gland tumors in the Greenlandic Inuit population and may have implications for other Inuit populations as well.

Effect of near infrared autofluorescence guided total thyroidectomy on postoperative hypoparathyroidism: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this single-blinded, 2-centre, randomized controlled trial was to test if near-infrared (NIR) autofluorescence image guidance for parathyroid gland (PG) detection during total thyroidectomy can reduce the incidence of hypoparathyroidism in both malignant and benign cases. METHOD: Patients admitted for primary or completion total thyroidectomy were randomized to either the NIR intervention group or the standard care NONIR (no near infrared) group. The primary endpoint was the rate of hypoparathyroidism at the 3-month follow-up, defined as hypocalcemia and inappropriately low parathyroid hormone levels and/or continuous treatment with active vitamin D. The secondary endpoint was the PG identification rate. RESULTS: A total of 147 patients were included of whom 73 were allocated to NIR. Primary or completion thyroidectomy was conducted in 84 and 63 cases, respectively. A total of 130 completed 3 months follow-up. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism in the NIR group at 12 h, 1 month and 3 months was, respectively, 31.8, 14.1, 6.5% compared with 35.9, 18.9, 11.8% in the NONIR group (all p > 0.46). In the NIR group, the identification rate of PGs was 69.5% (146 of 210 PGs), and 9% (19 of 210 PGs) were identified only due to additional use of NIR. For 15 out of 69 patients (21.7%) additionally PGs was found. CONCLUSION: Hypoparathyroidism was nominally less frequent in the NIR group, although not statistically significant. Further studies are needed to confirm if NIR may be a supportive PG identification tool to minimize the number of PG which would have been otherwise missed, especially during more complicated thyroid procedures. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04193332. Registration date: 16.08.2019.

Head-to-Head Comparison of Nasopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal and Nasal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing.

Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) are considered the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 testing but are technically challenging to perform and associated with discomfort. Alternative specimens for viral testing, such as oropharyngeal swabs (OPS) and nasal swabs, may be preferable, but strong evidence regarding their diagnostic sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 testing is still missing. We conducted a head-to-head prospective study to compare the sensitivity of NPS, OPS and nasal swabs specimens for SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing. Adults with an initial positive SARS-CoV-2 test were invited to participate. All participants had OPS, NPS and nasal swab performed by an otorhinolaryngologist. We included 51 confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive participants in the study. The sensitivity was highest for OPS at 94.1% (95% CI, 87 to 100%) compared to NPS at 92.5% (95% CI, 85 to 99%) (p = 1.00) and lowest for nasal swabs at 82.4% (95% CI, 72 to 93%) (p = 0.07). Combined OPS/NPS was detected in 100% of cases, while the combined OPS/nasal swab increased the sensitivity significantly to 96.1% (95% CI, 90 to 100%) compared to that of the nasal swab alone (p = 0.03). The mean Ct value for NPS was 24.98 compared to 26.63 for OPS (p = 0.084) and 30.60 for nasal swab (p = 0.002). OPS achieved a sensitivity comparable to NPS and should be considered an equivalent alternative for SARS-CoV-2 testing.

Effectiveness of Narval CC™ device in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

Mandibular advancement devices (MAD) are used in sleep apnea with varying results. We aimed to examine whether or not a MAD should be an integral treatment modality in the care of our patients with obstructive sleep apnea. We designed a feasibility study and included 32 patients after meeting inclusion criteria. Only 3 patients did not finish the second sleep study exam. The intervention was an individually designed MAD and a sleep study exam was performed prior and post treatment. The outcome objective was an apnea-hypopnea index of under 10 and with a 50% reduction. Patient population had a baseline AHI of 19.0 and mean reduction of AHI with MAD treatment to 13.3 yielding a MAD efficacy rate of 31% when outcome objectives were applied. The average reduction in AHI was 24.8% with 9 of the 29 patients actually experiencing an increase in AHI with MAD treatment. When there was a reduction in AHI using the MAD device the AHI reduction rate was 49.1% and there was a tendency for better treatment outcome when apnea-hypopnea was predominantly supine. A mandibular advancement device serves as an important treatment modality in the care of patients with obstructive sleep apnea due to patient satisfaction and compliance. The broad range of treatment response to our MAD device highlights the importance of performing a sleep study exam after initiation of treatment with a MAD but also illustrates the complexity and need for individually tailored treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Randomised controlled trial of in- versus out-patient management of benign hemithyroidectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Outpatient (OPT) thyroid surgery is increasing, with patient selection being pivotal for safety. While numerous studies exist, most are retrospective and encompass both benign and malignant cases. METHODS: We conducted a randomised clinical trial on patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease. Participants were assigned to OPT or inpatient groups. We collected data on complications, failure to discharge on surgery day, post-operative pain, nausea, sleep quality and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Among 97 patients, 27.5% (14/51) in the OPT group could not be discharged on the day of surgery due to minor complications, primarily nausea (36%) and neck swelling (29%). No reoperations were needed. Though OPT patients exhibited a higher rate of minor complications (29%), they reported less post-operative nausea, better sleep and a faster return to normal activity. CONCLUSIONS: Discharge on the day of surgery is not always possible with OPT thyroid surgery. However, our findings suggest that OPT hemithyroidectomy for benign cases can be both safe and feasible for a selected group of patients. FUNDING: None TRIAL REGISTRATION. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT02891252.

Recurrent multifocal adult rhabdomyoma in an elderly woman diagnosed with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: A case report.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation in the tumor suppressor gene FLCN. This mutation predisposes the carrier to multiple pulmonary cysts, recurrent pneumothorax, renal tumors and benign skin tumors. Since the first description of BHD, additional clinical signs have been added to the syndrome and a large variety of benign tumors, such as rhabdomyomas (RM), have been linked with the FLCN gene mutation. RMs are rare tumors derived from striated muscle. The adult extracardiac rhabdomyoma occurs mostly in elderly patients, with a male predominance. It is most often located in the head and neck area and it has a potential of recurrence. We report a case of recurrent multifocal ARM in the oral cavity, present in an elderly woman with BHD and treated surgically. This could add support to RMs being linked to BHD.

Subjective and psychophysical olfactory and gustatory dysfunction among COVID-19 outpatients; short- and long-term results.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are early symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Between 20-80% of infected individuals report subjective altered sense of smell and/or taste during infection. Up to 2/3 of previously infected experience persistent olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction after 6 months. The aim of this study was to examine subjective and psychophysical olfactory and gustatory function in non-hospitalized individuals with acute COVID-19 up to 6 months after infection. METHODS: Individuals aged 18-80-years with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test no older than 10 days, were eligible. Only individuals able to visit the outpatient examination facilities were included. Gustatory function was tested with the Burgharts Taste Strips and olfactory function was examined with the Brief Smell Identifications test (Danish version). Subjective symptoms were examined through an online questionnaire at inclusion, day 30, 90 and 180 after inclusion. RESULTS: Fifty-eight SARS-CoV-2 positive and 56 negative controls were included. 58.6% (34/58) of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals vs. 8.9% (5/56) of negative controls reported subjective olfactory dysfunction at inclusion. For gustatory dysfunction, 46.5% (27/58) of positive individuals reported impairment compared to 8.9% (5/56) of negative controls. In psychophysical tests, 75.9% (46/58) had olfactory dysfunction and 43.1% (25/58) had gustatory dysfunction among the SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals at inclusion. Compared to negative controls, SARS-CoV-2 infected had significantly reduced olfaction and gustation. Previously infected individuals continued to report lower subjective sense of smell 30 days after inclusion, whereafter the difference between the groups diminished. However, after 180 days, 20.7% (12/58) positive individuals still reported reduced sense of smell and taste. CONCLUSION: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there is inconsistency between subjective reporting and psychophysical test assessment of especially olfaction. Most individuals regain normal function after 30 days, but approximately 20% report persistent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction 6 months after infection.

Measurement of hearing impairment among Greenlandic school-children: association between self-reported data and clinical examinations.

BACKGROUND: Multiple ear infections is causing hearing impairment among children all over the world and the health and social consequences track into early adolescence and later in life, if not treated. The monitoring of prevalence in a population is important to assess the need for interventions in a population. METHODS: One hundred eighty  five children from 5 to 10th grade from Sisimiut town and the nearby settlements participated in a clinical examination to have ear-examination and pure tone audiometry. Participants filled out a questionnaire at home with their parents before the clinical examination, and hearing impairment was collected as individual self-reports and as audiometric measurements. RESULTS: A total of 185 children between 9 and 15 years of age (median: 11 years, IQR: 10-13) were included, 60% (n = 111) were girls. 247 (70%) of the 355 available otoscopies were clinically assessed as normal. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was 0.31. Eighteen children (10%) were found to have hearing impairment. None of the children had hearing aids. Test performance for self-reports were that sensitivity was 56% and specificity was 87%. The predictive value of a positive test was 31%, and the predictive value of a negative test was 95%. 32 children (17%) reported hearing impairment to the extent that they were not able to keep up in school, of which half reported that it had lasted for more than one year. 7 of the 32 children reporting hearing impairment (22%) reported that the extent of their hearing impairment was affecting their classroom experience so they were not able to follow. CONCLUSION: Self-reported and clinically screening for hearing impairment are two different concepts. Even though the two concepts are statistically correlated, the correlation coefficients are low. The test performance indicated that self-reported data might be measuring hearing as an experience in a social environment and not directly comparable to pure tone audiometry which examines hearing in controlled testing conditions. Since both measure hearing impairment, they supplement each other in research on impaired hearing, and the choice of measure should relate to the purpose and method of the investigation.