High-Purity Preparation of Enzyme Transformed Trans-Crocetin Reclaimed from Gardenia Fruit Waste.

The recovery of physiologically bioactive ingredients from agricultural wastes as an abundant and low-cost source for the production of high value-added mutraceuticlas has been recognized and supported for the commercial interests and sustainable managements. In the extraction of geniposide for the development of natural food colorants from the dried fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Rubiaceae, the gardenia fruit waste (GFW) still remaining 0.86% (w/w) of crocins has always been discarded without any further treatments Until now, there was no simple and effective protocol for high-purity trans-crocein (TC) preparation without the coexistence of non-biologically active cis-crocein from GFW. We proposed an effective process to obtain the compound as follows. Crocins were extracted firstly by 50% of ethanol in the highest yield of 8.61 mg/g (w/w) from GFW. After the HPD-100 column fractionation in the collecting of crocins, the conversion ratio of 75% of crocins to crocetins can be obtained from the commercial available enzyme- Celluclast® 1.5 L. The crocins hydrolyzed products, were then separated through the HPD-100 resin adsorption and finally purified with the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) in single-step to obtain TC in a purity of 96.76 ± 0.17%. Conclusively, the effective enzyme transformation and purification co-operated with CPC technologies on crocins resulted in a high purity product of TC may be highly application in the commercial production.

Development of a Compound Speckle Interferometer for Precision Three-Degree-of-Freedom Displacement Measurement.

In this study, a compound speckle interferometer for measuring three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) displacement is proposed. The system, which combines heterodyne interferometry, speckle interferometry and beam splitting techniques, can perform precision 3-DOF displacement measurements, while still having the advantages of high resolution and a relatively simple configuration. The incorporation of speckle interferometry allows for non-contact displacement measurements by detecting the phase of the speckle interference pattern formed from the convergence of laser beams on the measured rough surface. Experiments were conducted to verify the measurement capabilities of the system, and the results show that the proposed system has excellent measurement capabilities suitable for future real-world applications.

Heterodyne speckle interferometry for measurement of two-dimensional displacement.

This paper presented a heterodyne speckle interferometer (HSI) for the measurement of two-dimensional in-plane displacement. A diffraction grating is used to split the light source into four beams, which are then reflected into a non-mirror measurement surface at symmetrical incident angles, before being scattered to form an interference pattern. In accordance with the Doppler Effect, in-plane displacement of the surface causes phase variations in speckle interference patterns, from which displacement information can be obtained. Several experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed HSI. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of accurately measuring in-plane displacement with a resolution of approximately 1.5 nm.

Development of a wafer warpage measurement technique using Moiré-based method.

This paper reports on a novel technique for measuring wafer warpage, using the design concepts of moiré shift, digital moiré, autocollimator, and the scanning profiling method. The measurement system is divided into two parts: an optical moiré system and a phase analysis system. The optical arrangement can be adjusted to control the projection of a linear grating image onto the surface of a wafer to be reflected back into a CCD camera. The grating image acquired by the CCD camera is used for measurement whereas a reference grating image is obtained using the digital moiré method. By overlapping the two images of the measurement and the reference gratings, the corresponding moiré fringes are formed. The phase of the moiré fringes will change proportionally to the degree of warpage in the wafer, which can be measured by detecting variations in the phase shift of the moiré fringes in the scanning profile across the surface of the entire wafer. Measurement resolution can be controlled by adjusting the pitch size of the grating or the focal length of the focusing lens, or by adjusting the angle between the images of the measurement and reference gratings. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to achieve an angular resolution of 0.2 µrad. As compared to the current warpage measurement techniques, the proposed method has the ability of high measurement resolution, high stability, and high flexibility.

Heterodyne Wollaston laser encoder for measurement of in-plane displacement.

This paper reports an innovative heterodyne Wollaston laser encoder with common-optical-path (COP) configuration for the measurement of in-plane displacement. The proposed technique combines the design concepts underlying heterodyne interferometry, grating interferometry, and COP configuration. According to the measurement principle, displacement information pertaining to a moving grating can be obtained from variations in the optical phase induced by the grating. Several experiments were performed to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the proposed heterodyne Wollaston laser encoder. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of sensing in-plane displacement to a resolution of 2 nm while maintaining the stability of the system against environmental disturbances.

Development of an angular displacement measurement technique through birefringence heterodyne interferometry.

An angular displacement measurement sensor with high resolution for large range measurement is presented. The design concept of the proposed method is based on the birefringence effect and phase detection of heterodyne interferometry. High system symmetry and simple operation can be easily achieved by employing an innovative sandwich optical design for the angular sensor. To evaluate the feasibility and performance of the proposed method, several experiments were performed. The experimental results demonstrate that our angular displacement measurement sensor can achieve a measurement range greater than 26°. Considering the high-frequency noise, the measurement resolution of the system is approximately 1.2° × 10-4. Because of the common-path arrangement, our proposed method can provide superior immunity against environmental disturbances.

Development of a grating-based interferometer for six-degree-of-freedom displacement and angle measurements.

A grating-based interferometer for 6-DOF displacement and angle measurement is proposed in this study. The proposed interferometer is composed of three identical detection parts sharing the same light source. Each detection part utilizes three techniques: heterodyne, grating shearing, and Michelson interferometries. Displacement information in the three perpendicular directions (X, Y, Z) can be sensed simultaneously by each detection part. Furthermore, angle information (θX, θY, θZ) can be obtained by comparing the displacement measurement results between two corresponding detection parts. The feasibility and performance of the proposed grating-based interferometer are evaluated in displacement and angle measurement experiments. In comparison with the internal capacitance sensor built into the commercial piezo-stage, the measurement resolutions of the displacement and angle of our proposed interferometer are about 2 nm and 0.05 µrad.

Three-degree-of-freedom displacement measurement using grating-based heterodyne interferometry.

A heterodyne grating-based interferometer for three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) displacement measurement is proposed. This technique has the merits of both heterodyne interferometry and grating interferometry. A heterodyne light beam is obtained using an electro-optic modulating technique for amplitude modulation. While the heterodyne light beam is normally incident into a transmission-type 2D grating, two detection parts for in-plane and out-of-plane displacement measurements will be obtained. The heterodyne light beam is utilized to carry the optical phase variation that results from grating displacement in three directions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed interferometer is capable of sensing the displacement of a motion stage in 3-DOF. The resolution and range of the measurement can achieve up to nanometric and millimetric levels.

Two-dimensional displacement measurement by quasi-common-optical-path heterodyne grating interferometer.

A method based on a specific quasi-common-optical-path (QCOP) configuration for two-dimensional displacement measurement is presented. The measurement system consists of a heterodyne light source, two-dimensional holographic grating, specially designed set of half wave plates, and lock-in amplifiers. Two measurement configurations, for single and differential detection, are designed. The sensitivity, resolution and nonlinear phase error of the differential detection type are better than those of the single detection type. The experimental results demonstrate that the QCOP interferometer has the ability to measure two-dimensional displacement while maintaining high system stability.

Heterodyne grating interferometer based on a quasi-common-optical-path configuration for a two-degrees-of-freedom straightness measurement.

We present a heterodyne grating interferometer based on a quasi-common-optical-path (QCOP) design for a two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) straightness measurement. Two half-wave plates are utilized to rotate the polarizations of two orthogonally polarized beams. The grating movement can be calculated by measuring the phase difference variation in each axis. The experimental results demonstrate that our method has the ability to measure two-DOF straightness and still maintain high system stability. The proposed and demonstrated method, which relies on heterodyne interferometric phase measurement combined with the QCOP configuration, has the advantages of high measurement resolution, relatively straightforward operation, and high system stability.