Bioconversion of agriculture by-products with functionally enhanced Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3: Fish skin as a model.

With the global population continuously rising, efficient bioconversion of inedible agricultural by-products is crucial for human food and energy sustainability. We here propose solid-state fermentation approaches to efficiently convert biopolymers into oligomers/monomers by accelerating the natural degradation process of the versatile Streptomyces sp. strain SCUT-3. Using fish skin as a representative by-product, 54.3 g amino acids and 14.7 g peptides (91 % < 2500 Da) were recovered from 89.0 g protein in 100 g tilapia skin sample by collagenase-overexpressed SCUT-3 for seven days at a 1:4 substrate:liquid ratio. Fish skin collagen hydrolysates exhibited excellent anti-oxidation, anti-hypertension, scratch-repairing, anti-aging, anti-ultraviolet radiation, and anti-inflammation effects on human skin fibroblasts In vitro and zebrafish larvae in vivo, indicating their potential applications in healthcare/skincare and anti-atopic dermatitis. As Laozi said, the divine law follows nature. This study underscores the efficacy of genetically engineered SCUT-3 according to its natural biomass utilization laws in large-scale biopolymer conversion.

Hourglass-shaped europium cluster-based secondary building unit in metal-organic framework for photocatalytic wastewater purification and sterilization via enhanced reactive oxygen species production.

A large number of diseases caused by water pollution have become a global public health issue, and the development and construction of innovative and efficient photocatalytic systems for water remediation is vital to improve water quality and prevent bacteria-induced diseases. Herein, a europium-based metal-organic framework (Eu-MOF) was self-assembled with complex hourglass-shaped Eu9 clusters as secondary building units (SBUs), achieving excellent photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability. Moreover, Eu-MOF can quickly and efficiently degrade organic dyes and kill a variety of bacteria under low-power light irradiation conditions. Time-dependent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) were used for the first time to track the formation process of complex clusters into cluster-based MOFs, and the gradual transformation of amorphous intermediates into crystalline Eu-MOF was clearly tracked. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that Eu-MOF has a smaller semicircle than the organic ligands, demonstrating its excellent charge separation ability. The excellent ROS generation capacity of Eu-MOF was jointly demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the results obtained using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) indicator. More importantly, using low-power (60 mW/cm2) Xe lamp irradiation, Eu-MOF can almost completely degrade 10 mg/L aqueous solutions of rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and crystal violet (CV) within 30, 90, and 120 min, respectively. In addition, the excellent light-induced ROS production ability of Eu-MOF contributes to its significant cell killing and antibacterial effects. Under light irradiation conditions, Eu-MOF can effectively kill Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with average inhibition zone sizes of 2.54 ± 0.17 and 2.56 ± 0.08 cm, respectively. This work opens up new horizons for the build of efficient photocatalytic systems based on lanthanide porous materials and promotes the progress of lanthanide MOFs (Ln-MOFs) crystal engineering.

Dynamic Rare-Earth Metal-Organic Frameworks Based on Molecular Rotor Linkers with Efficient Emissions and Ultrasensitive Optical Sensing Performance.

4,4',4″-Triphenylamine tricarboxylate (TPA-COOH) with a distinct molecular rotor structure was reacted with rare-earth (RE) metal ions to obtain seven dynamic RE-based luminescent MOFs (RE-LMOFs) (i.e., emission colors in the blue, yellow-green, red, and near-infrared regions and emission peak wavelengths between 400 and 1600 nm) via the effective transfer of absorbed energy from TPA-COOH to the RE metal ions through the antenna effect. Due to the large energy level difference between RE ions, it was rare in the early days to use the same ligand to construct energy-level matching RE-LMOF homologues with multiple RE metal centers. The uncoordinated oxygen atoms on the molecular rotor linkers in RE-LMOFs provide active sites that can specifically capture highly toxic metal ions and strong oxidative pollutants. The limit of detection (LOD) of RE-LMOF for Al(III) ions is far below the maximum concentration of Al(III) ions in drinking water stipulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and that for H2O2 is much lower than the H2O2 content in cancer cells, showing excellent application potential for diagnosing early cell cancelation.

Three Therapy Regimens and Their Cost-effectiveness for Girls With Central Precocious Puberty: A Real-World Clinical Study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different therapy regimens for girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). This study retrospectively analyzed CPP girls from 2013 to 2021 and grouped them into GnRHa, Mixed, and GnRHa+GH based on therapy regimen. While comparing the differences among these groups, initial age and bone age of GnRHa group girls were significantly lower than Mixed and GnRHa+GH groups, but their growth level was significantly higher (P < .05). In the Mixed group, starting with GnRHa alone, the predicted adult height improvement (ΔPAH) decreased to -1.0 cm in the second year, prompting addition of growth hormone (GH) therapy in the third year, resulting in a ΔPAH increase to 3.0 cm. At therapy completion, final predicted adult heights (PAHs) were similar among the groups at 155.6 to 156.7 cm, with ΔPAH between 5.8 and 6.5 cm and no significant intergroup differences (P > .05). Younger CPP girls with greater height can begin therapy with GnRHa alone. Consideration of combining GH therapy depends on growth velocity and PAH during treatment.

[Pharmacovigilance guidelines for clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration].

The group standard Pharmacovigilance guidelines for clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for mucosal administration was released on January 16, 2024, on the national group standards information platform by the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and School and Hospital of Stomatology of Peking University, under the centralized management by the China Association of Chinese Medicine. The standard number is T/CACM 1563.6-2024. It aims to propose key elements and specify technical methods for safety monitoring and reporting, signal identification, risk assessment, and risk control based on the Drug administration law of the People's Republic of China(revised in 2019), which establishes normative pharmacovigilance guideline of Chinese patent medicine for mucosal administration that is in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) based on the pharmacovigilance content for clinical application of Chinese patent medicine for mucosal administration. The group standard has been discussed by internal and external experts through multiple rounds of consultation. It serves as a guiding document for stakeholders involved in pharmacovigilance activities, including pharmaceutical license holders, drug manufacturers, medical institutions, research institutes, and pharmaceutical trading enterprises.

Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Dehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction: Atom-Economical Synthesis of Axially Chiral Carbazoles.

The dehydro-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction is a powerful method for the construction of aromatic compounds. However, the enantioselective DDA reaction has been rarely developed, probably due to the competitive thermal reaction. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed enantioselective DDA reaction through vinyl cation pathway. The reaction leads to the atom-economical synthesis of axially chiral phenyl and indolyl carbazoles in generally excellent yields with good to excellent atroposelectivities. This methodology represents the first example of non-noble metal-catalyzed enantioselective DDA reaction. Notably, new chiral ligand and organocatalyst derived from the constructed axially chiral carbazole are demonstrated to be useful in asymmetric catalysis.

One-Pot In Situ Construction of a Highly Stable Acylhydrazone-Derived Dy9 Cluster with Photodynamic Sterilization Property.

The extremely low stability of lanthanide clusters with precise structures and nanometer dimensions in aqueous solutions limits their application in the field of photodynamic sterilization. In this study, an hourglass-shaped nine-nucleated Dy9 cluster (1) with excellent light-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability and photodynamic sterilization property was constructed using acylhydrazone multidentate chelating ligands obtained via an in situ reaction. The eight chelating ligands were distributed outside cluster 1, tightly wrapping the cluster core, thus preventing solvent molecules from attacking the cluster nucleus and ensuring the stability of cluster 1 in solution, which was demonstrated via X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS). Time-dependent HRESI-MS monitoring of the self-assembly process of cluster 1 allowed two possible self-assembly mechanisms. The heavy atom effect of multiple Dy(III) ions in the Dy9 cluster enhanced the ISC pathway through spin-orbit coupling, promoting energy transfer from the excited singlet state (S1) to the triplet state (T1), which was stabilized, inducing the generation of more ROS. Cluster 1 showed a remarkable sterilization effect due to the generation of abundant ROS under light irradiation conditions. To our knowledge, this is a rare instance of lanthanide clusters with photodynamic sterilization, providing new horizons for the construction of fast and efficient sterilizers.

Interplay between diabetes mellitus and periodontal/pulpal-periapical diseases.

This longevity of life expectancy has indirectly led to an increase in the number of chronic diseases such as periodontitis, apical periodontitis (AP), and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the aging society, thus affecting people's quality of life. There is an interaction between periodontitis/AP and DM with a two-way relationship. Although type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1DM, T2DM) have different etiologies, glycemic control may affect the infection, inflammation and tissue healing of periodontitis and AP. Non-surgical periodontal treatment may influence the glycemic control as shown by decrease of HbA1c level in T2DM patient. However, the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in T1DM and root canal treatment/apical surgery on T1DM and T2DM patients awaits investigation. DM may affect the periodontal and periapical tissues possibly via altered oral microbiota, impairment of neutrophils' activity and host immune responses and cytokine production, induction of oxidative stress etc. While periodontitis associated systemic inflammation and hyperlipidemia is suggested to contribute to the control of T2DM, more intricate studies are necessary to clarify the detailed mechanisms. The interactions between DM (T1DM and T2DM) and periodontitis and AP are therefore reviewed to provide a basis for the treatment of subsequent patients with pulpal/periodontal disease and diabetes. A two-pronged approach of medical and dental treatment is needed for the management of these patients, with emphasis on blood glucose control and improving oral hygiene and periodontal maintenance care, to ensure the best treatment outcome.

Profiles of peripheral B cell subsets in a cohort of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients and their potential clinical significance.

Background/purpose: Primary Sjögren's syndrome is a prototypical autoimmune disease, with B cell dysfunction as a dominant feature. Further insights into distribution of B cell subsets in primary Sjögren's syndrome are urgently required to identify the most appropriate target subpopulation. We aimed to evaluate the profiles of B lymphocyte subpopulations in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients and to investigate their clinical significance. Materials and methods: Thirty primary Sjögren's syndrome patients and 15 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Peripheral B cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Compared to healthy controls, circulating CD19+ B cells, CD19+CD20- B cells, CD19+CD27-IgD+ naïve B cells, CD19+IgD+CD38high plasmablasts, CD19+CD24highCD38high transitional B cells and CD19+CD20-CD27+CD38+ plasma cells were elevated in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, whereas CD19+CD27+ memory B cells, CD19+CD27-IgD- double negative B cells and CD19+CD24hiCD27+ Bregs were decreased. Furthermore, the percentage of circulating CD19+CD20-CD27+CD38+ plasma cells was positively correlated with serum IgG levels and the proportional area of lymphocytic infiltration of labial gland. Conclusion: We identified a comprehensive B lymphocyte subset distribution profile in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Moreover, we detected a clinical significance of CD19+CD20-CD27+CD38+ plasma cells, suggesting that these cells might play a key role in disease pathology and represent potential therapeutic targets.

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa characterized by mucosal lesions in a Chinese familial case with a novel compound heterozygous mutation of COL7A1.

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a rare, but severe, subtype of epidermolysis bullosa. It is characterized mainly by blisters and miliary rashes of the skin, while oral mucosa-dominated cases are extremely rare. Here, we report the characteristics of oral mucosa lesions in a Chinese familial case of DEB with a novel compound heterozygous COL7A1 mutation. We further analyzed the genetic and molecular features of the proband and the two related mutation carriers. Our study further elucidates the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of DEB.

New types of open-framework vanadium borophosphates with photocatalytic properties.

The exploration of new open-framework polyoxometalates is very significant in structural chemistry and materials science. Herein, three new organic hybrid three-dimensional vanadium borophosphates (H3O)7(H2aeae)3{[Cd(H2O)3]2[H3O⊃(V2BP2O12)6]}·15H2O (1, aeae = 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol) and (H3O)5(H2aeae)3{[TM(H2O)2.5(H2aeae)0.5]2[H3O⊃ (V2BP2O12)6]}·9H2O [TM = Mn(2), Co(3)] were hydrothermally prepared and structurally characterized. The three vanadium borophosphates contain similar 12-member ring crown-shaped clusters [(V2BP2O12)6]18- based on the linkage of six [V2O8] dimers and six [BP2O10] units. The [(V2BP2O12)6]18- cluster is further bridged by the unsaturated [Cd(H2O)3]2+ or [TM(H2O)2.5(H2aeae)0.5]3+ complexes to build new types of open-framework vanadium borophosphates with pores and cavities retained by the protonated H2aeae2+, H3O+ and free H2O. Surprisingly, the monodentate H2aeae2+ ligand coordinating with a metal center was observed in 2 and 3 for the first time as the aeae molecule acted as the trichelating ligand. Their optical absorption edges were determined to be in the range of 2.61-2.68 eV using solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy. 1-3 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity towards methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible light irradiation, which presented the first example of organic hybrid open-framework vanadium borophosphates as the photo-catalysts for MB degradation.

Effects of Focal Distance on Near-Field Depth Perception and Accommodative Response in a VariFocal Optical See-Through Augmented Reality Display.

Through a human-subject experiment, we investigated the effects of focal distance on depth perception and accommodative response in an optical see-through augmented reality (AR) display. The display was able to provide focus cues and was rigorously calibrated. The near-field distances ranging between 3 diopters and 1 diopter were considered as target distance. In the experiment, it was found that the perceived depth of a virtual object was significantly biased along with the focal distance of virtual image plane of the display. In addition, the experimental results implied that the perceived depth of a virtual object would be potentially more accurate in the condition where the focal distance of virtual image plane was consistent with the target distance than in the conditions where it could deviate from the target distance. Regarding accommodative response, it was found that the response to a virtual object changed along with the focal distance of virtual image plane as well as the target distance. However, the changing rate depending on target distance was less steep in the conditions where the focal distance could be mismatched with the target distance than in the condition where it was consistent with the target distance. In the consistent condition, the changing rate of accommodative responses to virtual objects were similar to that for their physical counterparts.

Potential role of salivary lactic acid bacteria in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence emphasized the role of oral microbiome in oral lichen planus (OLP). To date, no dominant pathogenic bacteria have been identified consistently. It is noteworthy that a decreased abundance of Streptococcus, a member of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in OLP patients has been commonly reported, indicating its possible effect on OLP. This study aims to investigate the composition of LAB genera in OLP patients by high-throughput sequencing, and to explore the possible relationship between them. METHODS: We collected saliva samples from patients with OLP (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 22) and performed 16 S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. In addition, the abundance of LAB genera was comprehensively analyzed and compared between OLP and HC group. To verify the expression of Lactococcus lactis, real time PCR was conducted in buccal mucosa swab from another 14 patients with OLP and 10 HC. Furthermore, the correlation was conducted between clinical severity of OLP and LAB. RESULTS: OLP and HC groups showed similar community richness and diversity. The members of LAB, Lactococcus and Lactococcus lactis significantly decreased in saliva of OLP cases and negatively associated with OLP severity. In addition, Lactococcus and Lactococcus lactis showed negative relationship with Fusobacterium and Aggregatibacter, which were considered as potential pathogens of OLP. Similarly, compared with healthy controls, the amount of Lactococcus lactis in mucosa lesion of OLP patients was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: A lower amount of Lactococcus at genus level, Lactococcus lactis at species level was observed in OLP cases and associated with disease severity. Further studies to verify the relationship between LAB and OLP, as well as to explore the precise mechanism is needed.

Clinical, histopathological characteristics and malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia with 36 patients: a retrospective longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL), distinguished by its malignant transformation rate of 43.87% to 65.8%, stands as the oral potentially malignant disorder with the highest propensity for malignancy. PVL is marked by distinctive heterogeneity regarding the clinical or histopathological characteristics as well as prognostic factors pertinent to this condition. The purpose of this study is to compile and assess the clinicopathological features, malignant transformation, and associated risk factors in patients diagnosed with PVL. METHODS: This study is a hospital-based retrospective longitudinal study of 36 patients diagnosed with PVL from 2013 to 2023. We conducted complete clinical and histopathological evaluations of the patients. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 16 males and 20 females, yielding a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.25. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 125 months, with an average of 47.50 months. The most common clinical type of lesion was the verrucous form (58.33%), and the gingiva was the most common site (44.44%). Each patient had between 2 to 7 lesions, averaging 3.36 per patient. During the follow-up period, twelve patients (33.3%) developed oral cancer, with an average time to malignant transformation of 35.75 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with complaints of pain, roughness, or a rough sensation, with diabetes, and the presence of cytologic atypia histologically showed a higher risk of malignant transformation (p < 0.05). In this study, the rate of malignant transformation in the treatment group (5/23) was lower than that in the untreated group (7/13), however, no statistically significant difference (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The main complaints of pain, roughness, or foreign body sensation, coupled with cytologic atypia histologically are indicative of an increased risk of malignant transformation in PVL. Further research is needed to elucidate the influence of these clinicopathological parameters on the malignant progression of PVL.

Secular changes in eruption of primary teeth in Chinese infants and young children from three national cross-sectional surveys.

The eruption of primary teeth is a basic event during physical development of children, which is affected by heredity and environment. This study aimed to analyze the changes in primary teeth eruption among Chinese children with social development. A total of 249,264 healthy children under 2 years were extracted from the 1995, 2005, and 2015 National Survey on the Physical Growth and Development of Children in Nine Cities of China. Their primary teeth were examined and percentiles of primary teeth eruption age were calculated by probit analysis. The median primary teeth eruption age were 6.8 months, 6.7 months, 6.6 months in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Primary teeth eruption age of boys was 0.2 months, 0.3 months, 0.3 months earlier than that of girls in 1995, 2005 and 2015. Primary teeth eruption age was the earliest in children from northern region and was the latest in children from southern region, and this regional difference did not change over time. These findings suggest that primary teeth eruption age slightly advanced with social development, and their gender difference and regional difference have always existed, which supplied some data for understanding the secular trend of primary teeth development in stomatology, pediatrics, anthropology, and other related fields.

Aggregation induced emission dynamic chiral europium(III) complexes with excellent circularly polarized luminescence and smart sensors.

The synthesis of dynamic chiral lanthanide complex emitters has always been difficult. Herein, we report three pairs of dynamic chiral EuIII complex emitters (R/S-Eu-R-1, R = Et/Me; R/S-Eu-Et-2) with aggregation-induced emission. In the molecular state, these EuIII complexes have almost no obvious emission, while in the aggregate state, they greatly enhance the EuIII emission through restriction of intramolecular rotation and restriction of intramolecular vibration. The asymmetry factor and the circularly polarized luminescence brightness are as high as 0.64 (5D0 → 7F1) and 2429 M-1cm-1 of R-Eu-Et-1, achieving a rare double improvement. R-Eu-Et-1/2 exhibit excellent sensing properties for low concentrations of CuII ions, and their detection limits are as low as 2.55 and 4.44 nM, respectively. Dynamic EuIII complexes are constructed by using chiral ligands with rotor structures or vibration units, an approach that opens a door for the construction of dynamic chiral luminescent materials.

Oral mucosal changes in tight junction proteins in patients with oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the expression of tight junction, its distribution pattern in oral lichen planus samples and its potential association with the severity of oral lichen planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study designs were conducted. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted using oral mucosal tissues from 22 patients with oral lichen planus and 11 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were performed to verify the expression of claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and zonula occludens-1 in oral mucosal tissues from another 30 patients with oral lichen planus and 26 healthy controls. The relationship between tight junction protein expression and oral lichen planus severity was explored using correlation analysis. RESULTS: 5603 and 2475 differentially expressed genes were upregulated and downregulated respectively, in oral lichen planus tissues. KEGG analysis showed that tight junctions including CLDN1, CLDN4, OCLN and TJP1 were downregulated in oral lichen planus. Claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression was verified to be significantly lower in oral lichen planus. Furthermore, correlation analyses showed that decreased occludin expression was positively related to oral lichen planus severity. CONCLUSION: Decreased expression of TJ barrier proteins may be associated with the development of oral lichen planus.

Different anion (NO3- and OAc-)-controlled construction of dysprosium clusters with different shapes.

The complex hydrolysis process and strong uncertainty of self-assembly rules have led to the precise synthesis of lanthanide clusters still being in the "blind-box" stage and simplifying the self-assembly process and developing reliable regulation strategies have attracted widespread attention. Herein, different anions are used to induce the construction of a series of dysprosium clusters with different shapes and connections. When the selected anion is NO3-, it blocks the coordination of metal sites around the cluster through the terminal group coordination mode, thereby controlling the growth of the cluster. When NO3- was changed to OAc-, OAc- adopted a bridging mode to induce modular units to build dysprosium clusters through an annular growth mechanism. Specifically, we selected 2-amino-6-methoxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and Dy(NO3)3·6H2O to react under solvothermal conditions to obtain a pentanuclear dysprosium cluster (1). The five Dy(III) ions in 1 are distributed in upper and lower planes and are formed by the tight connection of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, and µ3-OH- bridges on the ligand. Next, octa-nuclear dysprosium cluster (2) were obtained by only regulating ligand substituents. The eight Dy(III) ions in 2 are tightly connected through ligand oxygen atoms, µ2-OH-, and µ3-OH- bridges, forming an elliptical {Dy/O} cluster core. Furthermore, only by changing NO3- to OAc-, a wheel-shaped tetradeca-nuclear dysprosium cluster (3) was obtained. Cluster 3 is composed of OAc- bridged multiple template Dy3L3 units and pulling of these template units connected by an annular growth mechanism forms a wheel-shaped cluster. The angle of the coordination site on NO3- is ∠ONO = 115°, which leads to the further extension of the metal sites on the periphery of clusters 1 and 2 through the terminal group coordination mode, thereby regulating the structural connection of the clusters. However, the angle of the coordination site on OAc- is ∠OCO = 128°, and a slightly increased angle leads to the formation of a ring-shaped cluster 3 by connecting the template units through bridging. This is a rare example of the controllable construction of lanthanide clusters with different shapes induced by the regulation of different anions, which provides a new method for the precise construction of lanthanide clusters with special shapes.

Association of height, foot length, and pubertal development in children aged 3-18: a cross-sectional survey in China.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the growth patterns of height and foot length (FL) among Chinese children aged 3-18 and examine their associations with puberty development. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2022 in Beijing. Data were collected through questionnaires and on-site physical examinations. The growth patterns and velocity of height and FL in different age groups were described, and their associations with puberty development were analyzed. Results: From an age perspective, the peak FL growth occurred between 9 and 11 years (boys were 11 years and girls were 9 years), while the peak height growth occurred at 11 ~ 13 years for boys and 9 ~ 11 years for girls. Additionally, boys and girls reached 99.0% of their final FL at the ages of 14 and 13, respectively, while they reached 99.0% of their final height at the ages of 16 and 15, respectively. From the perspective of Tanner stage, the age of peak FL growth in boys coincided with the age of the G2 stage, while in girls it occurred slightly earlier than the mean age of the B2 stage. The peak height growth for both boys and girls occurred between Tanner stages 2 and 3. Conclusion: Boys and girls reach their peak FL growth at 11 and 9 years old, respectively, which were both 2 years earlier than their peak height growth. The peak FL growth occurred around the onset of puberty, while the peak height growth occurred between Tanner stages 2 and 3.

Prediction of body mass index and skeletal maturity for early menarche risk at menarche onset: a cross-sectional study of Chinese girls.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the predictive value of body mass index (BMI) and skeletal maturity for the occurrence of early menarche in Chinese girls. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 785 girls aged 8.1-14.6 years who visited our hospital within 3 months of menarche onset. Early menarche was defined as menarche age (MA) <10 years. Skeletal maturity was classified based on the difference between bone age (BA) and chronological age (CA), termed BA-CA; advanced BA was defined as BA-CA>2 years. RESULTS: The average MA was 10.7 (SD: 1.1) years, with a prevalence of early menarche of 23.3%. BA exhibited relative stability compared with MA, with an average of 12.8 (SD: 0.5) years at menarche onset. At menarche onset, the average height, weight and BMI were 149.1 (SD: 5.1) cm, 43.3 (SD: 7.2) kg and 19.4 (SD: 2.8) kg/m², respectively. Logistic regression analyses indicated that every 1-year increment in BA-CA was independently associated with a 18.90-fold higher risk of early menarche (95% CI 11.77 to 30.32), respectively, and remained statistically significant even after adjusting for height or mid-parental height. Furthermore, the prediction of BA-CA for early menarche demonstrated a dose-dependent pattern across BMI categories, with the greatest risk observed in normal-weight girls, the lowest risk in obese girls and an intermediate risk in overweight girls at the same degree of BA advancement. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence supporting the significant contributions of BMI and skeletal maturity in predicting early menarche among Chinese girls at menarche onset. Additionally, the results suggest a dose-dependent relationship between skeletal maturity and BMI categories, with normal-weight girls displaying a higher risk of early menarche compared to overweight and obese girls with the same degree of BA advancement.