Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein lacking glycan shields elicits enhanced protective responses in animal models.

A major challenge to end the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is to develop a broadly protective vaccine that elicits long-term immunity. As the key immunogen, the viral surface spike (S) protein is frequently mutated, and conserved epitopes are shielded by glycans. Here, we revealed that S protein glycosylation has site-differential effects on viral infectivity. We found that S protein generated by lung epithelial cells has glycoforms associated with increased infectivity. Compared to the fully glycosylated S protein, immunization of S protein with N-glycans trimmed to the mono-GlcNAc-decorated state (SMG) elicited stronger immune responses and better protection for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice against variants of concern (VOCs). In addition, a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody was identified from SMG-immunized mice that could neutralize wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs with subpicomolar potency. Together, these results demonstrate that removal of glycan shields to better expose the conserved sequences has the potential to be an effective and simple approach for developing a broadly protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Comprehensive classification test of scapular dyskinesis: A reliability study.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of scapular dyskinesis (SD) is of clinical interest, as SD is believed to be related to shoulder pathology. However, no clinical assessment with sufficient reliability to identify SD and provide treatment strategies is available. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of the comprehensive SD classification method. DESIGN: Cross-sectional reliability study. METHOD: Sixty subjects with unilateral shoulder pain were evaluated by two independent physiotherapists with a visual-based palpation method. SD was classified as single abnormal scapular pattern [inferior angle (pattern I), medial border (pattern II), superior border of scapula prominence or abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm (pattern III)], a mixture of the above abnormal scapular patterns, or normal pattern (pattern IV). The assessment of SD was evaluated as subjects performed bilateral arm raising/lowering movements with a weighted load in the scapular plane. Percentage of agreement and kappa coefficients were calculated to determine reliability. RESULTS: Agreement between the 2 independent physiotherapists was 83% (50/60, 6 subjects as pattern III and 44 subjects as pattern IV) in the raising phase and 68% (41/60, 5 subjects as pattern I, 12 subjects as pattern II, 12 subjects as pattern IV, 12 subjects as mixed patterns I and II) in the lowering phase. The kappa coefficients were 0.49-0.64. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the visual-based palpation classification method for SD had moderate to substantial inter-rater reliability. The appearance of different types of SD was more pronounced in the lowering phase than in the raising phase of arm movements.

Effects of femoral rotational taping on pain, lower extremity kinematics, and muscle activation in female patients with patellofemoral pain.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the hip and knee joint kinematics as well as muscle activation between participants with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and controls, and to investigate the immediate effect of proximal femoral rotational taping on pain, joint kinematics, and muscle activation during single-leg squat (SLS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Sixteen female participants with PFPS, and eight healthy female controls participated. Three-dimensional hip and patellar kinematics measured by electromagnetic tracking system, hip (gluteus maximus and gluteus medius) and thigh (rectus femoris) muscle activation measured by EMG, and subjective report of pain were recorded during SLS in three randomized conditions of no tape, sham taping, and femoral rotational taping with kinesiotape. RESULTS: Without taping, compared with controls, PFPS group had increased hip adduction angle (23.5±11.3° vs. 15.8±7.3°) during SLS. Additionally, PFPS group exhibited lesser rectus femoris activity during the initial 0-15° of SLS. Application of both femoral rotational and sham tapes reduced pain for PFPS group. Compared with no tape or sham tape, femoral rotational tape significantly shifted the patella into more posterior (1.59±0.83cm in no tape vs. 1.54±0.87cm in sham tape vs. 1.32±0.72cm in femoral rotational tape) and distal (-2.49±0.95cm vs. -2.64±0.80cm vs. -3.11±0.77cm) positions in the PFPS group. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral rotational taping could alter patellofemoral kinematics and decrease pain in treatment of young female participants with PFPS.

Shoulder physical activity, functional disability and task difficulties in patients with stiff shoulders: interpretation from RT3 accelerator.

We determined whether the degree of symptom-related functional disability was related to daily physical activity of the shoulder in subjects with stiff shoulders (SSs). Responsiveness and a clinically meaningful level of discrimination between improvement and non-improvement for shoulder physical activity (SPA) were determined. Twenty-six subjects with SSs participated. Shoulder physical activity was assessed by RT3 accelerometers fixed on the humerus during daily 14-h data collection periods twice a week for 2 weeks. A moderate correlation coefficient was found between SPA and functional disability (ß = .47). Based on our cohort design and sample, we suggest that SPA (higher than 101.8 counts, hard-moderate or hard tasks) during daily activity are associated with (with at least 83% probability) non-improvement in an individual with SS. Compared to the non-improvement group, the improvement group had less duration of sedentary activity, less frequency and duration of hard tasks, and more frequency and duration of easy tasks (p < 0.01). Appropriate guidance on shoulder physical activities for subjects with SS is important to consider in rehabilitation strategies for these subjects. In our sample, a hard level of shoulder physical activity and sedentary activity should be cautious for these subjects. Further study is needed to validate therapeutic effect of physical activity on the course of patient improvement in subjects with SSs.

EMG biofeedback effectiveness to alter muscle activity pattern and scapular kinematics in subjects with and without shoulder impingement.

BACKGROUND: Muscle imbalance between serratus anterior (SA), upper trapezius (UA), middle trapezius (MT), and lower trapezius (LT) muscles has been observed in subjects with subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). OBJECTIVE: (1) To investigate the effect of electromyography (EMG) biofeedback training on muscle balance ratios and scapular kinematics in healthy adults and subjects with SAIS. (2) To investigate whether the effects of EMG biofeedback on muscle balance ratios are different between groups. DESIGN: Twelve healthy adults and 13 subjects with SAIS were recruited in this study. EMG was used to record the activity of scapular muscles. The ratios (UT/SA, UT/MT, and UT/LT) during exercises with/without EMG biofeedback were calculated. Scapular kinematics were recorded before and after exercises with/without EMG biofeedback. RESULTS: For the subjects with SAIS, muscle balance ratios were lower during forward flexion with EMG biofeedback than during exercise only (UT/SA: 70.3-45.2; UT/LT: 124.8-94.6). Additionally, similar results were found during side-lying external rotation (UT/MT: 58.5-36.4). For the scapular upward rotation and tipping in both groups, there were no significant differences with and without EMG biofeedback. CONCLUSION: EMG biofeedback improved the scapular muscular balance during training exercises in both groups. Further clinical trials should investigate the long-term effects of EMG biofeedback.

RT3 accelerometer shoulder activity: discrimination of activity levels by the RT3 accelerometer for the assessment of shoulder physical activity (SPA).

We investigated whether the RT3 accelerometer can be used to discriminate and characterize the different levels of shoulder physical activity (SPA) in both patients and healthy adults. Twenty healthy adults and 20 patients with shoulder disorders (SDs) performed activities at 5 levels of difficulty (easy, easy-moderate, moderate, hard-moderate, hard) with the same RT3 accelerometer fixed on the arm. The Vector Magnitude (VM) is the square root of the sum of squares from each axis to determine the overall magnitude of activity. The SPA counts of healthy group were significantly higher than the patient group in every level except easy (31-38 VM counts difference, p < 0.01). For both groups, the hard task demonstrated higher counts as compared to the other tasks. The easy task showed lower counts as compared to the other tasks. In the patient group, significant correlation between FLEX-SF scores and counts from the RT3 (R = -0.72, p < 0.05) was found in the moderate tasks. The results of this study showed that RT3 can be a potential measurement tool to (1) characterize the difference of SPA between two groups; and (2) partially discriminate the different levels of SPA. The correlations between self-reported function scores and SPA RT3 counts are dependent on self-reported task difficulty.

SUMO modifications control assembly of synaptonemal complex and polycomplex in meiosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous complex that apparently mediates synapsis between homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Zip1 protein is the integral component of the SC. In the absence of a DNA double-strand break or the SC initiation protein Zip3, Zip1 proteins aggregate to form a polycomplex (PC). In addition, Zip1 is also responsible for DSB-independent nonhomologous centromere coupling at early meiotic prophase. We report here that Zip3 is a SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligase and that Zip1 is a binding protein for SUMO-conjugated products. Our results also suggest that at early meiotic prophase, Zip1 interacts with Zip3-independent Smt3 conjugates (e.g., Top2) to promote nonhomologous centromere coupling. At and after mid-prophase, the Zip1 protein begins to associate with Zip3-dependent Smt3 conjugates (e.g., Red1) along meiotic chromosomes in the wild-type cell to form SCs and with Smt3 polymeric chains in the zip3 mutant to form PCs.