Pairing automated exercise coaching with patient-reported symptom monitoring: A way to nudge exercise uptake during cancer treatment?

INTRODUCTION: Symptoms during cancer treatment cause burden, diminished physical functioning, and poor quality of life. Exercise is recommended during treatment to mitigate symptoms; however, interventions are difficult to translate into clinical care due to the lack of patient uptake and clinical implementation barriers. We evaluated the uptake, acceptability, and impact of an automated ePRO exercise module triggered by three patient-reported symptoms: nausea/vomiting, fatigue, and anxiety, during chemotherapy. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of an exercise module intervention imbedded in the cancer symptom monitoring and management platform, Symptom Care at Home (SCH). Utilizing behavioral economics principles, the exercise module was triggered when any of the three symptoms were reported. Once triggered, participants were coached on exercise benefits for symptom reduction and then offered the opportunity to set weekly exercise goals plus tracking of the goal outcomes and receive further encouragement. We examined uptake, exercise goal setting and attainment, and symptom impact. RESULTS: Of 180 SCH participants receiving the SCH intervention, 170 (94.4%) triggered the exercise module and 102 of the 170 (60%) accepted the module, setting goals on average for 6.3 weeks. Of 102 participants, 82 (80.4%) achieved one or more exercise goals, exercising on average 79.8 min/week. Participants who achieved a higher proportion of goals had statistically significant lower overall symptom severity and lower severity of the triggered symptom. CONCLUSION: An automated mHealth exercise coaching intervention, aimed to nudge those receiving chemotherapy to initiate an exercise routine had significant uptake, is acceptable and may reduce symptom severity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01973946.

Advance Care Planning in the Context of Dementia: Defining Concordance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals with dementia may require a surrogate decision maker as their disease progresses. To prepare for this potential role, dementia care partners need to develop a thorough understanding of their care recipient's end-of-life values and preferences, or care dyad advance care planning (ACP) concordance. As part of our pilot study implementing the LEAD intervention with dementia care dyads, we conducted a multimethod investigation to define care dyad ACP concordance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed studies published after 1991 in English focusing on care dyad ACP concordance in dementia care and included 34 articles. Concurrently, we used descriptive qualitative analysis to analyze 7 dyadic ACP conversations from a pilot study about dyadic dementia ACP. RESULTS: The scoping review demonstrated (a) no definition of care dyad ACP concordance was reported; (b) surrogate accuracy in end-of-life decisions varies widely; and (c) best practices for ACP in dementia may aid in achieving ACP concordance, but do not prioritize it as an outcome. Qualitative analysis identified 7 elements for achieving concordance: Respect/Regard; use of Clarifying Processes; Conveying Health Care Scenarios; Affirmation of Understanding; Recognizing Uncertainty; Expression of Positive Emotions; and Trust. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Care dyad ACP concordance occurs when care recipients and care partners both understand a care recipient's end-of-life values, understand the end-of-life preferences informed by those values, and the care partner expresses a willingness to accomplish the care recipient's wishes to the best of their ability. ACP concordance can be further operationalized for research and clinical care.

Mortality risk following end-of-life caregiving: A population-based analysis of hospice users and their families.

Experiencing the death of a family member and providing end-of-life caregiving can be stressful on families - this is well-documented in both the caregiving and bereavement literatures. Adopting a linked-lived theoretical perspective, exposure to the death and dying of one family member could be conceptualized as a significant life stressor that produces short and long-term health consequences for surviving family members. This study uses familial-linked administrative records from the Utah Population Database to assess how variations in family hospice experiences affect mortality risk for surviving spouses and children. A cohort of hospice decedents living in Utah between 1998 and 2016 linked to their spouses and adult children (n = 37,271 pairs) provides an ideal study population because 1) hospice typically involves family members in the planning and delivery of end-of-life care, and 2) hospice admission represents a conscious awareness and acknowledgment that the decedent is entering an end-of-life experience. Thus, hospice duration (measured as the time between admission and death) is a precise measure of the family's exposure to an end-of-life stressor. Linking medical records, vital statistics, and other administrative microdata to describe decedent-kin pairs, event-history models assessed how hospice duration and characteristics of the family, including familial network size and coresidence with the decedent, were associated with long-term mortality risk of surviving daughters, sons, wives (widows), and husbands (widowers). Longer hospice duration increased mortality risk for daughters and husbands, but not sons or wives. Having other family members in the state was protective, and living in the same household as the decedent prior to death was a risk factor for sons. We conclude that relationship type and sex likely modify the how of end-of-life stressors (i.e., potential caregiving demands and bereavement experiences) affect health because of normative gender roles. Furthermore, exposure to dementia deaths may be particularly stressful, especially for women.

Comparison of recruitment methodologies for clinical trials: Results from the time for living and caring (TLC) intervention study.

BACKGROUND: Recruiting participants for research studies is a critical yet challenging task. Community-engaged recruitment strategies have gained prominence as effective means to engage diverse populations and ensure the representativeness of study samples. This case study aims to investigate the cost and effectiveness of various recruitment methods in enhancing research participation. METHODS: A comparative approach was employed to assess the outcomes of five different recruitment strategies used in the Time for Living & Caring (TLC) research study. Data on recruitment success, participant demographics, and retention rates were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including ANOVA and Chi-squares, to statistically compare the outcomes associated with 5 different recruitment methodologies. The recruitment methodologies included two community-engaged strategies (community partner referral and community-based recruiters), a clinical database, social media, and word-of-mouth referral. CONCLUSION: The meta-data used to build this methodological case study describe different recruitment methodologies that may be used for clinical trials. This data-driven evaluation provides examples and considerations for researchers when developing budgets and proposals for future clinical trials. The primary finding is that there are tradeoffs in terms of cost, time, labor, and ultimately the representativeness of the sample, based on the type of recruitment methodology chosen.

Exploring nurses' emotional reactions to and reporting of patient-on-nurse workplace violence: A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence, including violent, intimidating, and disruptive acts, commonly occurs in healthcare settings. Type 2 workplace violence in nursing refers to patient/visitor behaviors directed toward clinicians, contributing to physical and psychological harm. Nurse victims often do not report these events to employers or law enforcement, making it challenging to address workplace violence. OBJECTIVES: Our research examined nurse reactions to Type 2 workplace violence by identifying what behaviors they perceived as aggressive and reportable. Specific aims included: 1) developing and testing video vignettes to portray realistic patient aggression scenarios; 2) identifying nurse understandings of aggressive events that prompt affective reactions, and; 3) examining clinical characteristics related to the nurse victim's likelihood to report. DESIGN: Through a sequential mixed-methods design, we qualitatively developed novel video vignettes portraying Type 2 workplace violence to experimentally examine how nurses interpreted them within a quantitative repeated measures survey. METHODS: Two expert nurse research panels (n = 10) created five vignettes, from which nurses (n = 282) completed a survey with 1382 unique responses. Analyses included descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA/regression models. RESULTS: Video vignettes realistically portrayed workplace violence events, eliciting negative emotional responses among nurses that increased in magnitude with statistical significance as the level of displayed aggression escalated. Statistically significant factors influencing nurse reporting of workplace violence included; 1) the level of aggression displayed by the patient; 2) the level of harm received by the nurse; 3) whether the nurse felt the patient's actions were intentional, and; 4) the nurse's perceived frequency of exposure to workplace violence. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggested that nurse victims of Type 2 workplace violence experience depression, anger, fear, and anxiety, which may contribute to long-term mental health consequences. Findings also identified factors related to nurse reporting behaviors, which may help mitigate workplace violence in healthcare settings by informing research and promoting workplace practices that encourage reporting and safety. REGISTRATION: Not registered. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Nurse reactions to workplace violence: Video vignettes reveal escalating aggression's impact on reporting. #EndNurseAbuse #WorkplaceViolence.

Dying with dementia in nursing homes: A population-based study of decedents and their families.

BACKGROUND: Families play a critical role in end-of-life (EOL) care for nursing home (NH) residents with dementia. Despite the important role of family, little is known about the availability and characteristics of families of persons with dementia who die in NHs. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 18,339 individuals 65 years and older with dementia who died in a Utah NH between 1998 and 2016, linked to their first-degree family (FDF) members (n = 52,566; spouses = 11.3%; children = 58.3%; siblings = 30.3%). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t-tests were used to describe the study cohort and their FDF members and to compare sociodemographic and death characteristics of NH decedents with (n = 14,398; 78.5%) and without FDF (n = 3941; 21.5%). RESULTS: Compared with NH decedents with FDF, NH decedents with dementia without FDF members were more likely to be older (mean age 86.5 vs 85.5), female (70.5% vs 59.3%), non-White/Hispanic (9.9% vs 3.2%), divorced/separated/widowed (84.4% vs 61.1%), less educated (<12th grade; 42.2% vs 33.7%), have Medicare and Medicaid (20.8% vs 12.5%), and die in a rural/frontier NH (25.0% vs 23.4%). NH decedents who did not have FDF were also more likely to die from cancer (4.2% vs 3.9%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 3.9% vs 2.5%), and dementia (40.5% vs 38.4%) and were less likely to have 2+ inpatient hospitalizations at EOL (13.9% vs 16.2%), compared with NH decedents with FDF. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight differences in social determinants of health (e.g., sex, race, marital status, education, insurance, rurality) between NH decedents with dementia who do and do not have FDF-factors that may influence equity in EOL care. Understanding the role of family availability and familial characteristics on EOL care outcomes for NH residents with dementia is an important next step to informing NH dementia care interventions and health policies.

Low Levels of Lifetime Pap Test Receipt Among Vulnerable Guatemalans.

Low and middle-income countries, such as Guatemala, shoulder a disproportionate share of cervical cancer, a preventable disease in high income countries. Tangible obstacles, such as lack of access to health care, cultural differences, and insufficient infrastructure, and facilitators, such as being Ladino, married, and educated, have been identified in the literature related to cervical cancer prevention. The aim of this survey was to explore barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer prevention, comparing rural Indigenous and urban Ladino populations. We surveyed 139 women in two health clinics. Participants answered questions about demographic information, cervical cancer knowledge, and health care behaviors. We analyzed survey data with four bivariate models. Our results suggest vulnerable populations, such as rural Indigenous women who are single, illiterate, and lack education, face higher cervical cancer risk. Partnerships should be formed with health promotors and lay midwives to educate and encourage vulnerable populations to prevent cervical cancer.

Understanding Factors Influencing Nursing Faculty Departure and Intentions.

BACKGROUND: There is a known shortage of nursing faculty in academia. Understanding factors influencing the shortage will help to develop strategies to reduce it. PURPOSE: The purpose was to identify the underlying factors influencing the decisions of current and former nursing faculty to leave or consider leaving their teaching roles. METHODS: A cross-sectional state-level survey was distributed to licensed registered nurses and advanced practice registered nurses. The survey covered demographics, employment status, compensation, tenure, mentorship experiences, and significant factors affecting their decision-making. RESULTS: Of 496 nursing faculty responses (221 current, 275 former), low compensation, unrealistic workload, retirement, lack of appreciation, and personal/family issues were noted as significant reasons for leaving or considering departure. CONCLUSIONS: The study gives voice to various factors influencing nursing faculty's intention to leave and emphasizes the need to address issues of compensation, workload, and mentorship to mitigate faculty shortages.

Using Digital Inequality Framework to Evaluate a Technology-Delivered Intervention for Caregivers: Age, Education, and Computer Proficiency.

Objectives: Using "digital inequality" as a conceptual framework, this study evaluates the feasibility and usability of a technology-delivered intervention (an "app") for Alzheimer's and related dementia family caregivers. Time for Living and Caring (TLC) is an on-line intervention that provides virtual coaching and self-administered education and resources. Methods: A sample of family caregivers (n = 163) used the tool for 16 weeks, which included completing the Computer Proficiency Questionnaire (CPQ-12) at baseline. Analyses investigate the relationship between age, CPQ scores, intervention use, appraisal, and caregiver outcomes. Results: Age was inversely associated with CPQ; however, CPQ scores did not have a significant relationship with participant's self-perceived benefits or intervention appraisal. Computer Proficiency Questionnaire scores provided insight regarding research feasibility, with lower scores associated with greater odds of discontinuing engagement. Discussion: CPQ-12 scores can be used as a screening tool to identify those who may need additional support to engage with and benefit from technology-delivered interventions.

Impact of an automated, remote monitoring and coaching intervention in reducing hospice cancer family caregiving burden: A multisite randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Care for those with life-limiting cancer heavily involves family caregivers who may experience significant physical and emotional burden. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of Symptom Care at Home (SCH), an automated digital family caregiver coaching intervention, during home hospice, when compared to usual hospice care (UC) on the primary outcome of overall caregiver burden. Secondary outcomes included Caregiver Burden at weeks 1 and 8, Mood and Vitality subscales, overall moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms, and sixth month spouse/partner bereavement outcomes. METHODS: Using a randomized, multisite, nonblinded controlled trial, 332 cancer family caregivers were enrolled and analyzed (159 SCH vs. 173 UC). Caregivers were primarily White (92%), female (69%), and spouse caregivers (53%). Caregivers provided daily reports on severity levels (0-10 scale) for their anxiety, depressed mood, fatigue, disturbed sleep, and caregiving interference with normal activities. These scores combined constituted the Caregiver Burden primary outcome. Based on reported symptoms, SCH caregivers received automated, tailored coaching about improving their well-being. Reports of moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms also triggered hospice nurse notification. Secondary outcomes of Mood and Vitality were subcomponents of the Caregiver Burden score. A combined bereavement adjustment tool captured sixth month bereavement. RESULTS: The SCH intervention reduced overall Caregiver Burden compared to UC (p < .001), with a 38% reduction at 8 weeks and a medium-to-large effect size (d = .61). SCH caregivers experienced less (p < .001) disruption in both Mood and Vitality. There were higher levels of moderate-to-severe caregiving symptoms overtime in UC (OR, 2.722). All SCH caregivers benefited regardless of caregiver: sex, caregiver relationship, age, patient diagnosis and family income. SCH spouse/partner caregivers achieved better sixth month bereavement adjustment than UC (p < .007). CONCLUSIONS: The SCH intervention significantly decreased caregiving burden over UC and supports the maintenance of family caregiver mood and vitality throughout caregiving with extended benefit into bereavement.

Family Ties at End-of-Life: Characteristics of Nursing Home Decedents With and Without Family.

Background: Little is known about nursing home (NH) residents' family characteristics despite the important role families play at end-of-life (EOL). Objective: To describe the size and composition of first-degree families (FDFs) of Utah NH residents who died 1998-2016 (n = 43,405). Methods: Using the Utah Population Caregiving Database, we linked NH decedents to their FDF (n = 124,419; spouses = 10.8%; children = 55.3%; siblings = 32.3%) and compared sociodemographic and death characteristics of those with and without FDF members (n = 9424). Results: Compared to NH decedents with FDF (78.3%), those without (21.7%) were more likely to be female (64.7% vs. 57.1%), non-White/Hispanic (11.2% vs. 4.2%), less educated (<9th grade; 41.1% vs. 32.4%), and die in a rural/frontier NH (25.3% vs. 24.0%, all p < 0.001). Despite similar levels of disease burden (Charlson Comorbidity score 3 + 37.7% vs. 38.0%), those without FDF were more likely to die from cancer (14.2% vs. 12.4%), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (6.0% vs. 4.0%), and dementia (17.1% vs. 16.6%, all p < 0.001), and were less likely to have 2+ hospitalizations at EOL (20.5% vs. 22.4%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Among NH decedents, those with and without FDF have different sociodemographic and death characteristics-factors that may impact care at EOL. Understanding the nature of FDF relationship type on NH resident EOL care trajectories and outcomes is an important next step in clarifying the role of families of persons living and dying in NHs.

Promoting Advance Care Planning for Persons with Dementia: Study Protocol for the LEAD (Life-Planning in Early Alzheimer's and Other Dementias) Clinical Trial.

Due to the insidious progression of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), surrogate decision-makers typically make medical and long-term-care decisions for a care recipient, most often a family care partner. Unfortunately, many care recipient/care partner dyads have failed to engage in advance care planning or have lost the opportunity to do so due to the cognitive decline of the care recipient. To address this need, our team created a validated dementia-focused advance care planning tool known as the LEAD Guide (Life-Planning in Early Alzheimer's and Other Dementias). With funding from the National Alzheimer's Association and in consultation with our community advisory board, we developed a preliminary web-based intervention. This intervention integrates the LEAD Guide with self-paced educational modules that lead dyads through conversations and dementia-focused advance care planning processes. In this concept paper, we describe the aims of our funded R01 clinical trial (National Institute on Aging), where we aim to refine our preliminary web-based platform for use in a 5-month mixed-method NIH Stage-1 behavioral intervention. Using a sample of diverse community-based ADRD dyads (n = 60), we aim to: 1) describe the acceptability, usability, and feasibility of the intervention, 2) assess the initial efficacy of the intervention on the primary outcome (decision-making self-efficacy), and secondary outcomes (relationship quality, subjective well-being, anxiety) as perceived by both the care recipient and the care partner, and 3) examine advance care planning congruence as a mechanism of action. The LEAD clinical trial addresses public health challenges by guiding and supporting families through challenging advance care planning conversations, facilitating the transfer of knowledge regarding care preferences and values from the care recipient to the care partner, with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life for both individuals with ADRD and their care partners.

Understanding mHealth Patient-Reported Priority Symptoms for Gynecologic Cancer During Chemotherapy: A Secondary Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the percentage of and the most prevalent moderate to severe symptoms and to analyze longitudinal patterns and co-occurrence of symptoms during the first three cycles of chemotherapy. SAMPLE & SETTING: A secondary analysis of 26 women with gynecologic cancer who reported daily symptoms. METHODS & VARIABLES: Moderate to severe symptom presence and severity levels were calculated as proportions. Symptoms for each patient were graphed during three cycles and analyzed for patterns of onset, duration, and clustering. RESULTS: Patients completed 1,562 calls to the remote symptom monitoring system. The most commonly reported moderate to severe symptoms were pain, fatigue, and trouble sleeping. Pain and fatigue co-occurred with trouble sleeping in one symptom pattern. Patterns included no moderate to severe symptoms, moderate to severe symptoms during one cycle, moderate to severe symptoms during two cycles, and moderate to severe symptoms during all cycles. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses should consistently assess symptoms across cycles. To verify distinct classes of symptoms and better target interventions, further study is warranted.

Cancer caregivers at the end-of-life: How much me vs. how much we?

OBJECTIVE: This study explored cancer caregivers' individual and communal coping through their use of personal and communal pronouns during naturally occurring conversations. METHODS: Nurse-home hospice visits involving cancer patients and their partner caregivers were audio recorded and then transcribed. Pronoun use was analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) software and descriptive statistics compared patient and partner caregivers' pronoun use. Personal and communal pronoun use was examined within six identified topics of caregiver speech: patient medical care, daily life, emotion, criticism/disagreement, relationships with family/friends, and asserting needs. RESULTS: Dyads (N = 76) had an average of 35.8 years in their relationship. Caregivers used proportionately more first-person singular (I-talk) than first-person plural (we-talk). However, they used significantly less I-talk than patients and less I-talk than LIWC measures in naturally occurring speech. Caregivers were most likely to discuss patient medical care (41.9%) and least likely to discuss their own needs (3.8%). CONCLUSION: Partner caregivers may find it easier to express emotions related to communal stressors, rather than their individual ability to cope with end-of-life caregiving. INNOVATION: Examining personal and communal pronoun use by partner caregivers during nurse-home hospice visits may provide a more objective measure of caregiver coping than standard self-report measures.

Health Disparities in Advance Care Planning: Development of a Spanish-Language LEAD Guide (Life-Planning in Early Alzheimer's and Other Dementias).

Introduction: The LEAD (Life-Planning in Early Alzheimer's and Other Dementias) Guide is an advance care planning (ACP) tool for use within the context of dementia. To meet the needs of diverse communities, we sought to create a culturally sensitive and translated Latin American Spanish version of the guide. Methods: First, the guide was translated into Spanish. Second, we conducted forward and backward translations. Third, focus groups with Spanish-speaking Latino adults were held (healthy adults and current or previous dementia caregivers). Results: Descriptive analysis revealed three domains regarding the Latin American Spanish version of the LEAD Guide (LA LEAD Guide): (1) Family Dynamics (e.g., preventing family conflict), (2) Cultural Expectations (e.g., familial caregiving responsibility), and (3) Health Literacy (e.g., lack of knowledge about ACP). Discussion: This process created the Latin American LEAD Guide as a culturally and linguistically appropriate and acceptable ACP tool for older Latino adults. Health Equity Implications: The availability of culturally sensitive and Spanish ACP resources could facilitate greater health care access and research participation among Latino Americans by diminishing the linguistic and health literacy barriers for those not comfortably proficient in English.

Cancer Hospice Caregivers' Self-care Behaviors: The Role of Caregiving Tasks, Burden, and Mental Health.

Cancer hospice family caregivers provide intensive support for patients at the end of life, sometimes at the expense of self-care. This secondary analysis examined the role of caregiving burden, activities of daily living, and mental health on self-care behaviors among cancer hospice family caregivers. Logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics, and model fit was evaluated with Hosmer-Lemeshow tests. Participants (N = 86) were mostly women (n = 62, 72.09%), White (n = 76, 88.37%), and spousal caregivers (n = 44, 51.16%). Almost half reported not getting enough rest (47.67%), time to exercise (47.67%), or time to slow down and rest when feeling ill (46.51%). Caregivers with better mental health reported being more likely to have enough time to exercise (adjusted odds ratio [OR adj ], 1.15, [1.05, 1.26]; P = .004), rest (OR adj , 1.11, [1.01, 1.22]; P = .031), and slow down when ill (OR adj , 1.16, [1.04, 1.30]; P = .010). Controlling for sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics, men caregivers had 88% lower odds of being able to rest when ill (OR adj , 0.12, [0.03, 0.52]; P = .005) compared with women. Number of care tasks, not caregiving burden, was associated with self-care behaviors. Findings provide a preliminary understanding of factors related to caregiver self-care and have implications for increased assessment of caregiver mental health and self-care needs to better support family-oriented hospice care.

Technology-Assisted mHealth Caregiver Support to Manage Cancer Patient Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

CONTEXT: Caregivers managing symptoms of family members with cancer during home hospice care, often feel ill-prepared and need patient care coaching. OBJECTIVES: This study tested the efficacy of an automated mHealth platform that included caregiver coaching on patient symptom care and nurse notifications of poorly controlled symptoms. The primary outcome was caregiver perception of patients' overall symptom severity throughout hospice care and at weeks one, two, four, and eight. Secondary outcomes compared individual symptom severity. METHODS: Caregivers (n = 298) were randomly assigned to the Symptom Care at Home (SCH) intervention (n = 144) or usual hospice care (UC) (n = 154). All caregivers placed daily calls to the automated system that assessed the presence and severity of 11 end-of-life patient physical and psychosocial symptoms. SCH caregivers received automated coaching on symptom care based on reported patient symptoms and their severity. Moderate-to-severe symptoms were also relayed to the hospice nurse. RESULTS: The SCH intervention produced a mean overall symptom reduction benefit, over UC, of 4.89 severity points (95% CI 2.86-6.92) (P < 0.001), with a moderate effect size (d = 0.55). The SCH benefit also occurred at each timepoint (P < 0.001- 0.020). There was a 38% reduction in days reporting moderate-to-severe patient symptoms compared to UC (P < 0.001) with 10/11 symptoms significantly reduced in SCH compared to UC. CONCLUSION: Automated mHealth symptom reporting by caregivers, paired with tailored caregiver coaching on symptom management and nurse notifications, reduces cancer patients' physical and psychosocial symptoms during home hospice, providing a novel and efficient approach to improving end-of-life care.

Hospice Caregivers' Perception of Family and Non-Family Social Support and Stress over Time: Associations with Reports of General Support.

Social support has been identified as a key factor to protect wellbeing for home hospice cancer caregivers. However, few studies have assessed social support over time in this context, and measures of support are often limited to general assessments of perceived support. Our goal was to (1) describe change in cancer home hospice caregivers' social support over time during care and into bereavement and (2) explore the impact of perceived stress and support from family and non-family members on caregivers' perceived general social support. We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal prospective questionnaire data. Forty caregivers completed measures of general perceived support, family and non-family support and stress during hospice enrollment and 2 and 6 months post the patient's death. Linear mixed models were used to determine change in support over time and the contribution of specific support/stress ratings to general support assessments. Caregivers overall had moderate and stable levels of social support over time, though there was significant variation between and within individuals. Family and non-family support and stress from family predicted general perceptions of social support, while no effects were found for non-family stress. This work suggests a need for more specific measures of support and stress, and the need for research to focus on improving baseline levels of caregiver perceived support.

Family Caregiver Reports of Their Own and Patient Symptoms in Cancer Home Hospice Approaching End-of-Life.

Context: Family caregivers assume the primary responsibility of assessing and managing hospice cancer patient symptoms while simultaneously managing their own wellbeing and symptoms. Objectives: Describe caregivers' assessment of hospice cancer patient and their own symptoms during the last 60 days of patient life, and assess the relationship between patient and caregiver symptoms over time. Methods: Caregiver symptom report of self and cancer home hospice patient symptom data were collected via telephone in the final 60 days of patient life. Descriptive data on symptom severity and prevalence were summarized. Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to group individual symptoms. Factors representing patient symptoms, caregiver symptoms, and caregiver outlook were analyzed using mixed-effects analysis to determine relationships between factors and change in relationship between factors over time. Results: Data from 61 patient-caregiver dyads are presented. At least 1 day of moderate-to-severe symptoms were reported in the majority of dyads. Significant auto-regressive associations were found, namely previous factor scores for an individual positively predicted the next factor scores for that individual. Previous caregiver report of patient symptoms was also positively associated with the next report of caregiver symptoms; previous caregiver report of their own symptoms were negatively associated with their next report of patient symptoms. Patient and caregiver symptoms and caregiver outlook worsened over time and the relationship between patient and caregiver symptoms strengthened closer to death. Conclusion: Our findings may guide hospice care team responses to caregiver and patient symptoms to promote individual level and unit level functioning.

Mixed-methods study examining family carers' perceptions of the relationship between intrahospital transitions and patient readiness for discharge.

INTRODUCTION: Intrahospital transitions (IHTs) represent movements of patients during hospitalisation. While transitions are often clinically necessary, such as a transfer from the emergency department to an intensive care unit, transitions may disrupt care coordination, such as discharge planning. Family carers often serve as liaisons between the patient and healthcare professionals. However, carers frequently experience exclusion from care planning during IHTs, potentially decreasing their awareness of patients' clinical status, postdischarge needs and carer preparation. The purpose of this study was to explore family carers' perceptions about IHTs, patient and carer ratings of patient discharge readiness and carer self-perception of preparation to engage in at home care. METHODS: Sequential, explanatory mixed-methods study involving retrospective analysis of hospital inpatients from a parent study (1R01HS026248; PI Wallace) for whom patient and family carer Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS) score frequency of IHTs and patient and caregiver characteristics were available. Maximum variation sampling was used to recruit a subsample of carers with diverse backgrounds and experiences for the participation in semistructured interviews to understand their views of how IHTs influenced preparation for discharge. RESULTS: Of discharged patients from July 2020 to April 2021, a total of 268 had completed the RHDS and 23 completed the semistructured interviews. Most patients experienced 0-2 IHTs and reported high levels of discharge readiness. During quantitative analysis, no association was found between IHTs and patients' RHDS scores. However, carers' perceptions of patient discharge readiness were negatively associated with increased IHTs. Moreover, non-spouse carers reported lower RHDS scores than spousal carers. During interviews, carers shared barriers experienced during IHTs and discussed the importance of inclusion during discharge care planning. CONCLUSIONS: IHTs often represent disruptive events that may influence carers' understanding of patient readiness for discharge to home and, thus, their own preparation for discharge. Further consideration is needed regarding how to support carers during IHT to facilitate high-quality discharge planning.