Differentiating recurrent Guillain-Barre syndrome and acute-onset chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy: literature review.

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute-onset immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by ascending symmetrical muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, and sensory symptoms. While GBS typically follows a monophasic course, some patients experience treatment-related fluctuations or recurrences, posing diagnostic challenges in distinguishing GBS from acute-onset chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy (A-CIDP). A-CIDP, may present acutely, simulating GBS, with a nadir in less than 8 weeks, subsequently evolving into a chronic or relapsing course. The distinction between recurrent GBS and A-CIDP is crucial, as A-CIDP necessitates long-term immunosuppression. A PubMed search was conducted using the search terms 'recurrent Guillain Barre syndrome' and 'acute onset CIDP' focusing on studies in the English language, published between January 1, 2004 and April 30, 2023. Overlapping clinical features, particularly in the early stages, complicate differentiation between recurrent GBS and CIDP. Electrophysiological studies, ultrasonography, and immunological markers have been explored for discrimination; however, definitive criteria for differentiation remain elusive. Recent follow-up studies have further blurred the boundaries between recurrent GBS and A-CIDP, suggesting the persistence of underlying immune processes even in GBS patients without clinical deterioration. This emphasizes the necessity of reevaluating diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies. In conclusion, distinguishing recurrent GBS from A-CIDP remains an ongoing challenge. Existing evidence questions the categorization of recurrent GBS as a distinct entity, challenging its very existence. Continued research is necessary to refine diagnostic criteria and deepen our understanding of these conditions, ultimately advancing patient care. This review delves into the intricacies of recurrent GBS and A-CIDP differentiation and highlights the need for a reevaluation of the recurrent GBS concept.

Nusinersen for adults with spinal muscular atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: Nusinersen was effective in improving motor function and survival in infantile and childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and the value of real-world experiences in adult SMA patients increase gradually. Here, we present our clinical experience in adult SMA patients treated with nusinersen according to CHERISH study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two SMA patients treated with nusinersen were included in the study. RESULTS: Median age at nusinersen initiation was 33.5 (20.0-60.0) years and 23 of SMA patients were male. Six (18.8%) patients had SMA type 2, and 26 (81.2%) had SMA type 3. Median follow-up period of patients under nusinersen treatment was 17 months (9-21). Twenty-three patients improved by at least 3 Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) points after loading doses. There was significant HFMSE score increase in type 3 patients at each time point, whereas type 2 patients seem to benefit from nusinersen loading doses, subsequently stayed stable. Motor improvement was positively correlated with baseline HFMSE scores in patients whose baseline HFMSE scores were ≤47. There was a correlation between the changes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale Revised (ALSFRS-R) score and HFMSE scores. Ambulatory patients who could not show clinically meaningful increase in HFMSE scores improved at least 30 m by 6-min walk test (6MWT). CONCLUSION: Overall, 78% of patients have responded to treatment according to HFMSE or 6MWT. ALSFRS-R and 6MWT may be alternative tools to monitor nusinersen effect.

Multimodal assessment of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in severe stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) defines generalized muscle weakness seen in critically ill patients in the absence of other causative factors. Herein, we aimed to evaluate ICUAW in stroke patients by electrodiagnostic testing, histopathology, and assessment of respiratory complex activities (RCA), to define the frequency of ICUAW in this patient group, and to reach new parameters for early prediction and diagnosis. METHODS: We prospectively recruited twenty-four severe acute stroke patients during a sixteen-month period. In addition to serial nerve conduction studies (NCS), we performed muscle biopsy and RCA analysis on the non-paretic side when ICUAW developed. Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery without metabolic and neuromuscular diseases constituted the control group for RCA. Survival and longitudinal data were analyzed by joint modeling to determine the relationship between electrophysiological parameters and ICUAW diagnosis. RESULTS: Eight patients (33%) developed ICUAW, and six of them within the first two weeks. Extensor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi (ADM), rectus femoris and vastus medialis (VM) compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes showed a significant decrease in the ICUAW group. VM CMAP amplitude (BIC = 358.1574) and ADM CMAP duration (BIC = 361.1028) were the best-correlated parameters with ICUAW diagnosis. The most informative electrophysiological findings during the entire study were obtained within the first 11 days. Muscle biopsies revealed varying degrees of type 2 fiber atrophy. Complex I (p = 0.003) and IV (p = 0.018) activities decreased in patients with ICUAW compared to controls. CONCLUSION: VM CMAP amplitude and ADM CMAP duration correlate well with ICUAW diagnosis, and may aid in the early diagnosis.

Neuropathic Pain Frequency in Neurology Outpatients: A Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Neuropathic pain is common, but the frequency of misdiagnosis and irrational treatment is high. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of neuropathic pain in neurology outpatient clinics by using valid and reliable scales and review the treatments of patients. METHODS: The study was conducted for 3 months in eleven tertiary health care facilities. All outpatients were asked about neuropathic pain symptoms. Patients with previous neuropathic pain diagnosis or who have neuropathic pain symptoms were included and asked to fill painDETECT and douleur neuropathic en 4 questions (DN4) questionnaire. Patients whose DN4 score is higher than 3 and/or painDETECT score higher than 13 and/or who are on drugs for neuropathic pain were considered patients with neuropathic pain. The frequency of neuropathic pain was calculated and the treatments of patients with neuropathic pain were recorded. RESULTS: Neuropathic pain frequency was 2.7% (95% CI: 1.5-4.9). The most common cause was diabetic neuropathy. According to painDETECT, the mean overall pain intensity was 5.7±2.4, being lower among patients receiving treatment. Pharmacological neuropathic pain treatment was used by 72.8% of patients and the most common drug was pregabalin. However, 70% of those receiving gabapentinoids were using ineffective doses. Besides, 4.6% of the patients were on medications which are not listed in neuropathic pain treatment guidelines. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, the neuropathic pain severity was moderate and the frequency was lower than the literature. Although there are many guidelines, high proportion of patients were being treated by ineffective dosages or irrational treatments.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated central nervous system demyelinating disease: a tertiary center experience from Turkey.

BACKGROUND: To identify the clinical and radiological characteristics of adult patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOG-AD) in a Turkish cohort. METHODS: Clinical and radiological data were obtained retrospectively. Serological testing was done with fixed and live cell-based assays. RESULTS: Optic neuritis was the most common presenting symptom, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) without aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) was the most common phenotype. Most patients had a relapsing course. Steroid dependency was common. Conus involvement was a frequent clinical and radiological feature. Radiological features such as long segment involvement and perineural optic nerve gadolinium enhancement were also typical in our cohort. One patient presented with encephalopathy and seizures, pointing out to the importance of testing of myelin oligodendrocyte antibody (MOG-IgG) in such patients as well. CONCLUSION: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease is a heterogeneous clinical entity with characteristic clinical and radiological features. Our single-center experience underlines prominent clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and provides our treatment experiences.

Identification of circulating MOG-specific B cells in patients with MOG antibodies.

OBJECTIVE: To identify circulating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific B cells in the blood of patients with MOG antibodies (Abs) and to determine whether circulating MOG-specific B cells are linked to levels and epitope specificity of serum anti-MOG-Abs. METHODS: We compared peripheral blood from 21 patients with MOG-Abs and 26 controls for the presence of MOG-specific B cells. We differentiated blood-derived B cells in vitro in separate culture wells to Ab-producing cells via engagement of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8. We quantified the anti-MOG reactivity with a live cell-based assay by flow cytometry. We determined the recognition of MOG epitopes with a panel of mutated variants of MOG. RESULTS: MOG-Ab-positive patients had a higher frequency of MOG-specific B cells in blood than controls, but MOG-specific B cells were only detected in about 60% of these patients. MOG-specific B cells in blood showed no correlation with anti-MOG Ab levels in serum, neither in the whole group nor in the untreated patients. Epitope analysis of MOG-Abs secreted from MOG-specific B cells cultured in different wells revealed an intraindividual heterogeneity of the anti-MOG autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that patients with MOG-Abs greatly differ in the abundance of circulating MOG-specific B cells, which are not linked to levels of MOG-Abs in serum suggesting different sources of MOG-Abs. Identification of MOG-specific B cells in blood could be of future relevance for selecting patients with MOG-Abs for B cell-directed therapy.