Long-Term Outcomes Following Definitive or Adjuvant Proton Radiotherapy for Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.

Purpose: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy accounting for 1% of all head and neck cancers. Treatment for ACC has its challenges and risks, yet few outcomes studies exist. We present long-term outcomes of patients with ACC of the head and neck treated with proton therapy (PT). Materials and Methods: Under an institutional review board-approved, single-institutional prospective outcomes registry, we reviewed the records of 56 patients with de novo, nonmetastatic ACC of the head and neck treated with PT with definitive (n = 9) or adjuvant PT (n = 47) from June 2007 to December 2021. The median dose to the primary site was 72.6 gray relative biological equivalent (range, 64-74.4) delivered as either once (n = 19) or twice (n = 37) daily treatments. Thirty patients received concurrent chemotherapy. Thirty-one patients received nodal radiation, 30 electively and 1 for nodal involvement. Results: With a median follow-up of 6.2 years (range, 0.9-14.7), the 5-year local-regional control (LRC), disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 88%, 85%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. Intracranial extension (P = .003) and gross residual tumor (P = .0388) were factors associated with LRC rates. While the LRC rate for those with a gross total resection was 96%, those with subtotal resection or biopsy alone were 81% and 76%, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidence of clinically significant grade ≥3 toxicity was 15%, and the crude incidence at the most recent follow-up was 23% (n = 13). Conclusion: This is the largest sample size with the longest median follow-up to date of patients with ACC treated with PT. PT can provide excellent disease control for ACC of the head and neck with acceptable toxicity. T4 disease, intracranial involvement, and gross residual disease at the time of PT following either biopsy or subtotal resection were significant prognostic features for worse outcomes.

Outcomes following proton therapy for pediatric esthesioneuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric esthesioneuroblastoma (EN) can infiltrate skull base anatomy, presenting challenges due to high radiation doses and pediatric tissue sensitivity. This study reports outcomes of pediatric EN treated with proton radiotherapy (PT). PROCEDURE: Using an IRB-approved prospective outcomes registry, we evaluated patient, tumor, and treatment-related variables impacting disease control and toxicity in pediatric nonmetastatic EN treated with modern multimodality therapy, including PT. RESULTS: Fifteen consecutive patients (median age 16) comprising Kadish stage B (n = 2), C (n = 9), and D (n = 4) tumors were assessed, including six with intracranial involvement, four with cranial nerve deficits, and four with cervical lymphadenopathy. Before radiation, two had subtotal and 13 had gross total resections (endoscopic or craniofacial). Two underwent neck dissection. Eleven received chemotherapy before radiation (n = 5), concurrent with radiation (n = 4), or both (n = 2). Median total radiation dose (primary site) was 66 Gy/CGE for gross disease and 54 Gy/CGE (cobalt Gray equivalent) for microscopic disease. Median follow-up was 4.8 years. No patients were lost to follow-up. Five-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 86% (no local or regional recurrences). Two patients developed vertebral metastases and died. Two required a temporary feeding tube for oral mucositis/dysphagia. Late toxicities included symptomatic retinopathy, major reconstructive surgery, cataracts, chronic otitis media, chronic keratoconjunctivitis, hypothyroidism, and in-field basal cell skin cancer. CONCLUSIONS: A multimodality approach for pediatric EN results in excellent local control. Despite the moderate-dose PT, serious radiation toxicity was observed; further dose and target volume reductions may benefit select patients. Longer follow-up and comparative data from modern photon series are necessary to fully characterize any relative PT advantage.

The Pediatric Proton and Photon Therapy Comparison Cohort: Study Design for a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort to Investigate Subsequent Cancers After Pediatric Radiation Therapy.

Purpose: The physical properties of protons lower doses to surrounding normal tissues compared with photons, potentially reducing acute and long-term adverse effects, including subsequent cancers. The magnitude of benefit is uncertain, however, and currently based largely on modeling studies. Despite the paucity of directly comparative data, the number of proton centers and patients are expanding exponentially. Direct studies of the potential risks and benefits are needed in children, who have the highest risk of radiation-related subsequent cancers. The Pediatric Proton and Photon Therapy Comparison Cohort aims to meet this need. Methods and Materials: We are developing a record-linkage cohort of 10,000 proton and 10,000 photon therapy patients treated from 2007 to 2022 in the United States and Canada for pediatric central nervous system tumors, sarcomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, or neuroblastoma, the pediatric tumors most frequently treated with protons. Exposure assessment will be based on state-of-the-art dosimetry facilitated by collection of electronic radiation records for all eligible patients. Subsequent cancers and mortality will be ascertained by linkage to state and provincial cancer registries in the United States and Canada, respectively. The primary analysis will examine subsequent cancer risk after proton therapy compared with photon therapy, adjusting for potential confounders and accounting for competing risks. Results: For the primary aim comparing overall subsequent cancer rates between proton and photon therapy, we estimated that with 10,000 patients in each treatment group there would be 80% power to detect a relative risk of 0.8 assuming a cumulative incidence of subsequent cancers of 2.5% by 15 years after diagnosis. To date, 9 institutions have joined the cohort and initiated data collection; additional centers will be added in the coming year(s). Conclusions: Our findings will affect clinical practice for pediatric patients with cancer by providing the first large-scale systematic comparison of the risk of subsequent cancers from proton compared with photon therapy.

Risk of second primary cancer from proton arc therapy of pediatric brain tumors.

Proton arc therapy (PAT) is currently explored for clinical implementation, despite its associated low-dose bath. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the risk of radiation-induced second primary cancer (SPC) for PAT in pediatric brain tumor patients. Two brain-specific models for SPC induction were applied in five cases to compare volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and PAT surrogate plans. The PAT integral dose was reduced by a median of 29% compared to VMAT, and 17% compared to IMPT. For both models, the estimated SPC risks were consistently the lowest for PAT.

Multi-institutional Characterization of Outcomes for Pediatric and Young Adult Patients With High-Risk Myxopapillary Ependymoma After Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE: Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a rare, typically slow-growing subtype of spinal ependymomas. There are no standard guidelines for radiotherapy and long-term outcomes after radiation, particularly patterns of relapse, for pediatric and young adult (YA) patients with MPE remain under-characterized. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This is an Institutional Review Board-approved multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of 60 pediatric and YA patients diagnosed with MPE and received radiotherapy between 2000-2020. Clinical and treatment characteristics, and long-term outcomes were recorded. Site(s) of progression was compared to radiation fields. Survival outcomes were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cumulative incidence of local in-field progression (CILP) after initial radiotherapy was analyzed using Gray's method with out-of-field-only progression as a competing risk. Univariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard's model. RESULTS: The median age at radiation was 14.8 years (range: 7.1-26.5). At time of radiotherapy, 45 (75.0%) and 35 (58.3%) patients had gross residual and multifocal disease, respectively. Forty-eight (80.0%), seven (11.7%) and five (8.3%) patients received involved field radiotherapy, craniospinal irradiation, and whole spine radiation, respectively. Median follow-up from end of radiotherapy was 6.2 years (range: 0.6-21.0). Five-year overall survival, progression-free survival, and CILP were 100%, 60.8% and 4.1%, respectively. Both local recurrences were at sites of gross residual disease. Of the eighteen out-of-field first recurrences after radiotherapy, all were superior to the initial treatment field and nine had intracranial relapse. On univariate analyses, distant-only recurrence before radiation (HR: 4.00, 95% CI: 1.54-10.43, p = 0.005) was significantly associated with shorter time to progression. CONCLUSIONS: While the risk of recurrence within the radiation field is low, pediatric and YA patients with high-risk MPE remain at risk for recurrences in the spine above the radiation field and intracranially after radiotherapy. Future prospective studies are needed to investigate the appropriate radiation field and dose based on the extent of metastases.

Linear energy transfer-inclusive models of brainstem necrosis following proton therapy of paediatric ependymoma.

Background and Purpose: Radiation-induced brainstem necrosis after proton therapy is a severe toxicity with potential association to uncertainties in the proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE). A constant RBE of 1.1 is assumed clinically, but the RBE is known to vary with linear energy transfer (LET). LET-inclusive predictive models of toxicity may therefore be beneficial during proton treatment planning. Hence, we aimed to construct models describing the association between brainstem necrosis and LET in the brainstem. Materials and methods: A matched case-control cohort (n = 28, 1:3 case-control ratio) of symptomatic brainstem necrosis was selected from 954 paediatric ependymoma brain tumour patients treated with passively scattered proton therapy. Dose-averaged LET (LETd) parameters in restricted volumes (L50%, L10% and L0.1cm3, the cumulative LETd) within high-dose thresholds were included in linear- and logistic regression normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models. Results: A 1 keV/µm increase in L10% to the brainstem volume receiving dose over 54 Gy(RBE) led to an increased brainstem necrosis risk [95% confidence interval] of 2.5 [0.0, 7.8] percentage points. The corresponding logistic regression model had area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.76, increasing to 0.84 with the anterior pons substructure as a second parameter. 19 [7, 350] patients with toxicity were required to associate the L10% (D > 54 Gy(RBE)) and brainstem necrosis with 80% statistical power. Conclusion: The established models of brainstem necrosis illustrate a potential impact of high LET regions in patients receiving high doses to the brainstem, and thereby support LET mitigation during clinical treatment planning.

Analysis of the Pediatric Radiotherapy Landscape in Mexico and a Subsequent Educational e-Contouring Intervention.

PURPOSE: Mexico and Central America have the highest childhood cancer incidence in the West. Pediatric-specific oncology knowledge contributes to the disparity. We sought to (1) determine the self-identified treatment patterns and needs of Mexican pediatric radiation oncologists and (2) pilot a workshop to improve contouring accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Partnering with local experts and the Sociedad Mexicana de Radioterapeutas (SOMERA), a 35-question survey was designed to ascertain pediatric radiotherapy capacity and distributed through the SOMERA listserv. The most challenging malignancies were selected for workshop. Participants received precontouring and postcontouring homework to assess improvement per the Dice metric. The Wilcoxon sign-rank test was used for comparative statistics. RESULTS: Ninety-four radiation oncologists attempted and 79 completed the survey. Forty-four (76%) felt comfortable treating a pediatric patient, and 36 (62%) were familiar with national protocols for pediatric treatment. Most had access to nutrition, rehabilitation, endocrinology, and anesthesia; 14% had access to fertility services and 27% to neurocognitive support; 11% noted no support, and only one respondent had child-life support. The postsurvey contouring workshop was conducted for high-grade glioma, medulloblastoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Significant improvements were seen in all target volumes. CONCLUSION: We present the first national survey of Mexico's pediatric radiotherapy capacity and Latin American e-contouring educational intervention with preworkshop and postworkshop Dice metrics, noting statistically significant improvement in all target volumes. Participation improved compared with prior experience through SOMERA partnership and Continuing Medical Education incentivization.

Proton Beam Therapy in the Oligometastatic/Oligorecurrent Setting: Is There a Role? A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with conventional photon radiotherapy (XRT) are well-established treatment options for selected patients with oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease. The use of PBT for SABR-SRS is attractive given the property of a lack of exit dose. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role and current utilisation of PBT in the oligometastatic/oligorecurrent setting. METHODS: Using Medline and Embase, a comprehensive literature review was conducted following the PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) criteria, which returned 83 records. After screening, 16 records were deemed to be relevant and included in the review. RESULTS: Six of the sixteen records analysed originated in Japan, six in the USA, and four in Europe. The focus was oligometastatic disease in 12, oligorecurrence in 3, and both in 1. Most of the studies analysed (12/16) were retrospective cohorts or case reports, two were phase II clinical trials, one was a literature review, and one study discussed the pros and cons of PBT in these settings. The studies presented in this review included a total of 925 patients. The metastatic sites analysed in these articles were the liver (4/16), lungs (3/16), thoracic lymph nodes (2/16), bone (2/16), brain (1/16), pelvis (1/16), and various sites in 2/16. CONCLUSIONS: PBT could represent an option for the treatment of oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease in patients with a low metastatic burden. Nevertheless, due to its limited availability, PBT has traditionally been funded for selected tumour indications that are defined as curable. The availability of new systemic therapies has widened this definition. This, together with the exponential growth of PBT capacity worldwide, will potentially redefine its commissioning to include selected patients with oligometastatic/oligorecurrent disease. To date, PBT has been used with encouraging results for the treatment of liver metastases. However, PBT could be an option in those cases in which the reduced radiation exposure to normal tissues leads to a clinically significant reduction in treatment-related toxicities.

Facial deformation following treatment for pediatric head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma; the difference between treatment modalities. Results of a trans-Atlantic, multicenter cross-sectional cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The four different local therapy strategies used for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) include proton therapy (PT), photon therapy (RT), surgery with radiotherapy (Paris-method), and surgery with brachytherapy (AMORE). Local control and survival is comparable; however, the impact of these different treatments on facial deformation is still poorly understood. This study aims to quantify facial deformation and investigates the differences in facial deformation between treatment modalities. METHODS: Across four European and North American institutions, HNRMS survivors treated between 1990 and 2017, more than 2 years post treatment, had a 3D photograph taken. Using dense surface modeling, we computed facial signatures for each survivor to show facial deformation relative to 35 age-sex-ethnicity-matched controls. Additionally, we computed individual facial asymmetry. FINDINGS: A total of 173 HNRMS survivors were included, survivors showed significantly reduced facial growth (p < .001) compared to healthy controls. Partitioned by tumor site, there was reduced facial growth in survivors with nonparameningeal primaries (p = .002), and parameningeal primaries (p ≤.001), but not for orbital primaries (p = .080) All patients were significantly more asymmetric than healthy controls, independent of treatment modality (p ≤ .001). There was significantly more facial deformation in orbital patients when comparing RT to AMORE (p = .046). In survivors with a parameningeal tumor, there was significantly less facial deformation in PT when compared to RT (p = .009) and Paris-method (p = .007). INTERPRETATION: When selecting optimal treatment, musculoskeletal facial outcomes are an expected difference between treatment options. These anticipated differences are currently based on clinicians' bias, expertise, and experience. These data supplement clinician judgment with an objective analysis highlighting the impact of patient age and tumor site between existing treatment options.

Proton therapy and limited surgery for paediatric and adolescent patients with craniopharyngioma (RT2CR): a single-arm, phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: Compared with photon therapy, proton therapy reduces exposure of normal brain tissue in patients with craniopharyngioma, which might reduce cognitive deficits associated with radiotherapy. Because there are known physical differences between the two methods of radiotherapy, we aimed to estimate progression-free survival and overall survival distributions for paediatric and adolescent patients with craniopharyngioma treated with limited surgery and proton therapy, while monitoring for excessive CNS toxicity. METHODS: In this single-arm, phase 2 study, patients with craniopharyngioma at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis TN, USA) and University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute (Jacksonville, FL, USA) were recruited. Patients were eligible if they were aged 0-21 years at the time of enrolment and had not been treated with previous radiotherapeutic or intracystic therapies. Eligible patients were treated using passively scattered proton beams, 54 Gy (relative biological effect), and a 0·5 cm clinical target volume margin. Surgical treatment was individualised before proton therapy and included no surgery, single procedures with catheter and Ommaya reservoir placement through a burr hole or craniotomy, endoscopic resection, trans-sphenoidal resection, craniotomy, or multiple procedure types. After completing treatment, patients were evaluated clinically and by neuroimaging for tumour progression and evidence of necrosis, vasculopathy, permanent neurological deficits, vision loss, and endocrinopathy. Neurocognitive tests were administered at baseline and once a year for 5 years. Outcomes were compared with a historical cohort treated with surgery and photon therapy. The coprimary endpoints were progression-free survival and overall survival. Progression was defined as an increase in tumour dimensions on successive imaging evaluations more than 2 years after treatment. Survival and safety were also assessed in all patients who received photon therapy and limited surgery. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01419067. FINDINGS: Between Aug 22, 2011, and Jan 19, 2016, 94 patients were enrolled and treated with surgery and proton therapy, of whom 49 (52%) were female, 45 (48%) were male, 62 (66%) were White, 16 (17%) were Black, two (2%) were Asian, and 14 (15%) were other races, and median age was 9·39 years (IQR 6·39-13·38) at the time of radiotherapy. As of data cutoff (Feb 2, 2022), median follow-up was 7·52 years (IQR 6·28-8·53) for patients who did not have progression and 7·62 years (IQR 6·48-8·54) for the full cohort of 94 patients. 3-year progression-free survival was 96·8% (95% CI 90·4-99·0; p=0·89), with progression occurring in three of 94 patients. No deaths occurred at 3 years, such that overall survival was 100%. At 5 years, necrosis had occurred in two (2%) of 94 patients, severe vasculopathy in four (4%), and permanent neurological conditions in three (3%); decline in vision from normal to abnormal occurred in four (7%) of 54 patients with normal vision at baseline. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were headache (six [6%] of 94 patients), seizure (five [5%]), and vascular disorders (six [6%]). No deaths occurred as of data cutoff. INTERPRETATION: Proton therapy did not improve survival outcomes in paediatric and adolescent patients with craniopharyngioma compared with a historical cohort, and severe complication rates were similar. However, cognitive outcomes with proton therapy were improved over photon therapy. Children and adolescents treated for craniopharyngioma using limited surgery and post-operative proton therapy have a high rate of tumour control and low rate of severe complications. The outcomes achieved with this treatment represent a new benchmark to which other regimens can be compared. FUNDING: American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, American Cancer Society, the US National Cancer Institute, and Research to Prevent Blindness.

Radiotherapy for Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT) on the Pediatric Proton/Photon Consortium Registry (PPCR).

PURPOSE: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare tumors with a poor prognosis and variable use of either focal or craniospinal (CSI) radiotherapy (RT). Outcomes on the prospective Pediatric Proton/Photon Consortium Registry (PPCR) were evaluated according to RT delivered. METHODS: Pediatric patients receiving RT were prospectively enrolled on PPCR to collect initial patient, disease, and treatment factors as well as provide follow-up for patient outcomes. All ATRT patients with evaluable data were included. Kaplan-Meier analyses with log-rank p-values and cox proportional hazards regression were performed. RESULTS: The PPCR ATRT cohort includes 68 evaluable ATRT patients (median age 2.6 years, range 0.71-15.40) from 2012 to 2021. Median follow-up was 40.8 months (range 3.4-107.7). Treatment included surgery (65% initial gross total resection or GTR), chemotherapy (60% with myeloablative therapy including stem cell rescue) and RT. For patients with M0 stage (n = 60), 50 (83%) had focal RT and 10 (17%) had CSI. Among patients with M + stage (n = 8), 3 had focal RT and 5 had CSI. Four-year overall survival (OS, n = 68) was 56% with no differences observed between M0 and M + stage patients (p = 0.848). Local Control (LC) at 4 years did not show a difference for lower primary dose (50-53.9 Gy) compared to ≥ 54 Gy (73.3% vs 74.7%, p = 0.83). For patients with M0 disease, four-year OS for focal RT was 54.6% and for CSI was 60% (Hazard Ratio 1.04, p = 0.95. Four-year event free survival (EFS) among M0 patients for focal RT was 45.6% and for CSI was 60% (Hazard Ratio 0.71, p = 0.519). For all patients, the 4-year OS comparing focal RT with CSI was 54.4% vs 60% respectively (p = 0.944), and the 4-year EFS for focal RT or CSI was 42.8% vs 51.4% respectively (p = 0.610). CONCLUSION: The PPCR ATRT cohort found no differences in outcomes according to receipt of either higher primary dose or larger RT field (CSI). However, most patients were M0 and received focal RT. A lower primary dose (50.4 Gy), regardless of patient age, is appealing for further study as part of multi-modality therapy.

Long-term outcomes of fractionated proton beam therapy for benign or radiographic intracranial meningioma.

PURPOSE: Benign intracranial meningioma is one of the most common primary brain neoplasms. Proton therapy has been increasingly utilized for nonoperative management of this neoplasm, yet few long-term outcomes studies exist. METHODS: The medical records of a total of 59 patients with 64 lesions were reviewed under a prospective outcomes tracking protocol for histologically proven or radiographically benign meningioma. The patients were treated with proton therapy at the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute between 2007 and 2019 and given a median dose of 50.4 GyRBE at 1.8 GyRBE (relative biological effectiveness) (range 48.6-61.2 GyRBE) in once-daily treatments. RESULTS: With a median clinical and imaging follow-up of 6.3 and 4.7 years, the rates of 5-year actuarial local progression and cumulative incidence of grade 3 or greater toxicity were 6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1%-14%), and 2% (95% CI < 1%-15%), respectively. Two patients experienced local progression after 5 years. The 5-year actuarial overall survival rate was 87% (95% CI 74-94%). CONCLUSION: Fractionated PBT up to 50.4 GyRBE is a safe and highly effective therapy for treating benign intracranial meningioma.

Inclusion of a core patient-reported outcomes battery in adolescent and young adult cancer clinical trials.

Disparities in care, treatment-related toxicity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for adolescents and young adults (AYAs, aged 15-39 years) with cancer are under-addressed partly because of limited collection of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in cancer clinical trials (CCTs). The AYA years include key developmental milestones distinct from younger and older patients, and cancer interrupts attainment of critical life goals. Lack of consensus on a standardized approach to assess HRQoL and treatment-related toxicity in AYA CCTs has limited the ability to improve patient outcomes. The National Cancer Institute's Clinical Trials Network AYA PRO Task Force was assembled to reach consensus on a core set of PROs and foster its integration into AYA CCTs. Eight key considerations for selecting the core PRO AYA battery components were identified: relevance to AYAs; importance of constructs across the age continuum; prioritization of validated measures; availability of measures without licensing fees; availability in multiple languages; applicability to different cancer types and treatments; ability to measure different HRQoL domains and toxicities; and minimized burden on patients and sites. The Task Force used a modified Delphi approach to identify key components of the PRO battery. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and the PRO Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Measurement System met all criteria and were selected to assess HRQoL and treatment toxicity, respectively. Investigators are rapidly incorporating the recommendations of the Task Force into AYA trials. Inclusion of a standardized assessment of HRQoL and treatment toxicities in AYA CCTs is a vital first step to develop interventions to improve health outcomes for AYAs diagnosed with cancer.

Spinal ectopic recurrence of craniopharyngioma in a pediatric patient.

Craniopharyngiomas are rare, benign lesions that can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities. They have a propensity for local recurrence, but there have also been rare cases reported of ectopic recurrence. Here, we present the case of a 15-year-old girl with a recurrence of craniopharyngioma in the spine, which is the second-ever reported case of recurrence outside of the brain in a pediatric patient, and review the 19 reported cases of ectopic recurrence in pediatric patients due to cerebrospinal fluid dissemination.

Patient-reported outcomes in childhood head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma survivors and their relation to physician-graded adverse events-A multicenter study using the FACE-Q Craniofacial module.

INTRODUCTION: Adverse events (AE) of treatment are prevalent and diverse in head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) survivors. These AEs are often reported by physicians; however, patients' perceptions of specific AE are not well known. In this study, we explored patient-reported outcomes measuring appearance, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and facial function in HNRMS survivors. Second, we assess the relationship between physician grading of AE and patient reporting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Survivors of pediatric HNRMS, diagnosed between 1993 and 2017, who were at least 2 years after completing treatment were invited to an outpatient clinic as part of a multicenter cross-sectional cohort study. At the outpatient clinics, survivors aged ≥8 years filled out the FACE-Q Craniofacial module; a patient-reported outcome instrument measuring issues specific to patients with facial differences. AE were systematically assessed by a multidisciplinary team based on the Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events system. RESULTS: Seventy-seven survivors with a median age of 16 years (range 8-43) and median follow-up of 10 years (range 2-42) completed the questionnaire and were screened for AEs. Patient-reported outcomes varied widely between survivors. Many survivors reported negative consequences: 82% on appearance items, 81% on HRQOL items, and 38% on facial function items. There was a weak correlation between physician-scored AEs and the majority of patient-reported outcomes specific for those AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Physician-graded AEs are not sufficient to provide tailored care for HNMRS survivors. Findings from this study highlight the importance of incorporating patient-reported outcome measures in survivorship follow-up.

Physical function, body mass index, and fitness outcomes in children, adolescents, and emerging adults with craniopharyngioma from proton therapy through five years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: Children diagnosed with craniopharyngioma are vulnerable to adverse health outcomes. Characterization of body mass index (BMI), physical function, and cardiopulmonary fitness in those treated with proton radiotherapy (PRT) will serve to design interventions to improve outcomes. METHODS: Ninety-four children with craniopharyngioma completed physical function testing prior to PRT and annually for 5 years. For each outcome, age- and sex-specific z-scores were calculated using normative values. Participants with z-scores > 1.5 or < - 1.5 were classified as impaired. Those with z-scores > 2.0 or < - 2.0 were classified as significantly impaired. Descriptive statistics were used to describe study outcomes and change in prevalence of impairments from 2 to 5 years after treatment. RESULTS: Nearly half of participants [45.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 39.4, 51.0] had mean BMI z-scores > 1.5 at baseline, with prevalence increasing to 66.7% (95% CI 61.5, 71.9) at 5 years. More than half of participants (54.2%, 95% CI 48.4, 60.0) had knee extension strength z-scores < - 1.5 at baseline, with prevalence increasing to 81.3% (95% CI 77.7, 84.9) at 5 years. BMI and knee extension strength had the largest proportion of participants impaired at both 2 and 5 years (53.2% and 62.3%, respectively). Resting heart rate had the highest proportion of participants not impaired at 2 years but became impaired at 5 years (26.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Children with craniopharyngioma have BMI and fitness abnormalities at diagnosis and continue 5 years after treatment. This cohort may benefit from interventions designed to improve BMI, strength, and resting indicators of cardiopulmonary fitness.