Volumetric analysis of age- and sex-related changes in the corpus striatum and thalamus in the 1-18 age group: a retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

Studies of the development and asymmetry of the corpus striatum and thalamus in early childhood are rare. Studies investigating these structures across the lifespan have not presented their changes during childhood and adolescence in detail. For these reasons, this study investigated the effect of age and sex factors on the development and asymmetry of the corpus striatum and thalamus in the 1-18 age group. In this retrospective study, we included 652 individuals [362 (56%) males] aged 1-18 years with normal brain MRI between 2012 and 2021. Absolute and relative volumes of the corpus striatum and thalamus were obtained by segmentation of three-dimensional T1-weighted MRIs with volBrain1.0. We created age-specific volume data and month-based development models with the help of SPSS (ver.28). The corpus striatum and thalamus had cubic absolute volumetric developmental models. The relative volume of the caudate and thalamus (only males) is consistent with the decreasing "growth" model, the others with the decreasing cubic model. The absolute volumes of the males' bilateral corpus striatum and thalamus and the relative volumes of the caudate and thalamus of the females were significantly larger (P < 0.05). The caudate showed right > left lateralization; putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus showed left > right lateralization.

Examination of the Development and Asymmetry of the Cerebellum and Its Lobules in Individuals Aged 1-18 Years: A Retrospective MRI Study.

Developmental studies of cerebellar lobules were limited. To our knowledge, structural asymmetry has not been studied in immature cerebellar lobules in the 1-18 age group. This study investigated the effect of age and gender on the volumetric development and asymmetry of the global cerebellum and cerebellar lobules in children and adolescents. In this retrospective study, we included 670 individuals [376 (56.1%) males] aged 1-18 years with normal brain MRIs between 2012 and 2021. volBrain CERES automatically segmented the right and left sides of the cerebellar lobules on three-dimensional T1-weighted MRIs. Volume and asymmetry data from individuals in 16 different age ranges were compared with SPSS (ver.28). The absolute volumetric development of the total cerebellum was consistent with the "S" development model in both sexes. The developmental trajectories of the cerebellar lobules were different from each other and showed sexual dimorphism. In the 1-18 age group, the absolute volumes of the total cerebellum and cerebellar lobules were significantly greater in males (p < 0.05). Absolute volumes of lobules IV, VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB in the age groups had more gender differences. However, sexual dimorphism was insignificant in the cerebellum's total and lobular relative volume. Lobules IV, V, VI, VIIIA and VIIIB had left > right asymmetry and other lobules and total cerebellum had right > left asymmetry. This study confirmed the developmental heterogeneity and sexual dimorphism in the cerebellar lobules. It also provided volumetric data of the immature cerebellum to enable comparison in various neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases.

Examination of Facial Convexity and Concavity Values With Reference to the External Acoustic Pore: A Retrospective Study.

The human skull serves as an essential material for facial reconstruction. In particular, the petrous part of the temporal bone is vital due to its compact structure, which can resist mechanical forces. The study aims to give descriptive values to estimate the face shape and produce regression formulas through the external acoustic pore as a reference point. The study was carried out on 3-dimensional computed tomography images, a total of 83 adult images (45 females and 38 males) in the Department of Radiology of Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty. The distances between the imaginary vertical line passing through the porion and the anthropometric points revealing the facial features were measured for the soft and hard tissue. The vertical distances between the soft and hard tissue landmarks were also measured for both sexes. Measurements were performed with the Image J program, and for the statistical analysis, SPSS 25.0 was used ( P < 0.005). Linear simple regression analysis was used to produce formulas to estimate the soft tissue thickness using hard tissue. Also, discriminant function analysis was performed to determine sex in the presence of an unknown skull. The descriptive values of the variables on the axial and vertical planes and the differences between sexes are given. Also, all formulas make accurate predictions of 90% or more. The authors tried to estimate the anatomical points that roughly reveal the facial features with the regression formulas developed using anthropometric measurements. The authors think that the shape of the face, which is more specific to the individual, can be reached more clearly using mathematical models, and the authors believe that this study will set an example for future studies.

Morphological evaluation of the normal and hydrocephalic third ventricle on cranial magnetic resonance imaging in children: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Third ventricle morphological changes reflect changes in the ventricular system in pediatric hydrocephalus, so visual inspection of the third ventricle shape is standard practice. However, normal pediatric reference data are not available. OBJECTIVE: To investigate both the normal development of the third ventricle in the 0-18-year age group and changes in its biometry due to hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective study, we selected individuals ages 0-18 years who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 2012 to 2020. We included 700 children (331 girls) who had three-dimensional (3-D) T1-weighted sequences without and 25 with hydrocephalus (11 girls). We measured the distances between the anatomical structures limiting the third ventricle by dividing the third ventricle into anterior and posterior regions. We made seven linear measurements and three index calculations using 3DSlicer and MRICloud pipeline, and we analyzed the results of 23 age groups in normal and hydrocephalic patients using SPSS (v. 23). RESULTS: Salient findings are: (1) The posterior part of the third ventricle is more affected by both developmental and hydrocephalus-related changes. (2) For third ventricle measurements, gender was insignificant while age was significant. (3) Normal third ventricular volumetric development showed a segmental increase in the 0-18 age range. The hydrocephalic third ventricle volume cut-off value in this age group was 3 cm3. CONCLUSION: This study describes third ventricle morphometry using a linear measurement method. The ratios defined in the midsagittal plane were clinically useful for diagnosing the hydrocephalic third ventricle. The linear and volumetric reference data and ratios are expected to help increase diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing normal and hydrocephalic third ventricles.

Three dimensional development and asymmetry of the corpus callosum in the 0-18 age group: A retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

Most of the corpus callosum (CC) developmental studies are concerned with its two-dimensional structure. Linear and area measurements do not directly assess the CC size but estimate the overall structure from the cross-sectional image. This study investigated age- and sex-related changes in volumetric development and asymmetry of CC from birth to 18. For this retrospective study, we selected 696 patients (329 [47.27%] females) with both 3D-T1-weighted sequence and normal radiological anatomy from patients 0-18 years of age who had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between 2012 and 2020. The genu, body, splenium, and total volume of CC were calculated using MRICloud. The measurement results of 23 age groups were analyzed with SPSS (ver.28). Total CC volume was 18740.76 ± 4314.06 mm3 between 0 and 18 years of age, and its ratio to total brain volume (TBV) was 1.70% ± 0.23%. We observed that the total CC volume has six developmental periods 0 years, 1, 2-4, 5-9, 10-16, and 17-18 years. Genu and body grew in five developmental periods, while splenium in seven. There was intermittent sexual dimorphism in the CC volume in the first 4 years of life (p < 0.05). However, sex factor was insignificant in CC ratio to TBV. Total CC was right lateralized on average 1.81% (ranging -0.59% to 4.52%). Genu was 8.70% lateralized to the right, the body was 2.99% to the left, and the splenium was 1.41% to the right. The three-dimensional development of CC agreed with the two-dimensional developmental data of CC except for some differences.

Hypothalamic volume and asymmetry in the pediatric population: a retrospective MRI study.

This study investigated age- and sex-related changes in the volumetric development and asymmetry of the normal hypothalamus from birth to 18. Individuals aged 0-18 with MRI from 2012 to 2020 were selected for this retrospective study. Seven hundred individuals (369 [52.7%] Males) who had 3D-T1 sequences and were radiologically normal were included in the study. Hypothalamus volume was calculated using MRICloud automated segmentation pipelines. Hypothalamus asymmetry was calculated as the difference between right and left volumes divided by the mean (in percent). The measurement results of 23 age groups were analyzed with SPSS (ver.23). The mean hypothalamic volume in the first year of life reached 69% of the mean hypothalamic volume between 0 and 18 years (1119.01 ± 196.09 mm3), 88% in the second year. The mean volume of the hypothalamus without mammillary body increased in the five-age segment, while it increased in the six-age segment with mammillary body. Although the hypothalamus volumes of males were larger than females in all age groups, a significant difference was found between the age groups of 3-8 and 12-18 years (p < 0.05). In the pediatric brain, the hypothalamus was right-lateralized between 2.39% and 14.02%. The first 2 years of life were critical in the volumetric development of the hypothalamus. A segmental and logarithmic increase in the hypothalamus volume was demonstrated. In the pediatric brain, asymmetry and sexual dimorphism were detected in the hypothalamus. Information on normal hypothalamus structure and development facilitates the recognition of abnormal developmental trajectories.

An association between femoral trochlear morphology and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament total rupture: a retrospective MRI study.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aims to investigate the association of the femoral trochlear morphology with the risk of ACL injury and whether this can be considered an additional risk factor in this clinical table. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study with 93 patients, 41 patients with ACL total rupture (ACL-TR), and 52 patients without ACL injury who underwent knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between January 2013 and January 2016. The femoral trochlear morphology was evaluated at the proximal and distal levels from the axial knee MRI. The morphological features of the trochlea using sulcus angle, sulcus depth, condylar heights, trochlear sulcus height, percentage of condyles and trochlear sulcus height to transepicondylar width, and lateral and medial trochlear inclination were evaluated. The notch width index was measured on the coronal MR images for notch stenos. RESULTS: ACL-TR group had a significantly higher sulcus angle (p = 0.00-0.001) and lower sulcus depth (p = 0.00-0.002) than the control group at both levels. Femoral trochlea had morphometric differences between genders. NWI was lower in the ACL-TR group than the control group (control 0.273; ACL-TR 0.247), and there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: This study was shown that the difference in morphology between the trochlear sulcus of patients with normal and ACL injuries should be taken into account in order to increase awareness of ACL injuries. We observed that mild trochlear dysplasia may cause intercondylar notch stenosis rather than changing the localization of the patella. Studies are needed regarding the effect of trochlear dysplasia on ACL.

Evaluating the Anatomical Traits of Lip on Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Images.

BACKGROUND: Lips and mouth are the most recognizable parts of the lower face. The morphometry of the facial organs is important for the balance of the face. Besides congenital anomalies occur on the lips, some kinds of deformities might be seen because of trauma or carcinoma. In this respect, lips are in the study of plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. Lip morphology also takes an important role in forensic facial reconstruction (facial approximation). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty parameters on the soft tissue and 12 parameters on the hard tissue were measured on three dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images belonging 50 individuals (25 female, mean age 35.40 ±â€Š9.97; 25 male, mean age 34.32 ±â€Š11.06). RESULTS: Statistical significance was observed on 4 parameters measured at soft tissue and 6 parameters measured in hard tissue. Statistical significance was not seen between the measurements taken bilaterally. Fourteen equations were developed in order to estimate the lip morphometry using the morphometric traits of hard tissue. CONCLUSION: We hope that the results of current study will be useful at surgery and forensic sciences.

Periorbital Soft Tissue Anthropometric Analysis of Young Adults.

The authors aim to determine the periorbital soft tissue anthropometric norms for Turkish young adults for right and left eyes using a noninvasive two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis. Anthropometric measurements of the periorbital soft tissue were taken from 172 female and 56 male Turkish adults aged between 18 and 24 years. The periorbital soft tissue profiles (ocular and palpebral) for males and females were digitally analyzed using linear measurements made with standardized photographic records, taken in a natural head position. Statistically significant differences were found for ocular soft tissue measurements according to gender except inner intercanthal distance (P = 0.125) and right horizontal palpebral aperture (P = 0.240). Statistically significant differences were found for palpebral soft tissue measurements according to gender except right pretarsal skin height (P = 0.112) and left pretarsal skin height (P = 0.056). Results were compared with other ethnic groups. Normal periorbital soft tissue measurements are fundamental anatomical parameters utilized in ophthalmology, optometry, ophthalmic industry, oculoplastic surgery, clinical genetics, dermatocosmetology. Further, normal anthropometric measurements generate reference data for studies in craniofacial dysmorphology, oculoplastic surgery, dermatocosmetology, and comparative physical anthropology.