Adaptation and Validation of the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) with Spanish Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The expansion of new tobacco consumption formats and electronic vapor products threatens to reverse the trend of declining smoking rates that had been observed among younger people in recent decades. Early detection in the health sector requires screening tools that have been adapted and validated in our context. This study aims to translate, culturally adapt, pilot and empirically validate the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) with Spanish adolescents. METHODS: The process of translation and cultural adaptation included the following stages: direct translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, consolidation with a committee of experts and pre-test, along with a cognitive interview, which served as pilot testing. Empirical validation was conducted with a sample of 1027 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 (M=15.40; SD=1.638). RESULTS: The results obtained confirm that the HONC is a brief, clear and easy-to-understand tool, with appropriate psychometric properties. A Cronbach's alpha value of 0.90 was obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV indices reached values of 0.56, 0.94, 0.79 and 0.83, respectively. Cut-off point 1 is the one reaching the best balance between the two values. CFA showed a model good overall fit. CONCLUSION: This study makes the Spanish version of the HONC available to researchers and clinicians, so that it can be used with sufficient psychometric guarantees.

Impact of the legalisation of recreational cannabis use. / Impacto de la legalización del consumo recreativo del cannabis.

In recent years, there have been important legislative changes in many countries regarding the use of cannabis for medicinal and/or recreational purposes, which have facilitated access to it.  Uruguay, Canada and some of the US states are the only jurisdictions that have legalised recreational consumption, applying different legislative models. The aim of this review is to analyse the effects that the legalisation of recreational cannabis has had on its use and its consequences. In general, the evidence accumulated to date indicates that the legalisation of cannabis has been associated with a decrease in the price of the substance, higher concentration of THC (potency), greater diversity of presentations for consumption, lower risk perception and an increase in consumption in adults and moderately in adolescents (even though it is illegal for them to consume), as well as an increase in the adverse consequences derived from cannabis consumption on public health. There has been a decrease in drug-related arrests, but the illegal market continues to be frequently used. No increase in the demand for treatment due to cannabis consumption has been detected. Therefore, these legislative changes have so far failed to achieve their main objectives, which were to suppress the illegal market and protect the most vulnerable groups, while on the contrary, they seem to imply an increase in some of the negative aspects associated with cannabis consumption. However, taking into account that most of these legislative changes have entered into force relatively recently, a longer follow-up period is required to be able to draw definitive conclusions.

En los últimos años se han producido importantes cambios legislativos en numerosos países respecto al consumo de cannabis con fines medicinales y/o recreativos, que han facilitado su accesibilidad. Actualmente, Uruguay, Canadá y algunos estados de EE.UU. han legalizado el consumo recreativo, aplicando distintos modelos legislativos. El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar los efectos que ha tenido la legalización del cannabis recreativo sobre su consumo y sus consecuencias. En general, las evidencias indican que la legalización se ha asociado a un descenso en el precio, mayor concentración de THC (potencia), mayor diversidad de presentaciones para su consumo, una menor percepción de riesgo y un incremento en el consumo en adultos y de forma moderada en adolescentes (aunque sea ilegal el consumo para ellos), así como un aumento de las consecuencias adversas derivadas del consumo en la salud pública. Se ha producido un descenso en los arrestos relacionados con el consumo, pero el mercado ilegal sigue utilizándose de forma habitual. No se ha detectado un incremento de la demanda de tratamiento por este consumo. Por el momento, estos cambios legislativos no han conseguido alcanzar sus objetivos principales que eran suprimir el mercado ilegal y proteger a los grupos más vulnerables, mientras que, por el contrario, parecen implicar un incremento de algunos aspectos negativos asociados al consumo de cannabis. Sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de estos cambios legislativos han entrado en vigor hace relativamente poco tiempo, se requiere un periodo de seguimiento mayor para poder extraer conclusiones definitivas.

Minors and drug-facilitated sexual assaults: Between submission and chemical vulnerability. / Menores y agresiones sexuales facilitadas por drogas: Entre la sumisión y la vulnerabilidad química.

Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a topic of growing social concern in recent years. Despite this, few empirical studies carried out in Spain have analysed the phenomenon from a preventive approach. The aim of this study, in addition to providing new evidence on DFSA, specifically in minors, was to identify possible associated variables, thus contributing to a better understanding of the problem and to the design of more effective prevention policies. To this end, a survey was carried out among minors in the autonomous community of Galicia. A total of 7,181 students aged 12 to 17 (M = 14.79; SD = 1.57) participated. Data collection was carried out by means of a self-administered questionnaire on paper. Data concerning DFSA were collected by means of specific items, piloted beforehand. Screening instruments for problem drug use (AUDIT, CAST, CRAFFT and EUPI-a) were also used. The results allow us to estimate the rate of victimisation by DFSA in Galician minors at 1.7%, of which only 11.4% would have reported it. Beyond the socio-demographic profile of the victims (females in 2 out of 3 cases), they present different patterns with regard to the pattern of problematic consumption of alcohol and other substances and the pattern of problematic use of the Internet and social networks, with a significantly higher prevalence of online risk behaviours. This suggests that this phenomenon goes far beyond sexual violence, so it is necessary to address it at a preventive level from a comprehensive perspective, including educational and public health perspectives.

Las agresiones sexuales facilitadas por drogas (DFSA) constituyen un tópico que viene suscitando una creciente preocupación social en los últimos años. Pese a ello, son pocos los trabajos empíricos llevados a cabo en España que hayan analizado el fenómeno desde un enfoque preventivo. El objetivo de este trabajo, además de aportar nueva evidencia respecto a las DFSA, concretamente en el ámbito de los menores, ha sido identificar posibles variables asociadas, contribuyendo así a comprender mejor el problema y a diseñar políticas de prevención más eficaces. Para ello se realizó una encuesta entre menores de la comunidad autónoma gallega. Participaron 7.181 estudiantes de 12 a 17 años (M= 14,79; DT=1,57). La recogida de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado. Los datos referentes a las DFSA fueron recogidos mediante ítems específicos, pilotados previamente. Se utilizaron también instrumentos para el cribado de consumos problemáticos (AUDIT, CAST, CRAFFT y EUPI-a). Los resultados permiten estimar la tasa de victimización por DFSA en menores gallegos en un 1,7%, de los que únicamente habrían denunciado el 11,4%. Más allá del perfil sociodemográfico de las víctimas (mujeres en 2 de cada 3 casos), éstas presentan patrones diferenciados respecto al patrón de consumo problemático de alcohol y otras sustancias y al patrón de uso problemático de Internet y redes sociales, con una prevalencia significativamente mayor de conductas de riesgo online. Ello sugiere que este fenómeno va mucho más allá de la violencia sexual, por lo que es preciso abordarlo a nivel preventivo desde una perspectiva integral, incluyendo la perspectiva educativa y de salud pública.

Waterpipe use among adolescents. Possible implications and related variables. / El uso de la cachimba entre los adolescentes. Posibles implicaciones y variables asociadas.

Substance use in waterpipe (generally tobacco or cannabis) constitutes an increasingly popular practice. It has become an emerging public health problem, with serious consequences at both pulmonary and addiction levels. Despite the growing concern it raises, few studies have been carried out in Spain to analyze this new practice from an early age. The aim of this study is to have new data about waterpipe use among adolescents and to analyze its possible implications and related variables. A survey was conducted among secondary school students from the Galician community. A total of 7,613 students aged 12-18 years (M = 14.97; SD = 1.69) participated. The CRAFFT, the AUDIT and the CAST were used to screen the risky use of other substances. The rates of waterpipe tobacco and cannabis use are at worrying levels (19.4% and 8.5%, respectively, for the last year), with significantly higher rates of risky substance use, drunkenness and binge drinking. The low perception risk is striking. Waterpipe use is a widespread practice in adolescence. In addition to serious health implications, is a clear indicator of a problematic underlying consumption. The low perception of risk, the "botellón" or the lack of family control are elements to take into account in community prevention.

El consumo de sustancias en cachimba (generalmente tabaco o cannabis) constituye una práctica cada vez más popular, hasta el punto de convertirse ya en un problema de salud pública emergente, con serias consecuencias tanto a nivel pulmonar, como adictivo. A pesar de la creciente preocupación que suscita, son pocos los trabajos llevados a cabo en España que se hayan ocupado de analizar esta nueva práctica desde edades tempranas. El objetivo de este trabajo no sólo es disponer de nuevos datos acerca del uso de la cachimba entre los adolescentes, sino también analizar sus posibles implicaciones y variables asociadas. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta entre estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria de la comunidad gallega. Participaron 7.613 estudiantes de 12 a 18 años (M = 14,97; DT = 1,69). Se utilizó el CRAFFT, el AUDIT y el CAST para el cribado de consumos de riesgo. Las tasas de consumo de tabaco y de cannabis en cachimba se sitúan en niveles preocupantes (19,4% y 8,5%, respectivamente, para el último año), con tasas significativamente mayores de consumos de riesgo, de borracheras y binge drinking. Llama también la atención la baja percepción de riesgo existente. El uso de la cachimba constituye una práctica relativamente extendida en la adolescencia, que además de serias implicaciones para la salud, constituye un claro indicador de un patrón de consumo subyacente realmente problemático. La escasa percepción de riesgo, la práctica del botellón o la falta de normas familiares son elementos a tener en cuenta a nivel de prevención comunitaria.

Psychometric properties of CAST for early detection of problematic cannabis use in Spanish adolescents.

The high prevalence rates of cannabis use in adolescents and its early onset constitutes a major public health problem, raising the need for its early detection. The availability of validated tools to analyze early cannabis use is essential to detect problematic use at an early age. The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) (Legleye et al., 2007) is widely applied in Europe; however, the CAST cut-off scores vary according to the setting, the screening objective, and the correction version (CAST-f or CAST-b), creating therefore confusion in its application. Moreover, the psychometric properties of the CAST as a tool for detecting problematic cannabis use are understudied. To fill this gap, such psychometric properties have been analyzed in a sample of Spanish adolescents while using different cut-off scores for CAST-f and CAST-b. Based on our findings, the optimal cut-off scores are 2 points for CAST-b and 4 points for CAST-f. The internal reliability of CAST-f (α = 0.83) and CAST-b (KR-20 = 0.80) are satisfactory. Factorial analysis suggested the assumption of a one-dimension model. The CAST seems to be a valid and reliable tool for early screening of problematic cannabis use in Spanish adolescents.

Age and Living Situation as Key Factors in Understanding Changes in Alcohol Use during COVID-19 Confinement.

(1) The aim of the present study was to evaluate and characterize changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 confinement in a sample of Spanish adults, analyzing their age and living situation as defining life cycle variables. (2) Method: Data from 3779 individuals were collected through a set of online surveys. AUDIT-C was used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and Standard Drink Units. (3) Results: Although alcohol consumption during confinement showed a significant general decline, age revealed important differences, with the decline being more pronounced in adults from 18 to 29 years old. The living situation also showed significant differences. The largest decreases in alcohol consumption were found in those who lived with their parents or other relatives, whereas those who lived alone or with a partner even increased their level of consumption. In addition, the data show a significant interaction between these two variables and gender. (4) Conclusions: Age and cohabitation processes are key factors in understanding the life situation of each individual during confinement and, consequently, in explaining consumption patterns. The results obtained provide interesting recommendations for designing prevention policies in both normal and crisis circumstances, emphasizing the need to understand alcohol use from a psychosocial perspective.

Changes in Alcohol Consumption Pattern Based on Gender during COVID-19 Confinement in Spain.

(1) The goal of this study was to analyze the prevalence and pattern of alcohol consumption (frequency of consumption, average daily consumption, and risky consumption) before and during confinement due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the adult population and based on gender. (2) Methods: Data from 3779 individuals were collected via a set of online surveys. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C) were used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and standard drink units. (3) Results: During confinement, the prevalence of alcohol consumption declined in both males and females, but only intensive consumption showed significant differences, with a greater reduction in males. The number of females who consumed alcohol four or more times per week doubled, whereas the number of males who did so was multiplied by a factor of 1.5; in both females and males, the percentage who presented intensive consumption doubled. The percentage of females with risky consumption was higher than that of males both before and during confinement. In addition to gender, the interaction between age and the employment situation explain consumption before and during confinement. (4) Conclusions: During confinement due to COVID-19, alcohol consumption declined in both sexes, but alcohol-risk consumers increased their frequency of use. The interaction between gender, age, and employment situation was related to these changes. These findings are relevant for guiding public health and health-risk management policies related to alcohol consumption in environmental situations similar to COVID-19.

[Impact of confinement measures on the Covid-19 pandemic on alcohol risk consumption.] / Impacto de las medidas de confinamiento durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en el consumo de riesgo de alcohol.

OBJECTIVE: The public health strategies adopted for the containment of COVID-19 have generated psychosocial stressors that act as risk factors for alcohol consumption. The objectives of this study were to establish whether alcohol risk consumption varied during COVID-19 confinement, and how these variations manifested as a function of different sociodemographic variables. METHODS: The study was conducted during confinement with 3,779 participants in Spain. We used an online survey with sociodemographic variables (sex, age and employment situation) and AUDIT-C. Frequency and mean difference analysis were performed (Student t, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis) to establish intra-group variations before the pandemic compared to during confinement, and intergroup for each time period, reporting effect size. RESULTS: Alcohol risky consumption presented high prevalence rates before confinement (25,9% of alcohol consumers), showing a general decrease during confinement (15,1%), both in men (X2=224,829; p<0,001) and women (X2=214,324; p<0,001). Women had higher risk consumption rates both before the pandemic (X2=13,124; p<0,001; d=1,067) and during confinement (X2=26,316; p<0,001; d=2,85); however, men reported higher score in AUDIT-C before the pandemic (t(2343)=-7,887; p<0,001; d=0,322) and during confinement (t(2343)=-5,664; p<0,001; d=0,231). Considering age, significant differences in prevalence among groups were found before the pandemic (X2=22,889; p<0,001) and during confinement (X2=38,302; p<0,001), with the age range 18-24 showing less prevalence. Differences among age groups were also found in the risky consumption scores during confinement (F(5,2338)=43,849; p=0,001), increasing with age. With regards to the employment situation, differences before the pandemic (KW(5,2933)=13,467; p=0,019; E2R=0,44), and during confinement (KW(5,2933)=149,818; p<0,001; E2R=0,51) were also found. Self-employed workers showed a higher score in alcohol risky consumption with respect to full-time employees (p=0,047). CONCLUSIONS: The alcohol risky consumption decreased in a generalized way during the confinement by COVID-19, but the changes in prevalence and risk index were dependent on sociodemographic variables. It is recommended that these findings are considered in the design of public health policies and strategies.

OBJETIVO: Las estrategias de salud pública adoptadas para la contención del COVID-19 han generado estresores psicosociales que actúan como factores de riesgo del consumo de alcohol. Los objetivos del estudio fueron establecer si el consumo de riesgo de alcohol varió durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 durante los meses de abril y mayo de 2020, y cómo estas variaciones se manifestaban en función de distintas variables sociodemográficas. METODOS: El estudio se desarrolló durante el confinamiento con 3.779 participantes en España. Se utilizó una encuesta online con variables sociodemográficas (sexo, edad y situación laboral) y el AUDIT-C. Se realizó análisis de frecuencias y diferencia de medias (t de Student, ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis) para establecer las variaciones a nivel intragrupo entre antes de la pandemia y durante el confinamiento, e intergrupo para cada periodo temporal, reportando tamaño del efecto. RESULTADOS: El consumo de riesgo de alcohol presentó una prevalencia elevada antes del confinamiento (25,9% de los consumidores de alcohol), mostrando un descenso durante el confinamiento (15,1%), tanto en hombres (X2=224,829; p<0,001) como en mujeres (X2=214,324; p<0,001). Las mujeres presentaron una mayor prevalencia de consumo de riesgo antes de la pandemia (X2=13,124; p<0,001; d=1,067) como durante el confinamiento (X2=26,316; p<0,001; d=2,85); sin embargo, los hombres reportaron mayores puntuaciones que las mujeres en el AUDIT-C antes de la pandemia (t(2343)=-7,887; p<0,001; d=0,322) y durante el confinamiento (t(2343)=-5,664; p<0,001; d=0,231). A nivel de edad, se encontraron diferencias significativas de prevalencia entre los distintos grupos antes de la pandemia (X2=22,889; p<0,001) y durante el confinamiento (X2=38,302; p<0,001), siendo el rango de 18-24 años el de menor prevalencia. También se observaron diferencias entre los grupos de edad en las puntuaciones de consumo de riesgo durante el confinamiento (F(5,2338)=43,849; p=0,001), aumentando conforme es mayor la edad. Respecto a la situación laboral, existen diferencias tanto antes de la pandemia (KW(5,2933)=13,467; p=0,019; E2R=0,44), como durante el confinamiento (KW(5,2933)=149,818; p<0,001; E2R=0,51). Ser trabajador autónomo mostró una mayor puntuación de consumo de riesgo de alcohol con respecto a ser trabajador a tiempo completo (p=0,047). CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de riesgo de alcohol desciende de manera generalizada durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, pero los cambios en prevalencia y probabilidad de ser consumidor de riesgo de alcohol son dependientes de variables sociodemográficas. Se recomienda contemplar estos hallazgos en el diseño de políticas y estrategias de salud pública.

The age of onset for alcohol consumption among adolescents: Implications and related variables. / La edad de inicio en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: implicaciones y variables asociadas.

Adolescence is a critical period in the development of addictive behaviors. In particular, the age at which adolescents start drinking is not a trivial matter, given the important consequences that it has. However, relatively little is known about what it is that causes them to start drinking at an ever earlier age. The aim of this paper is to collect new empirical data about the implications of an early age of onset and, at the same time, to identify possible associated variables. Furthermore, the mean age of onset of the different substances is updated by expanding the sample frame of the ESTUDES (14-18 years) to incorporate adolescents aged 12 and 13. The results obtained with a sample of 3,419 adolescents from the Autonomous Community of Galicia (M = 14.57 and SD = 1.76) reveal that at 13.4 years of age, the age at which adolescents tend to start drinking is lower than suggested by ESTUDES 2016-2017. In addition, those who start drinking earlier are more likely to use other substances, their rates of high-risk consumption are 3 times higher and they are more involved in potentially dangerous practices. Finally, variables such as risk perception and expectations of use yield very limited explanatory capacity, especially if they are compared with those related to drinking within the family or peer group. The results reinforce the need to delay the age of alcohol onset as one of the strategic objectives of prevention policies.

La adolescencia constituye un período crítico en el desarrollo de conductas adictivas. En particular, la edad a la que los jóvenes se inician en el consumo de alcohol no es una cuestión banal, habida cuenta de las importantes repercusiones que posee a diferentes niveles. Sin embargo se sabe relativamente poco de por qué cada vez se empieza a consumir de manera más precoz. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido recabar nuevos datos empíricos sobre las implicaciones de una edad de inicio temprana e identificar, al mismo tiempo, posibles variables asociadas. Se han actualizado además las edades medias de inicio de consumo de distintas sustancias, ampliando el marco muestral habitual del ESTUDES (14-18 años), incorporando a los adolescentes de 12 y 13 años. Los resultados obtenidos con una muestra de 3419 adolescentes de la comunidad gallega (M = 14,57 y DT = 1,76) permiten constatar que la edad a la que los adolescentes suelen iniciarse en el consumo de alcohol es menor de lo que sugiere el ESTUDES 2016-2017, situándose en 13,4 años. Además quienes se inician antes en su consumo presentan una mayor probabilidad de consumir otras sustancias, tasas de consumo de riesgo 3 veces superiores y se implican más en prácticas potencialmente peligrosas. Por último, variables como la percepción de riesgo o las expectativas presentan una capacidad explicativa escasa, sobre todo si se compara con otras relacionadas con el consumo del entorno familiar o entre iguales. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de retrasar la edad de inicio del consumo de alcohol como uno de los objetivos estratégicos de las políticas de prevención.

Gender differences among cannabis self-cultivators in Spain. / Diferencias de género entre autocultivadores de cannabis en España.

The increase in cannabis use coincides with the proliferation of small-scale cannabis cultivation. These crops facilitate substance availability and increased use. Some investigations have studied the characteristics of small-scale cultivators; however, it is not known whether their profiles differ by gender. The aim of the present study was to analyse differences among growers regarding sociodemographic variables, patterns of use and health problems from a gender perspective. A descriptive observational study was designed with a sample of 219 cultivators (157 men and 62 women), aged between 18 and 34. Problematic use of cannabis (CPQ), cannabis dependence (SDS), patterns of abuse (CAST), risky alcohol use (AUDIT), nicotine dependence (FTND) and sociodemographic variables (ad hoc questionnaire) were analysed. The results showed convergence between men and women in some indicators: early onset and daily cannabis use, psychosocial problems deriving from use, a similar number of problematic use and cannabis dependence cases, as well as a polydrug trend. Conversely, men reported greater physical problems and more intensive use of cannabis and alcohol. Women cannabis growers presented a similar profile to their male counterparts, whereas studies of the general population have shown cannabis use to be higher among men than women. This fact supports the relevance of researching specific risk factors related to gender, which can exert a differential influence on the intensity of use, and their relationship with small-scale cultivation. Implications of these results for planning preventive strategies and treatment are discussed from a gender perspective.

El incremento en el consumo de cannabis coincide con la proliferación del cultivo de cannabis a pequeña escala. Estos cultivos favorecen la disponibilidad de la sustancia e incrementan su consumo. Investigaciones previas han dejado entrever las características definitorias de poblaciones de cultivadores, pero se desconoce si su perfil difiere en función del género. El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias de género en autocultivadores en relación con variables sociodemográficas, patrones de consumo y problemáticas de salud. Se diseñó un estudio observacional descriptivo, con una muestra de 219 cultivadores (157 hombres y 62 mujeres), con edades entre 18 y 34 años. Se analizaron problemas de consumo (CPQ), dependencia del cannabis (SDS), patrones de abuso(CAST), consumo de riesgo de alcohol (AUDIT), dependencia de la nicotina (FTND) y variables sociodemográficas (cuestionario ad hoc). Los resultados mostraron convergencia entre hombres y mujeres en los indicadores: inicio temprano y consumo diario de cannabis, problemáticas psicosociales derivadas del consumo, un número similar de casos de consumo problemático y dependencia del cannabis y tendencia al policonsumo. Contrariamente, los varones refirieron mayores problemas físicos, consumo intensivo de cannabis y de alcohol. A diferencia de los estudios en población general, donde el consumo de cannabis es mayor en hombres que en mujeres, las mujeres autocultivadoras presentan un perfil similar a los autocultivadores hombres. Este hecho sugiere la necesidad de investigar sobre los factores de riesgo específicos al género que pueden estar influyendo diferencialmente en el consumo intensivo y su relación con el autocultivo. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados en la planificación de estrategias preventivas y de tratamiento, desde una perspectiva de género.

Cannabis use among adolescents: Risk pattern, implications and possible explanatory variables. / Consumo de cannabis entre adolescentes: patrón de riesgo, implicaciones y posibles variables explicativas.

In contrast to the achievements with other substances, it has not yet been possible to reduce the levels of cannabis use, the most used illegal substance among Spanish adolescents. The objective of this paper consists of updating levels of use (incorporating ages 12 and 13), estimating high-risk use and analyzing possible associated variables. For this purpose, a correlational method was used consisting of the administration of a survey to compulsory secondary school and high school students from the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain) in 2016. Results obtained from a sample of 3,882 Galician adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.52; SD = 1.72) reveal that the percentage of adolescents currently using tobacco and cannabis is higher than that of those using tobacco alone (12.7% vs 10.5%). This implies not only a higher probability of using other illegal substances, but also of developing rather high-risk use pattern, binge drinking or even experiencing problematic Internet use or cyberbullying. From a preventive perspective, the results reveal that personal variables such as self-esteem, assertiveness, social skills or impulsiveness have really weak explanatory power compared with other variables related to the setting of rules and limits by parents. One of the main conclusions of this paper is the need to adopt a comprehensive prevention approach.

Contrariamente a lo que ocurre con el resto de sustancias todavía no se han logrado disminuir los niveles de consumo de cannabis, que sigue siendo la droga ilegal más consumida entre los adolescentes españoles. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en actualizar los niveles de consumo (incorporando la franja de edad de 12-13 años), estimar los consumos propiamente de riesgo y analizar las posibles variables asociadas. Para ello se ha utilizado una metodología correlacional consistente en la realización de una encuesta a estudiantes de ESO y Bachillerato de la comunidad autónoma de Galicia (España) en el año 2016. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 3.882 adolescentes gallegos de entre 12 y 18 años (M = 14,52 y DT = 1,72). Los resultados obtenidos revelan que a día de hoy es ya mayor el porcentaje de adolescentes que consumen tabaco y cannabis que únicamente tabaco (12,7% vs 10,5%) y que ello no sólo implica una mayor probabilidad de consumir otras sustancias ilegales, sino también de desarrollar un patrón consumo de alcohol de riesgo, de Binge Drinking o incluso de experimentar un Uso Problemático de Internet o de ciberacoso. Las variables personales como la autoestima, la asertividad, las habilidades sociales o la impulsividad tienen una capacidad explicativa realmente débil, en comparación con otras variables vinculadas al establecimiento de normas y límites por parte de los padres. Una de las principales conclusiones de este trabajo es la necesidad de adoptar un enfoque de prevención integral.

Binge drinking among adolescents: prevalence, risk practices and related variables. / Consumo intensivo de alcohol en adolescentes: prevalencia, conductas de riesgo y variables asociadas.

According to the last Survey on Drug Use among Secondary School Students (ESTUDES 2014-2015), consumption levels of alcohol and other substances have decreased in the last years in Spain. However, available data on binge drinking remain worrying, given the negative consequences related with this pattern. The aim of this paper is to analyse binge drinking among adolescents, providing updated data on prevalence in addition to information about the consequences and some predictive factors of binge drinking. A correlational method was used for this purpose, comprised of administering a survey to Compulsory Secondary School, High School and Vocational Training students. Based on a sample of 3,419 Galician adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.57; SD = 1.76), the results show that binge drinking is a common and global practice, with few socio-demographic differences but related with a wide range of risk practices. Furthermore, variables such as consumption expectancies, consumption by family and friends, as well as curfew time and allowance money have been identified as interesting predictive factors that should be taken into account at the preventive level.

Según la última Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en Enseñanzas Secundarias (ESTUDES 2014-2015), los niveles de consumo tanto de alcohol como de otras sustancias han disminuido en España en los últimos años. No obstante, siguen siendo preocupantes los datos referidos al consumo intensivo de alcohol (CIA), sobre todo habida cuenta las graves repercusiones asociadas a este patrón. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido analizar el consumo intensivo de alcohol entre los adolescentes, ofreciendo datos actualizados no sólo de su prevalencia, sino también de sus consecuencias y posibles factores de pronóstico. Para ello se utilizó una metodología correlacional, consistente en la realización de una encuesta a estudiantes de ESO, Bachillerato y FP de grado medio. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 3.419 adolescentes gallegos de entre 12 y 18 años (M = 14,57; SD = 1,76). Los resultados obtenidos revelan que el CIA es una práctica frecuente y globalizada, con escasas diferencias a nivel sociodemográfico, pero asociada a un amplio abanico de conductas de riesgo. Por otra parte, variables como las expectativas de consumo, el consumo entre los pares y en el entorno familiar, así como la hora de llegada a casa o el dinero disponible han sido identificadas como interesantes factores de pronóstico que debieran ser tenidos en cuenta en el plano preventivo.

Índices antropométricos en canoístas de elite jóvenes de aguas tranquilas / Anthropometric indexes in young elite male sprint canoeists

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de los índices antropométricos en canoístas de categoría cadete. A un total de 33 canoístas se les valoró peso, talla, envergadura, talla sentado, perímetros de la cintura y cadera, longitudes del brazo y antebrazo, así como diámetros biacromial y biileocrestal. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), ratio cintura-cadera, envergadura relativa e índices córmico, de Manouvrier, acromio-iliaco y braquial. La mayor parte de los canoístas de categoría cadete obtuvieron valores propios de normopeso respecto al IMC, valores bajos de ratio cintura-cadera y una envergadura mayor que la altura. Existe una mayor variedad respecto al resto de índices estudiados, dándose un mayor número de casos de tronco medio para el índice córmico, extremidades inferiores largas para el índice de Manuovrier, tronco trapezoidal e intermedio para el índice acromio-iliaco y antebrazo medio y corto para el índice braquial.

The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the anthropometric indexes in male young sprint canoeists. Body mass, stature, sitting height, arm spam, waist and hip girths, arm and forearm lengths and biacromial and biiliocristal breaths were measured in the 33 canoeists. Anthropometric indexes were obtained: body mass index, waist-hip ratio, relative arm spam and cormic, Manouvrier's, acromial-iliac and brachial indexes. Most paddlers had a healthy weight for height, a low waist-hip ratio, and a higher arm span than stretch stature. Results were more varied in other indexes, with a higher number of paddlers who had intermediate trunk length for Cormic index, long lower limbs for Manouvrier index, intermediate an trapezoidal trunk shape for acromial-iliac index and a medium and short forearm length for brachial index.