[The use of photodynamic therapy in the complex treatment of chronic generalized moderate periodontitis]. / Primenenie fotodinamicheskoi terapii v kompleksnom lechenii khronicheskogo generalizovannogo parodontita srednei stepeni.

OBJECTIVE: Improving the effectiveness of the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis by photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to clinical and functional validation of the effects of a photosensitizer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical and functional study and treatment of moderate chronic generalized periodontitis was carried out in 60 people (24 males and 36 females) aged 35 to 50 years without somatic pathology with orthognathic bite. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the type of treatment: group 1 (main) included 30 patients (17 males and 13 females, mean age of patients was 42.5±3.3 years) who received comprehensive treatment consisting of oral sanitation, removal of dental plaque and curettage of periodontal pockets followed by PDT with 1% Geleophor gel using an AFS Spektr LED emitter with a wavelength of 660 nm and a power of 2.5 W, the course consisted of 4 procedures with exposure time of 7 minutes each; group 2 (control) included 30 patients (11 males and 19 females, mean age of patients was 43.0±2.1 years) undergoing standard treatment followed by protective capping with no active therapeutic agent. The state of microcirculation in tissues was studied by the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) using the LAKK-M device (Lazma, Russia). RESULTS: According to LDF data in both groups, it was found that the improvement of microcirculation in periodontal tissues after complex treatment is accompanied by an increase in blood flow and its activity, at that the level of oxygenation and specific oxygen consumption increased more pronounced after PDT, the effect persisted after 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION: The use of PDT with LED emitter has a normalizing effect on the state of microcirculation and oxygenation in periodontal tissues.

Environmental Determination of Indigenous Bifidobacteria of the Human Intestine.

The environmental determination of indigenous (constantly present) bifidobacteria of the human large intestine is considered in this review. Environmental determination (from the Latin determinere, "I determine") is understood as a set of natural phenomena of a habitat (biotope) that determine the role of indigenous microorganisms in the microbiocenosis. Using the symbiotic approach, an attempt is made to identify the environmental conditions for the habitat of bifidobacteria and their physiological effects in the microsymbiocenosis. The features of indigenous bifidobacteria in terms of their nature have been established: evolutionary-genetic (phylogenetic remoteness, genome conservation, metabolic specialization), biochemical (lysozyme resistance, constitutive acetate production), and physiological (microbial "friend-foe" identification, immunoregulation), which are important in adaptation (persistence) and the provision of mutualistic effects and stability of the bifidoflora in the population.

Quantitative method for the determination of antibiotic-resistant gut bacterial strains for the early diagnosis of chronic arthritis.

Based on the clinical and microbiological monitoring of two groups of children aged 3 to 17 years with acute (n=78) and chronic (n=46) course of reactive arthritis (ReA), a method for early diagnosis of chronic arthritis was developed by determining the number of antibiotic-resistant coprostrains in patients with ReA, characterized by the absence of the need to isolate a pure culture of the pathogen and its identification; inoculation of faeces at a dilution of 10-5 on solid 1.5% GRM-agar with an antibacterial agents used in the treatment of a particular patient, at a minimum inhibitory concentration in the resistance range, followed by incubation and counting of the colonies of microorganisms grown on the plate. A significant relationship between the number of antibiotic-resistant gut bacterial strains and the course of arthritis (acute, chronic) was revealed, and the borderline value of the number of antibiotic-resistant gut bacterial strains was determined - 5×103 CFU/g, which allows differentiating the acute course from the chronic one: in the acute course< 5×103 CFU/g, with chronic - ≥ 5×103 CFU/g. The method allows, at the stage of completion of anti-inflammatory therapy in the active phase of the disease, to identify a risk group for the development of a chronic course of arthritis among patients with ReA, which can contribute to timely therapeutic measures aimed at preventing recurrence of the disease and making the patient disabled.

Diagnostic cytokine marker of male infertility - interleukin 4.

Analysis of the study is to assess the diagnostic significance of cytokines in the sperm plasma of men of reproductive age (20 - 45 years) of two groups: of patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis, not complicated by infertility and with loss of fertility. The study of sperm plasma - the WHO standard. Determination of the level of cytokines in seminal plasma - by enzyme immunoassay («Cytokine¼, Russia). Two methods of mathematical statistics were used: discriminant analysis and classification trees (decision trees).The similarity of interpretations of discriminant analysis and decision tree was noted, where the main role in both cases belongs to the cytokine IL-4. The level of sperm IL-4 in combination with therapeutic monitoring can be used for the medical management of patients with chronic prostatitis in order to prevent the development of infertility and to develop methods for screening diagnostics of fertility disorders in men.

[Evaluation of effectiveness of a mouthwash containing antiseptic octenidine dihydrochloride]. / Otsenka effektivnosti primeneniya opolaskivatelya, soderzhashchego antiseptik oktenidina digidrokhlorid.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to assess changes in the oral microbiota when using octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative and qualitative changes in the oral microbiota were studied and evaluated after a single rinse, course application and long-term dates. RESULTS: A single rinse resulted in a significant decrease in the number of pathogenic microorganisms: S. aureus, C. albicans, and Enterobacteriae. After a seven-day course of mouthwash application, the complete disappearance of pathogenic microorganisms: S. aureus, S. albicans, and Enterobacteriae and an increase in the number of Lactobacillus spp were revealed. 7 days after the mouthwash was canceled, there was some recovery of pathogenic (S. aureus, Candida), the number of Lactobacillus spp. remained the same, normal microflora almost completely restored. CONCLUSION: Octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash may be recommended for wide use in dental practice in the treatment of various oral pathological conditions, including candidiasis and dysbiosis.

[Manifestations of allergic reactions occurring at a dental appointment]. / Proyavleniya allergicheskikh reaktsii, voznikayushchikh na stomatologicheskom prieme.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the data of modern scientific literature to conduct a study on identifying the true allergic reaction at a dental appointment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article is based on the study of materials from domestic and foreign research databases eLibrary, PubMed, Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. The research period is 15 years. RESULTS: Among dental materials, the most common allergens are local anesthetics, metal alloys, components of composite materials, latex. CONCLUSION: If allergy is suspected, it is necessary to carefully collect an anamnesis and conduct a clinical examination of the patient with the involvement of specialist doctors, with the recommendation of skin tests and test subcutaneous provocation.

[Characterization of the microbiota and cytokine profile of sperm plasma in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis].

BACKGROUND: One of the leading causes of the occurrence of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) in men is infection, microecological disorders of the urogenital tract and cytokine-mediated mechanisms of inflammation of the prostate gland, which actualizes a comprehensive study of the clinical and bacteriological features of CBP from the perspective of a symbiotic approach in the framework of a new scientific field - "infectious symbiology". OBJECTIVE: to study the characteristics of spermogram, microbiota, and the cytokine profile in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) and CBP complicated by infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive study of patients with CBP and CBP complicated by infertility, in comparison with conditionally healthy individuals, was conducted. Species identification of microorganisms was carried out according to biochemical characteristics and the genetic method (sequencing of strains). The biological properties of the microbiota were evaluated: growth properties, biofilm formation, antipeptide activity against the cytokines IL-10, RAIL-1, TNF-, INF- and IL-17 (8 parameters). Immunological parameters of sperm plasma included 13 parameters: the content of cytokines TNF-, INF-, Rail, interleukins (IL) -1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 17, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, lactoferrin and lysozyme. To evaluate sperm plasma, the following quantities were determined: ejaculate volume, pH, sperm plasma liquefaction, total sperm count, sperm count per 1 ml, motility, number of progressively motile, non-progressive motile and motionless spermatozoa, number of round cells, white blood cells, spermatogenesis cells, erythrocytes, erythrocytes, cells, sperm agglutination and aggregation (16 parameters in total). The results are statistically processed. RESULTS: Data were obtained on changes in biofilm formation, antipeptide activity of microbiota (especially pronounced in corynebacteria), sperm plasma cytokine profile (increased TNF , IL-2, 6, 17), as well as IgA and lactoferrin, which can be used to build a prognostic model of reproductive pathology tract of men and their fertile activity. CONCLUSION: The study of the antipeptide activity of microbiota in combination with the cytokine profile of ejaculate allows us to recommend them as a "biotarget" for diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic measures for chronic prostatitis in men, which contribute to solving the medical and social problem of preventing male infertility and contributes to the development of health-saving technologies with incorporating elements of personalized medicine.

[Forensic medical examinations of living persons: modern problems of legal regulation, administration, procedure, and the evaluation of expert opinions]. / Sudebnaia ékspertiza v otnoshenii zhivykh lits: sovremennye problemy zakonodatel'nogo regulirovaniia, naznacheniia, proizvodstva i otsenki ékspertnykh zakliuchenii.

The aim of the study is an analysis of the significant problems of legal regulation and procedure in the administration and conduct of forensic medical examinations of living persons. The authors, based on an analysis of the opinions of scientists, specialists and legal and forensic experts, draw conclusions and make suggestions aimed at improving forensic examinations in the conduct of these types of investigations.

Remote Ischemic Preconditioning With the Use of Lower Limb Before Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Anesthesia With Propofol.

OBJECTIVE: to study potantial of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) as method of cardioprotection during coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and anesthesia with propofol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included in this study 87 patients (7 were excluded) with ischemic heart disease, hospitalized in the clinic of aortic and cardiovascular surgery of the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University clinical hospital № 1. All patients had indications for direct myocardial revascularization by coronary artery bypass surgery. One day before operation patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups depending on preparation scheme: main group of RIP and the control group. The frequency of complications during surgery and in the postoperative period was assessed. Troponin I level was measured before, and in 2 and 24 hours after surgery. The level of lactate in the venous blood was measured before and after surgery. RESULTS: Numbers of intraoperative and early postoperative complications in the main and control groups were similar. There were no differences between groups in troponin I and lactate levels after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Remote ischemic preconditioning has no effect on the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia with propofol.

Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy on Proteasome Pool in Rectal Cancer.

In untreated rectal cancer patients, the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasomes in tumor tissue was 3-fold higher than that in conventionally normal tissue, which is explained by up-regulation of expression of immunoproteasomes and total pool of proteasomes. After neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, expressions of the total pool of proteasomes and immunoproteasomes in the tumor as well as the relative ratios of these indices to those in conventionally normal tissue were smaller by 1.4-3.3 times in comparison with the untreated patients. These changes were paralleled with pronounced (4.5-fold) down-regulation of proteasome activity in the tumor and a 3.7-fold decrease of activity ratio for the proteasomes in tumor and in conventionally normal tissue. The number of immunoproteasome subunits and the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasomes can be viewed as potential markers to prognosticate effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in rectal cancer patients.

[ANALYSIS OF POPULATION IMMUNITYAGAINST INFLUENZA PRIOR TO 2014 AND 2015 EPIDEMIC SEASONS].

AIM: Control for the population herd immunity against seasonal influenza viruses as well as for emergence of antibodies against influenza with pandemic potential in human blood sera. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HAI reaction against vaccine and epidemic influenza viruses as well as HPAI viruses A/rook/Chany/32/2015 (H5N1) (clade 2.3.2. lc.) andA/Anhui/01/2013 (H7N9). RESULTS: Among all the sera samples collected in the autumn of 2014 and 2015, none had reacted in HAI against A(H5N 1) and A(H7N9) antigens even at 1:10 dilution. Among samples collected in autumn 2014, 41% were positive to A/California/07/09(H1Nlpdm9) virus, 36% - A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), 40% - B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Vict.lin.) and 47% reacted in HAI against the B/Massachusetts/2/2012 (Yam.lin.) strain. 22% of all the samples had a titer of at least 40 against all the antigens and only 10% in HAI had a titer of 40 or more against all the vaccine strains. Among the samples collected in autumn 2015, the number of seropositive against A/California/07/09(HlNlpdmO9) varied from 31% in the Urals FD to 46% in the Southern FD. The amount of seropositive against A/Switzerland/9715293/13 (H3N2) strain was at the level of 4 - 13% in all the FDs except Urals, where this parameter was slightly above 30%. The amount of seropositive against vaccine influenza B viruses varied from 23 to 76%. Only 2% of sera had titers in HAI of 40 or above against all the vaccine strains, 29% of all the samples were seronegative. CONCLUSION: Population immunity in Russia against influenza A(H3N2) is at a very low level, thus socially significant consequences of influenza epidemics in many aspects will depend on the vaccination campaign of autumn 2016.

[METABOLIC PROFILE OF BIFIDOFLORA UNDER DIFFERENT MICROECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE COLON BIOTOPE IN HUMAN].

AIM: To study the spectrum and level of short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) in supernatant of bifidobacteria under different microecological conditions ofthe colon biotope in human. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metabolites of 88 bifidobacteria strains isolated from patients when examined for dysbiosis of the colon were investigated. Definition of concentration of SCFA was performed on acidified supernatant samples by a separation method on chromatograph GC-2010 Plus, Shimadzu (Japan). RESULTS: Monobasic acids were found in metabolites of 50 - 100% study cultures of bifidobacteria where the spectrum and level of carboxylic acids in supernatants varied depen- ding on microecological condition of the origin of the discharge. In severe damages of microsymbiocenosis in metabolites of Bifidobacterium spp., summarized concentrations of SCFA, structural index, levels of aceitic and propionic acids were decreased. Strain-specific differences in a metabolic profile of bifidofloia in a composition of individual consortiums were determined. Data obtained indicate the variation of functional (metabolic) activity of dominant strains in different microecological conditions of the human colon. CONCLUSION: Uniquieness of metabolome of every other strain due to their strain specifity determines their functional activity, but a metabolic profile of bifidoflora can serve as the most important criterion for the selection of effective probi- otic drugs for treatment and prevention of dysbioisis in the colon.

Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) copolymers by Azotobacter chroococcum 7B: A precursor feeding strategy.

A precursor feeding strategy for effective biopolymer producer strain Azotobacter chroococcum 7B was used to synthesize various poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) copolymers. We performed experiments on biosynthesis of PHB copolymers by A. chroococcum 7B using various precursors: sucrose as the primary carbon source, various carboxylic acids and ethylene glycol (EG) derivatives [diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 300, PEG 400, PEG 1000] as additional carbon sources. We analyzed strain growth parameters including biomass and polymer yields as well as molecular weight and monomer composition of produced copolymers. We demonstrated that A. chroococcum 7B was able to synthesize copolymers using carboxylic acids with the length less than linear 6C, including poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) (PHB-4MHV) using Y-shaped 6C 3-methylvaleric acid as precursor as well as EG-containing copolymers: PHB-DEG, PHB-TEG, PHB-PEG, and PHB-HV-PEG copolymers using short-chain PEGs (with n ≤ 9) as precursors. It was shown that use of the additional carbon sources caused inhibition of cell growth, decrease in polymer yields, fall in polymer molecular weight, decrease in 3-hydroxyvalerate content in produced PHB-HV-PEG copolymer, and change in bacterial cells morphology that were depended on the nature of the precursors (carboxylic acids or EG derivatives) and the timing of its addition to the growth medium.

Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) by Strain Azotobacter chroococcum 7B.

Production of novel polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications, and biomaterials based on them is a promising trend in modern bioengineering. We studied the ability of an effective strain-producer Azotobacter chroococcum 7B to synthesize not only poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) homopolymer (PHB) and its main copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), but also a novel copolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) (PHB4MV). For the biosynthesis of PHB copolymers, we used carboxylic acids as additional carbon sources and monomer precursors in the chain of synthesized copolymers. The main parameters of these polymers' biosynthesis were determined: strain-producer biomass yield, polymer yield, molecular weight and monomer composition of the synthesized polymers, as well as the morphology of A. chroococcum 7B bacterial cells. The physico-chemical properties of the polymers were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), contact angle test, and other methods. In vitro biocompatibility of the obtained polymers was investigated using stromal cells isolated from the bone marrow of rats with the XTT cell viability test. The synthesis of the novel copolymer PHB4MV and its chemical composition were demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy: the addition of 4-methylvaleric acid to the culture medium resulted in incorporation of 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate (3H4MV) monomers into the PHB polymer chain (0.6 mol%). Despite the low molar content of 3H4MV in the obtained copolymer, its physico-chemical properties were significantly different from those of the PHB homopolymer: it has lower crystallinity and a higher contact angle, i.e. the physico-chemical properties of the PHB4MV copolymer containing only 0.6 mol% of 3H4MV corresponded to a PHBV copolymer with a molar content ranging from 2.5% to 7.8%. In vitro biocompatibility of the obtained PHB4MV copolymer, measured in the XTT test, was not statistically different from the cell growth of PHB and PHBV polymers, which make its use possible in biomedical research and development.

Engineering Approach to Identifying Patients with Colon Tumors on the Basis of Electrophotonic Imaging Technique Data.

BACKGROUND: Colonic neoplasms are quite a serious problem today. Screening methods play an important role in diagnosing the disease. Colorectal cancer screening is a complex undertaking, having various options, which require a lot of efforts both from the doctor and from the patient, including the use of sedatives and the necessity of the presence of an assistant for some procedures such as colonoscopy. This is why it is very important to find a method by which one can make a diagnosis quickly, easily, and painlessly. METHODS: The ability to identify patients with tumors of the colon using the Electrophotonic Imaging (EPI) technique, as well as using it for differential diagnosis of tumors of the colon by their morphology, size and quantity was investigated. Selection of the most significant parameters of the EPI-graphy for the separation of the control group and the group of patients with tumors of the colon was developed. 137 people were studied with the EPI camera, with ages ranging from 16 to 86 years, including 49 males and 88 females. Based on the results of the colonoscopy and histological findings all subjects were divided into 2 groups: control group of 55 people, 9 males, 46 females; and patients with tumors (benign or malignant) of the colon - 82 people; 40 males and 42 females. Then all subjects were divided into smaller groups based on morphology, size, number of tumors and localization. RESULTS: Based on the identified indicators decision rules to determine the patients with tumors of the colon were constructed. The specificity of the resulting function was 80.0% and sensitivity 75.6%. Decision rule was built as well with logistic regression. The specificity of the resulting function was 78.2% and sensitivity 90.0%. The accuracy of this approach was higher than using discriminant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have proven the ability to identify patients with tumors of the colon using EPI technology, as well as use it for differential diagnosis of tumors of the colon by their morphology, size and quantity. EPI testing is non-invasive, takes less than five minutes, and equipment is relatively cheap and accessible in mass production. This opens up good prospects for further research for implementation as a first step of the screening process. This paper presents the pilot study developing methodological approach to the GDV data processing. That is why we tried different methods of data processing. At the same time we do not pretend to develop a diagnostic method - sample size is too small for this, and other cancer types were not studied. Further research is needed.

[GUT MICROSYMBIOCENOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH REACTIVE ARTHRITIS].

AIM: To study the state of gut microsymbiocenosis in children with reactive arthritis (RA), with the assessment of biofilm formation (BFF) of microsymbionts and the ability to change cytokine levels (their anticyokine activity) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The investigation of gut microsymbiocenosis by means of bacteriological method was conducted in 34 children with RA and 25 relatively healthy 3 - 16 year- old children. Microorganisms were identified with the help of MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry, anticytokine activity (ACA) of microsymbionts - according to Bukharin O.V et al. (2011), biofilm formation - according to O'Toole G.A., Kolter R. (1998). RESULTS: On the ground of species composition differences of gut microbiota discrimination model was created which allowed to separate the group of children with RA from healthy individuals. Microsymbiocenosis of patients with RA was characterized by increasing number of opportunistic microorganisms (OM) (enterobacteria, clostridia, bacteroides, and Candida), BFF and ACA level. CONCLUSION: The obtained data greatly contribute.to the deciphering of spondylo- arthritis and disclose the role of microbial factor under given pathology. Hypercolonisation of human gut with OM, having pronounced ability to BFF and regulating cytokine level, promotes strengthening of arthritogenic potential and serves as additional marker of arthritis development risk in children.

[Proteasome and calpain activities in colon cancer: the relation with metastasis and prognosis].

The chymotrypsin-like total proteasome activity and activity of 26S and 20S pools of proteasomes as well as calpain activitiy were found to be significantly increased in colon cancer tissue as compared to normal colon tissue. Patients with stage T2-4N1-3M0-lcolon cancer had higher activity level of the 26/20S proteasome and total calpain activities than patients with stage T2-4NOMO-1 colon cancer. The chymotrypsin-like total activity of proteasomes and the total activity of caplains in patients with stage T2-4N0-3M1 colon cancer were re- spectively 1.6 and 2.0-fold higher compared to those in patients with stage T2-4N0-3M0 colon cancer. Survival analysis of patients with colon cancer showed that the high level of chymotrypsin-like protesome activity in colon cancer and normal colon tissues (more than 72-1000 units/mg protein and 35-1000 units/mg protein, respectively) and the high level of total calpain activity in colon cancer and normal colon tissues (more than 100.5-1000 Units/mg protein and 52-1000 Units/ mg protein, respectively) were unfavorable factors in terms of 2-year metastasis-free survival.

[IMMUNE REGULATORY PROPERTIES OF BIFIDOBACTERIA METABOLITES DURING EUBIOSIS AND DYSBIOSIS OF THE HUMAN COLON].

AIM: Evaluate immune regulatory properties of bifidobacteria metabolites during eubiosis and dysbiosis of the human colon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-cytokine activity of metabolites of bifidobacteria clinical strains and their ability to influence the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy humans was studied, taking into account microecological state of the human intestine. Determination of final concentration of cytokines in experimental and control samples was carried out by EIA. RESULTS: Sensitive parameters, that are suitable for evaluation of stability of human intestine microsymbiocenosis, were detected. The level of microbial seeding, concentration of TNF-α and anti-lysozyme activity turned out to be informative for bifidobacteria in eubiosis conditions. The ability of bifidoflora metabolites to influence the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-8) by human mononuclears was a significant parameter during formation of 1 - 3 degree dysbiosis. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of physiological state of intestine homeostasis is determined by immune regulatory properties of bifidobacteria metabolites, that is realized via their interaction with both cytokines (anti-cytokine activity) and production of cytokines by host immune cells (peripheral blood mononuclears).

[Diagnosis of bullous dermatoses with lesions of the oral mucosa]. / Diagnostika bulleznykh dermatozov s porazheniem slizistoi obolochki rta.

Bullous dermatoses affecting oral mucosa are autoimmune diseases in the majority of cases. The most common diseases in this group are pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, lichen planus. In the early stages of bullous dermatoses, especially for isolated lesions of the oral mucosa, prompt diagnosis is not always possible requiring an interdisciplinary approach to the differential diagnosis.

[Microbial degradation of glyphosate herbicides (review)].

This review analyzes the issues associated with biodegradation of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), one of the most widespread herbicides. Glyphosate can accumulate in natural environments and can be toxic not only for plants but also for animals and bacteria. Microbial transformation and mineralization ofglyphosate, as the only means of its rapid degradation, are discussed in detail. The different pathways of glyphosate catabolism employed by the known destructing bacteria representing different taxonomic groups are described. The potential existence of alternative glyphosate degradation pathways, apart from those mediated by C-P lyase and glyphosate oxidoreductase, is considered. Since the problem of purifying glyphosate-contaminated soils and water bodies is a topical issue, the possibilities of applying glyphosate-degrading bacteria for their bioremediation are discussed.