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2.
Nat Commun ; 11(1): 4938, 2020 10 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33009401

RESUMO

Antiviral strategies to inhibit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and the pathogenic consequences of COVID-19 are urgently required. Here, we demonstrate that the NRF2 antioxidant gene expression pathway is suppressed in biopsies obtained from COVID-19 patients. Further, we uncover that NRF2 agonists 4-octyl-itaconate (4-OI) and the clinically approved dimethyl fumarate (DMF) induce a cellular antiviral program that potently inhibits replication of SARS-CoV2 across cell lines. The inhibitory effect of 4-OI and DMF extends to the replication of several other pathogenic viruses including Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and-2, Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus through a type I interferon (IFN)-independent mechanism. In addition, 4-OI and DMF limit host inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV2 infection associated with airway COVID-19 pathology. In conclusion, NRF2 agonists 4-OI and DMF induce a distinct IFN-independent antiviral program that is broadly effective in limiting virus replication and in suppressing the pro-inflammatory responses of human pathogenic viruses, including SARS-CoV2.


Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Fumarato de Dimetilo/agonistas , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/tratamento farmacológico , Succinatos/agonistas , Adulto , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Fumarato de Dimetilo/farmacologia , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/genética , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Succinatos/farmacologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos
3.
Front Immunol ; 10: 2101, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31555293

RESUMO

Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections for which no effective vaccines or prophylactic treatment currently exist. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been more recently shown to regulate inflammatory and antiviral responses. Here, we evaluated the importance of Nrf2 in the control of HSV-2 genital infection, and its role in the regulation of HSV-induced innate antiviral immunity. Comparison of antiviral gene expression profile by RNA-sequencing analysis of wild type and Nrf2-mutant (Nrf2AY/AY ) murine macrophages showed an upregulation at the basal level of the type I interferon-associated gene network. The same basal increased antiviral profile was also observed in the spleen of Nrf2-/- mice. Interestingly, the lack of Nrf2 in murine cells was sufficient to increase the responsiveness to HSV-derived dsDNA and protect cells from HSV-2 infection in vitro. Surprisingly, there was no indication of an alteration in STING expression in murine cells as previously reported in cells of human origin. Additionally, genetic activation of Nrf2 in Keap1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased HSV-2 infectivity and replication. Finally, using an in vivo vaginal herpes infection model, we showed that Nrf2 controlled early innate immune responses to HSV-2 without affecting STING expression levels. Nrf2-/- mice exhibited reduced viral replication that was associated with higher level of type I interferons in vaginal washes. Nrf2-/- mice also displayed reduced weight loss, lower disease scores, and higher survival rates than wild type animals. Collectively, these data identify Nrf2 as a negative regulator of the interferon-driven antiviral response to HSV-2 without impairing STING mRNA and protein expression levels in murine cells.


Assuntos
Herpes Genital/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL
4.
Bio Protoc ; 7(13): e2383, 2017 Jul 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34541121

RESUMO

The vaginal murine HSV-2 infection model is very useful in studying mucosal immunity against HSV-2 ( Overall et al., 1975 ; Renis et al., 1976 ; Parr and Parr, 2003). Histologically, the vagina of Depo-Provera-treated mice is lined by a single layer of mucus secreting columnar epithelial cells overlying two to three layers of proliferative cells. Even though this is morphologically different from the human vagina, it closely resembles the endocervical epithelium, which is thought to be the primary site of HSV-2 infection in women ( Parr et al., 1994 ; Kaushic et al., 2011). In the protocol presented here, mice are pre-treated with Depo-Provera before intra-vaginal inoculation with HSV-2. The virus replicates in the mucosal epithelium from where it spreads to and replicates in the CNS including the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebrum and cerebellum. Cytokine responses can be detected in vaginal washings using ELISA or in vaginal tissues using qPCR. Further, the recruitment of leukocytes to the vagina can be determined by flow cytometry. The model is suitable for research of both innate and adaptive immunity to HSV-2 infection.

5.
Immunobiology ; 220(6): 762-8, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25648689

RESUMO

NKT cells are a subgroup of T cells, which express a restricted TCR repertoire and are critical for the innate immune responses to viral infections. Activation of NKT cells depends on the major histocompatibility complex-related molecule CD1d, which presents bioactive lipids to NKT cells. The marine sponge derived lipid αGalCer has recently been demonstrated as a specific agonist for activation of human and murine NKT cells. In the present study we investigated the applicability of αGalCer pre-treatment for immune protection against intra-vaginal HSV-2 infection. We found that C57BL/6 WT mice that received local pre-treatment with αGalCer prior to intra-vaginal HSV-2 infection had a lower mean disease score, mortality and viral load in the vagina following infection, compared to mice that did not receive αGalCer pre-treatment. Further, we found increased numbers of CD45 and NK1.1 positive cells in vaginal tissue and elevated levels of IFN-γ in the vaginal tissue and in vaginal fluids 24h after αGalCer pre-treatment. Collectively our data demonstrate a protective effect of αGalCer induced activation of NKT cells in the innate immune protection against viral infection.


Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Galactosilceramidas/administração & dosagem , Herpes Simples/imunologia , Herpes Simples/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Células T Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD1d/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Herpes Genital/imunologia , Herpes Genital/virologia , Herpes Simples/mortalidade , Herpes Simples/patologia , Humanos , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Células T Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Carga Viral
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