Variations in Theta/Beta Ratio and Cognitive Performance in Subpopulations of Subjects with ADHD Symptoms: Towards Neuropsychological Profiling for Patient Subgrouping.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder appearing in childhood but remaining in many cases in adults. There are both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to treating ADHD, but they do not have the same efficacy in all subjects. Better knowledge of the neurophysiological basis of this disorder will allow for the design of more effective treatments. Studies performing qEEG analysis in children suggest the existence of subgroups of ADHD patients with different neurophysiological traits. There are fewer studies in adults, who might have undergone plastic changes allowing them to cope with ADHD symptoms along with brain maturation. Herein, we study cognitive performance and the theta/beta ratio in young adults with ADHD symptoms. We found that subjects with ADHD symptoms and low working memory performance (n = 30) present higher theta/beta ratios than controls (n = 40) at O2 and T6 in the eyes-closed condition, as well as a tendency toward a higher theta/beta ratio at O1 and Cz. Subjects with ADHD and high working memory performance (n = 50) do not differ from the controls in their theta/beta ratios at any derivation. Our results suggest that neuropsychological profiling could be useful for patient subgrouping. Further research will allow for the distinction of neuropsychological profiles and their neurophysiological correlates, leading to a better classification of ADHD subtypes, thus improving treatment selection.

Personalization of Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD: Why it is Advisable and Possible Options to Achieve it.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed primarily in children, although it is also present in adults. Patients present inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity symptoms that create difficulties in their daily lives. Pharmacological treatment with stimulants or non-stimulants is used most commonly to reduce ADHD symptoms. Although generally effective and safe, pharmacological treatments have different effects among patients, including lack of response and adverse reactions. The reasons for these differences are not fully understood, but they may derive from the highly diverse etiology of ADHD. Strategies to guide optimal pharmacological treatment selection based on individual patients' physiological markers are being developed. In this review, we describe the main pharmacological ADHD treatments used and their main drawbacks. We present alternatives under study that would allow the customization of pharmacological treatments to overcome these drawbacks and achieve more reliable improvement of ADHD symptoms.

ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The etiology of this condition is diverse, including environmental factors and the presence of variants of some genes. However, a great diversity exists among patients regarding the presence of these ADHD-associated factors. Moreover, there are variations in the reported neurophysiological correlates of ADHD. ADHD is often treated pharmacologically, producing an improvement in symptomatology, albeit there are patients who are refractory to the main pharmacological treatments or present side effects to these drugs, highlighting the importance of developing other therapeutic options. Different non-pharmacological treatments are in this review addressed, finding diverse results regarding efficacy. Altogether, ADHD is associated with different etiologies, all of them producing changes in brain development, leading to the characteristic symptomatology of this condition. Given the heterogeneous etiology of ADHD, discussion is presented about the convenience of personalizing ADHD treatment, whether pharmacological or non-pharmacological, to reach an optimum effect in the majority of patients. Approaches to personalizing both pharmacological therapy and neurofeedback are presented.

Mercury distribution in different environmental matrices in aquatic systems of abandoned gold mines, Western Colombia: Focus on human health.

Total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) in water, sediments, macrophytes, fish and human health risks were analyzed and assessed from abandoned gold mining ponds (AGMPs)/ mining areas in Western Colombia to know its present environmental condition. Concentrations of THg in water (avg. 13.0 ± 13.73 ng L-1) was above the EPA threshold level (12 ng L-1), suggesting possible chronic effects. Sediment sample revealed that the ponds are methylated (%MeHg: 3.3-11). Macrophyte Eleocharis elegans presented higher THg content in the underground biomass (0.16 ± 0.13 µg g-1 dw) than in the aerial biomass (0.05 ± 0.04 µg g-1 dw) indicating accumulation of THg. MeHg was the most abundant chemical species in fish (MeHg/THg: 83.2-95.0%), signifying higher bioavailability and its risk towards human health. Fish samples (15%) indicate that THg were above WHO limit (0.5 µg g), particularly in Ctenolucius beani, Hoplias malabaricus and lowest in Sternopygus aequilabiatus and Geophagus pellegrini. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of MeHg were higher in the carnivores representing a source of exposure and potential threat to human health. Fulton's condition factor (K) for bioaccumulation indicate a decrease with increasing trophic level of fishes. Overall results suggest, mercury species found in different AGMPs compartments should be monitored in this region.

Determination of the phenotypic age in residents of Mexico City: effect of accelerated ageing on lung function and structure.

INTRODUCTION: Phenotypic age better represents age-related biological dysregulation than chronological age. Recently, a multisystem-based ageing measure, which integrates chronological age and nine biomarkers, was proposed. METHODS: Phenotypic age was determined in 774 residents of Mexico City over 60 years old and without respiratory problems. We arbitrarily classified as "accelerated" ageing, those showing >4 years compared with their chronological age, and "slowed" ageing, those with <4 years compared with chronological age. Demographic risk factors were analysed with structured questionnaires. Lung structure was evaluated by high-resolution computed tomography and functional competence was analysed by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (D LCO), and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). RESULTS: Overall, 13% of this cohort showed accelerated ageing, which was corroborated with four independent biomarkers of ageing, 42% had normal ageing and 46% had slowed ageing. Risk factors associated with accelerated ageing were male sex (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.4-7.9; p<0.01), diabetes mellitus (OR 9.7, 95% CI 5.5-17.2; p<0.01), and long-term sleep duration (OR 2.9 95% CI 1.34-6.35, p<0.01). Among smokers, there was a slight but significant association with the number of pack-years. Subjects with accelerated ageing showed decreased FVC (p<0.0001), FEV1 (p<0.0001), D LCO (p<0.02) and walking distance in the 6MWT (p=0.0001). Slowed-ageing subjects presented less frequently with emphysematous lesions compared with those with accelerated ageing. CONCLUSIONS: A small but significant proportion of residents of Mexico City age rapidly, which is associated with male sex, diabetes, and long-term sleep duration. They exhibit lower levels of lung function and develop emphysema more frequently.

Distribution of chemical forms of mercury in sediments from abandoned ponds created during former gold mining operations in Colombia.

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were studied in sediments from 27 abandoned gold mining ponds (AGMPs) through small-scale artisanal gold mining in the district of San Juan in Chocó region of Colombia. The AGMPs were abandoned in the last century (1997) and were grouped into three distinct groups (2-6; 7-12; 13-20 years). Overall concentration (in ng g-1) pattern of THg in sediments varied from 39.06 to 1271.32 (avg. 209.57) with 174.81 (13-20 years), 205.56 (7-12 years) and 248.33 (2-6 years) respectively. MeHg concentrations accounted for 3.3-10.9% (avg. 6.5%) of THg and were significantly correlated with THg during all periods. Correlations between organic matter (OM) vs MeHg and THg were negative in the oldest pools, signifying a "dilution effect" or "natural burial" of THg and MeHg. Results for sequential extraction indicate that the fraction of elemental Hg (Hg-e) and organo chelated Hg (Hg-o) represent the main chemical forms of Hg in the sediments, regardless of the abandonment period, whereas the bioavailable fraction was only 0.12-1.65% of THg. The significant statistical relationship between MeHg, THg and OM suggests that these parameters control the distribution, mobility, toxicity and bioavailability of Hg in the sediments of these abandoned ponds. Evaluation of THg with sediment quality guidelines indicates that the values are on the higher side for Threshold effect concentration and Upper continental crust. Comparing of MeHg with many other regions outside Colombia is a worrying factor and needs immediate attention to protect the human health.

Retos del profesor universitario: Un rol que se re-configura permanentemente / Challenges of the university teacher: A role that is permanently re-configured / Desafios do professor universitário: Um papel que se reconfigura permanentemente

Resumen La profesión docente constituye un desafío permanente para quienes la ejercemos, debido a que socialmente es una de las profesiones menos valoradas. Sin embargo, en ella recae la obligación de formar los ciudadanos del futuro, en cualquiera de las épocas en las que se ejerza. Se presenta una aproximación al deber ser del profesor universitario, teniendo en cuenta que se configura y re-configura en una labor de importancia, asociada a la calidad educativa. Se plantean no solo valores que se deben tener para este ejercicio, sino también los retos que el mundo actual en constante cambio le asigna, para la formación integral de los futuros profesionales. Esta reflexión se realizó a partir de conversaciones académicas de algunos integrantes de la comunidad educativa de un área de la salud.

Abstract The teaching profession constitutes a permanent challenge for those who exercise it, because socially it is one of the least valued professions. However, it is the obligation of training the citizens of the future, in any of the periods in which it is exercise. An approach to the duty of the university professor is present, taking into account that it is configure and reconfigure in a work of importance, associated with the educational quality. There are not only values that be taken for this exercise, but also the challenges that the constantly changing world assigns to it for the integral training of future professionals. This reflection was product from academic conversations of some members of the educational community of a health area.

Resumo A profissão docente constitui um desafio permanente para quem a exerce, pois socialmente é uma das profissões menos valorizadas. No entanto, sobre ela recai a obrigação de formar os cidadãos do futuro, em qualquer um dos períodos em que é exercida. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem do dever do professor universitário, tendo em vista que ele é configurado e é reconfigurado em um trabalho de importância associado à qualidade educacional. Não são apenas os valores que devem ser considerados para este exercício, mas também os desafios que o mundo atual em constante mudança lhe atribui para o treinamento integral de futuros profissionais. Este estudo/trabalho foi produzido a partir de reuniões de reflexão de alguns membros da comunidade educacional de uma área de saúde.

Coexistence of thyroid disease and oral lichen planus in a Colombian population.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology. OLP has recently been linked to thyroid disease, mainly hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid disease in Colombian patients with OLP. A total of860 clinical records of patients attending the clinics of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery at IPS CES Sabaneta, Colombia, between 2010 and 2016 were reviewed. Fourteen patients (1.6%) had a diagnosis of OLP. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with OLP was 35.7%, compared to 3.95% in the entire study population (OR 15.92, 95% CI: 5.63-50.09, P = 0.0001). Patients with concomitant hypothyroidism and OLP presented with less severe oral lesions compared to those without thyroid disease. This study supports the notion that patients with OLP should be screened for thyroid disease.

El liquen plano oral (LPO) es una enfermedad mucocutánea inflamatoria crónica de etiología desconocida. El LPO ha sido asociado recientemente con la enfermedad de la tiroides, especialmente con hipotiroidismo. El objetivo con este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la enfermedad de la tiroides en pacientes colombianos con LPO. Un total de 860 historias clínicas de pacientes que asistieron entre 2010 y 2016 a las clínicas de medicina oral y de cirugía oral y maxilofacial de la IPS CES Sabaneta, Colombia, fueron revisadas. Catorce pacientes (1.6%) habían sido diagnosticados con LPO. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en pacientes con LPO fue 35.7%, comparada con 3.95% en toda la población de estudio (RM 15.92, 95% IC: 5.63-50.09, P = 0.0001). Pacientes con hipotiroidismo y LPO concomitante presentaron lesiones orales menos severas comparado con aquellos sin enfermedad de la tiroides. Este estudio respalda la idea de que se debe investigar la presencia de enfermedad de la tiroides en pacientes con LPO.

Coexistence of thyroid disease and oral lichen planus in a Colombian population / Coexistencia de enfermedad de la tiroides y liquen plano oral en una población colombiana

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology. OLP has recently been linked to thyroid disease, mainly hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid disease in Colombian patients with OLP. A total of860 clinical records of patients attending the clinics of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery at IPS CES Sabaneta, Colombia, between 2010 and 2016 were reviewed. Fourteen patients (1.6%) had a diagnosis of OLP. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with OLP was 35.7%, compared to 3.95% in the entire study population (OR 15.92, 95% CI: 5.63-50.09, P = 0.0001). Patients with concomitant hypothyroidism and OLP presented with less severe oral lesions compared to those without thyroid disease. This study supports the notion that patients with OLP should be screened for thyroid disease.

El liquen plano oral (LPO) es una enfermedad mucocutánea inflamatoria crónica de etiología desconocida. El LPO ha sido asociado recientemente con la enfermedad de la tiroides, especialmente con hipotiroidismo. El objetivo con este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la enfermedad de la tiroides en pacientes colombianos con LPO. Un total de 860 historias clínicas de pacientes que asistieron entre 2010 y 2016 a las clínicas de medicina oral y de cirugía oral y maxilofacial de la IPS CES Sabaneta, Colombia, fueron revisadas. Catorce pacientes (1.6%) habían sido diagnosticados con LPO. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en pacientes con LPO fue 35.7%, comparada con 3.95% en toda la población de estudio (RM 15.92, 95% IC: 5.63-50.09, P = 0.0001). Pacientes con hipotiroidismo y LPO concomitante presentaron lesiones orales menos severas comparado con aquellos sin enfermedad de la tiroides. Este estudio respalda la idea de que se debe investigar la presencia de enfermedad de la tiroides en pacientes con LPO.

Sexual Behavior and Synaptic Plasticity.

Although sex drive is present in many animal species, sexual behavior is not static and, like many other behaviors, can be modified by experience. This modification relies on synaptic plasticity, a sophisticated mechanism through which neurons change how they process a given stimulus, and the neurophysiological basis of learning. This review addresses the main plastic effects of steroid sex hormones in the central nervous system (CNS) and the effects of sexual experience on the CNS, including effects on neurogenesis, intracellular signaling, gene expression, and changes in dendritic spines, as well as behavioral changes.

A rapid identification technique for drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using mismatch specific cleavage enzyme.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) strains is a major health problem for high Tuberculosis (TB) incidence countries. Therefore, it is of interest to identify antibiotic resistant bacteria by mismatch detection using DNA hybridization. We generated PCR products for five genes (rpoB, inhA, katG, gyrA and rrs) associated with drug resistance TB from MDR and XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA samples. These were hybridized to PCR products from MTB H37Rv (pansusceptible laboratory strain) to generate DNA hetero-duplex products, which was digested by Detection Enzyme (GeneArt Genomic Cleavage Detection Kit) and visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results show different bands with sizes of 400 bp and 288 bp (rpoB), 280 bp (inhA), 310 bp (katG), 461 bp (gyrA) and 427 bp (rrs) suggesting mutations in DNA heteroduplex for each gene. Detection Enzyme specifically cleaves DNA hetero-duplex with mismatch. The technique helps in the improved detection of MDR (mutations in rpoB, inhA and katG) and XDR (mutations in rpoB, inhA katG, gyrA and rrs) MTB strains. Moreover, the technique is customized without expensive specialized equipment to detect mutations. It is also fast, efficient and easy to implement in standard molecular biology laboratories.

CD209a Synergizes with Dectin-2 and Mincle to Drive Severe Th17 Cell-Mediated Schistosome Egg-Induced Immunopathology.

The immunopathology caused by schistosome helminths varies greatly in humans and among mouse strains. A severe form of parasite egg-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation, seen in CBA mice, is driven by Th17 cells stimulated by IL-1ß and IL-23 produced by dendritic cells that express CD209a (SIGNR5), a C-type lectin receptor (CLR) related to human DC-SIGN. Here, we show that CD209a-deficient CBA mice display decreased Th17 responses and are protected from severe immunopathology. In vitro, CD209a augments the egg-induced IL-1ß and IL-23 production initiated by the related CLRs Dectin-2 and Mincle. While Dectin-2 and Mincle trigger an FcRγ-dependent signaling cascade that involves the tyrosine kinase Syk and the trimolecular Card9-Bcl10-Malt1 complex, CD209a promotes the sustained activation of Raf-1. Our findings demonstrate that CD209a drives severe Th17 cell-mediated immunopathology in a helminthic disease based on synergy between DC-SIGN- and Dectin-2-related CLRs.

Angiosarcoma cutáneo en la región nasal tratado con radioterapia: reporte de caso / Cutaneous Angiosarcoma Nasal Region treated with Radiation Therapy: Case Report

El angiosarcoma cutáneo es un tumor poco frecuente con tendencia a localizarse en la cabeza y el cuello, en especial en el cuero cabelludo y la cara. Es considerado un tumor de rápido crecimiento y frecuentemente hace metástasis a distancia. Su tratamiento no está claramente definido y es basado en estudios retrospectivos y reportes de caso. Al parecer, la mejor opción de manejo es la cirugía con resección local amplia y, en lo posible, con bordes negativos; posteriormente, radioterapia adyuvante, debido a la alta tasa de recaída que presentan estos tumores. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 91 años quien recibió manejo exclusivo con radioterapia hipofraccionada, quien presentó respuesta completa a los tres meses de finalizar y permaneció libre de enfermedad hasta la fecha de este reporte, ló meses después de la radioterapia.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma is a rare tumor with a tendency to be located in the head and neck especiallv on the scalp and face. It is considered a rapidly growing tumor and often causes distant metastases. The treatment of this tumor is not clearly defined and is based on retrospective studies and case reports, still seems the best option handling surgery with wide local excisión and possibly with negative margins and subsequently adjuvant radiotherapy due to the high rate relapse presented by these tumors. We report the case of a patient of 91 years who received exclusive management with radiotherapy hypofractionated presenting complete response at 3 months after completion and remaining free of disease until the date of this report, 16 months after radiotherapy.

Corneal Power Determination with Corneal Tomography after Refractive Surgery with Excimer Laser / Determinación del poder corneal con un tomógrafo corneal luego de cirugía refractiva con láser excimer / Determinação da potência corneana com uma topografia de córnea após cirurgia refrativa com excimer láser

Introduction. Corneal power determination after refractive surgery with excimer laser is complex. Different alternatives with the use of corneal tomography have been used for this measurement. Objective. To evaluate various methods of determination of corneal power in patients undergoing photorefractive surgery, including diagnostic tests with quantitative measurements. Methodology. This is a retrospective observational study. We included patients undergoing photorefractive surgery with refractive results and post-operative corneal tomography taken at least ten weeks after surgery. Results. In myopic eyes, significant differences were found in the value determined by the keratometry derived from the clinical history when compared with the average post-operative manual keratometry, the simulated 32keratometry and the Mean Pupil Power of the Sirius®tomograph. On another note, when averaging the mean post-operative manual keratometry with the post-operative Mean Pupil Power (value called Kpopaverage 1) and comparing it with the keratometry derived from the clinical history method, no statistically significant differences were observed in myopic patients. Likewise, when averaging the simulated post-operative keratometry of the Sirius® equipment with the post-operative Mean Pupil Power (value called "Kpop average 2") and comparing it with the keratometry derived by the method of the clinical history, no statistically significant differences were observed in myopic patients. On the other hand, in hyperopic eyes and those with mixed astigmatism, mean errors from post-operative Mean Pupil Power, in comparison to the keratometry derived by clinical history method, were not significantly different from the errors when comparing the "Kpop average 1" and the "Kpop average 2"with keratometry derived by the clinical history method. Conclusions. In myopic eyes the post-operative corneal power determinations with the "Kpop average 1" and "Kpop average 2" are closer to the keratometry derived by clinical history method than to measurements from the average post-operative manual keratometry, the post-operative simulated keratometry or the Mean Pupil Power of the Sirius® equipment.

Introducción. La determinación del poder corneal, después de la cirugía refractiva con láser excimer, es difícil. Diferentes alternativas con el uso de tomógrafos corneales se han utilizado para esta medición. Objetivo. Evaluar diversos métodos de determinación del poder corneal en pacientes operados de cirugía fotorrefractiva, incluyendo pruebas diagnósticas con medidas cuantitativas. Metodología. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes operados de cirugía fotorrefractiva que tuvieran resultados refractivos y tomografía corneal post-operatoria al menos diez semanas luego de cirugía. Resultados. En los ojos miopes se encontraron diferencias significativas en el valor determinado por la queratometría derivada de la historia clínica al compararla con la queratometría manual promedio postoperatoria, la queratometría simulada y el Mean Pupil Power del tomógrafo Sirius®. Por otra parte, al promediar la queratometría manual promedio postoperatoria con el Mean Pupil Power postoperatorio (valor denominado Kpop promedio 1) y compararla con la queratometría derivada por el método de la historia clínica, no se observaron en los pacientes miopes diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Asimismo, al promediar la queratometría simulada postoperatoria del equipo Sirius® con el Mean Pupil Power postoperatorio (valor denominado Kpop promedio 2) y compararla con la queratometría derivada por el método de la historia clínica tampoco se observaron en los pacientes miopes diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Por otro lado, en los ojos hipermétropes y con astigmatismo mixto, los promedios de los errores del Mean Pupil Power postoperatorio, con respecto a la queratometría derivada por el método de la historia clínica, no fueron significativamente diferentes de los errores al comparar la Kpop promedio 1 y la Kpop promedio 2 con la queratometría derivada por el método de la historia clínica. Conclusiones. En ojos miopes las determinaciones del poder corneal postoperatorio con las Kpop promedio 1 y Kpop promedio 2 se aproximan más a la queratometría derivada por el método de la historia clínica que a las mediciones de la queratometría manual promedio postoperatoria, la queratometría simulada postoperatoria o el Mean Pupil Power del equipo Sirius®. [Jaramillo LC, Galvis V, Tello A, Camacho PA, Castillo A, Pareja LA. Determinación del poder corneal con un tomógrafo corneal luego de cirugía refractiva con láser excimer. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):16-30. doi:1029375/01237047.2397].

Introdução. A determinação da potência corneana, após a cirurgia refrativa com excimer láser, é difícil. Foram usadas diferentes alternativas com o uso de tomógrafos de córnea para esta medição. Objetivo. Avaliar vários métodos de determinação da potência corneana em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia fotorrefrativa, incluindo testes diagnósticos com medidas quantitativas. Métodos. Este é um estudo observacional retrospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia fotorrefrativa com resultados refrativos e topografía corneana pós-operatória pelo menos um mês após a cirurgia. Resultados. Nos olhos míopes foram encontradas diferenças significativas no valor determinado pela ceratectomia derivada da história clínica, quando comparada com a média da ceratectomia manual pós-operátoria, a ceratectomia simulada e o Mean Pupil Power do tomógrafo Sirius®. Por outro lado, ao calcularmos a média da ceratectomia manual pós-operatória com o Mean Pupil Power pós-operatório (valor denominado Kpop média 1) e compará-la com a ceratectomia pelo método da história clínica, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos pacientes miopes. Da mesma forma, ao calcular a média da ceratectomia pós-operatória simulada do equipamento Sirius® com o Mean Pupil Power pósoperatório (valor denominado Kpop média 2) e comparála com a ceratectomia derivada do método de história clínica, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos pacientes miopes. Por outro lado, em olhos hipermetrópicos e com astigmatismo mixto, as médias de erros do Mean Pupil Power pós-operatório, em relação à ceratectomia derivada pelo método da história clínica, não foram significativamente diferentes dos erros na comparação do Kpop média 1 y la Kpop média 2 com a ceratectomia derivada pelo método da história clínica. Conclusões. Nos olhos míopes, as determinações de potência corneana pósoperatória com Kpop média 1 e Kpop média 2 estão mais próximas da ceratectomia derivada pelo método da história clínica do que das medidas de ceratectomia manual média pós-operatória, da ceratectomia simulada pós-operatória ou Mean Pupil Power do equipamento Sirius®. [Jaramillo LC, Galvis V, Tello A, Camacho PA, Castillo A, Pareja LA. Determinação da potência corneana com uma topografia de córnea após cirurgia refrativa com excimer láser. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):16-30. doi:1029375/01237047.2397].

A Genomic Signature for Genotyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has a vast diversity of genotypes including Beijing, CAS, EAI, Haarlem, LAM, X, Ural, T, AFRI1 and AFRI2. However, genotyping can be expensive, time consuming and in some cases, results may vary depending on methodology used. Here, we proposed a new set of 10 SNPs using a total of 249 MTB genomes, and selected by first the inclusion/ exclusion (IE) criteria using spoligotyping and phylogenies, followed by the selection of the nonsynonymous SNPs present in the most conserved cluster of orthologous groups (COG) of each genotype of MTB. Genotype assignment of the new set of 10 SNPs was validated using an additional of 34 MTB genomes and results showed 100% correlation with their known genotypes. Our set of 10 SNPs have not been previously reported and cover the MTB genotypes that are prevalent worldwide. This set of SNPs could be used for molecular epidemiology with drug resistant markers.

The role of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens during taste-aversive learning and memory extinction after long-term sugar consumption.

The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a forebrain region that may significantly contribute to the integration of taste and visceral signals during food consumption. Changes in dopamine release in the NAcc have been observed during consumption of a sweet taste and during compulsive consumption of dietary sugars, suggesting that NAcc dopaminergic transmission is strongly correlated with taste familiarity and the hedonic value content. NAcc core and shell nuclei are differentially involved during and after sugar exposure and, particularly, previous evidence suggests that dopamine D2 receptors could be related with the strength of the latent inhibition (LI) of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), which depends on the length of the taste stimulus pre-exposure. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate, after long-term exposure to sugar, the function of dopaminergic D2 receptors in the NAcc core during taste memory retrieval preference test, and during CTA. Adult rats were exposed during 14days to 10% sugar solution as a single liquid ad libitum. NAcc core bilateral injections of D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol (1µg/µL), were made before third preference test and CTA acquisition. We found that sugar was similarly preferred after 3 acute presentations or 14days of continued sugar consumption and that haloperidol did not disrupt this appetitive memory retrieval. Nevertheless, D2 receptors antagonism differentially affects aversive memory formation after acute or long-term sugar consumption. These results demonstrate that NAcc dopamine D2 receptors have a differential function during CTA depending on the degree of sugar familiarity.

Cambios corneales producidos por la cirugía refractiva con excimer láser: revisión de tema / Changes produced by corneal refractive surgery with excimer laser: a review

RESUMEN El auge de la cirugía refractiva con excimer láser en las últimas dos décadas se ha reflejado en que un grupo creciente de pacientes con antecedente de este procedimiento necesitan ahora cirugía de catarata. Debido a las modificaciones generadas en la córnea por la fotoablación con el láser, la determinación del poder corneal necesario para el cálculo del poder del lente intraocular a implantar en la cirugía de catarata, es difícil. Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos se hace una revisión de las causas de estos errores de medición y los abordajes existentes para minimizar su impacto. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(1):99-105.

ABSTRACT The rise of excimer laser refractive surgery in the last two decades has been reflected in a growing group of patients with a history of this procedure who now need cataract surgery. Because the generated modifications to the cornea with the laser photoablation, determining the corneal power, necessary for calculating the power of the intraocular lens to be implanted during the cataract surgery, is difficult. We review the causes of these errors of measurement and existing approaches to minimize its impact. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(1):99-105.

Dopaminergic Modulation of Sleep-Wake States.

The role of dopamine in sleep-wake regulation is considered as a wakefulness-promoting agent. For the clinical treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness, drugs have been commonly used to increase dopamine release. However, sleep disorders or lack of sleep are related to several dopaminerelated disorders. The effects of dopaminergic agents, nevertheless, are mediated by two families of dopamine receptors, D1 and D2-like receptors; the first family increases adenylyl cyclase activity and the second inhibits adenylyl cyclase. For this reason, the dopaminergic agonist effects on sleep-wake cycle are complex. Here, we review the state-of-the-art and discuss the different effects of dopaminergic agonists in sleep-wake states, and propose that these receptors account for the affinity, although not the specificity, of several effects on the sleep-wake cycle.

Characterisation of three polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in a sample of Colombian population with major depressive disorder / Caracterización de tres polimorfismos del gen de la triptófano hidroxilasa 2 en una muestra de población colombiana con trastorno depresivo mayor

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify whether rs11179000, rs136494 and rs4570625 polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene, are associated with a major depressive disorder in a sample of the Colombian population. Methods: Case-control study was conducted in which a comparison was made between subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in adulthood or active symptoms at the time of evaluation, and subjects with no psychiatric disease. Subjects were studied in the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and the Institute of Genetics at the National University of Colombia. Polymorphisms were genotyped using Taqman probes in real time PCR. As well as studying the association between major depressive disorder and these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the association with other factors previously associated with depression were also analysed. Results: No statistically significant association between genotypic and allelic frequencies of each polymorphism and major depressive disorder was found. Association between sex and complication during pregnancy/childbirth and major depressive disorder was observed. Association between sex and complication during pregnancy/childbirth and major depres sive disorder was observed. Conclusions: There was no association between any polymorphism and major depressive disorder.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar si los polimorfismos rs11179000, rs136494 y rs4570625 del gen de la triptófano hidroxilasa 2 están asociados a trastorno depresivo mayor en una muestra de población colombiana. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles en el que se comparó a sujetos con trastorno depresivo mayor diagnosticado en algún momento de la vida adulta o con síntomas activos en el momento de la valoración y sujetos sin enfermedad psiquiátrica. Se estudió a los sujetos en el Departamento de Psiquiatría de la Facultad de Medicina y en el Instituto de Genética de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se genotipificaron los polimorfismos usando reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real y sondas Taqman. Además de buscar asociación entre trastorno depresivo mayor y estos polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido, se exploró asociación con otros factores relacionados previamente con depresión. Resultados: No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las frecuencias genotípicas o alélicas de cada polimorfismo y el trastorno depresivo mayor. Se observó asociación entre sexo y complicaciones durante el embarazo/parto y trastorno depresivo mayor. Conclusiones: No se halló asociación entre polimorfismo alguno y el trastorno depresivo mayor.