Glossary of terms: A shared understanding of the common terms used to describe psychological trauma, version 3.0. / Glossaire des termes : une compréhension commune des termes courants utilisés pour décrire les traumatismes psychologiques ­ Version 3.0.

Terms in the current glossary are arranged alphabetically by the most commonly used synonym. Most of the terms have two complementary definitions: a "general public definition" or introductory definition, geared towards a wider readership, and an "academic definition," which may be more detailed, or "expert." There is some overlap between the definitions, and readers may choose to read either or both.

Les termes du glossaire sont classés par ordre alphabétique selon le synonyme le plus couramment utilisé. La plupart des termes comportent deux définitions complémentaires : une « définition grand public ¼, c'est-à-dire une définition d'introduction, destinée à un lectorat plus vaste, et une « définition scientifique ¼, susceptible d'être plus détaillée ou destinée à des « spécialistes ¼11-76. Il y a un certain chevauchement entre les définitions, et les lecteurs ont le choix de lire l'une, l'autre ou les deux.

Negligible interaction test for continuous predictors.

Behavioral science researchers are often interested in whether there is negligible interaction among continuous predictors of an outcome variable. For example, a researcher might be interested in demonstrating that the effect of perfectionism on depression is very consistent across age. In this case, the researcher is interested in assessing whether the interaction between the predictors is too small to be meaningful. Unfortunately, most researchers address the above research question using a traditional association-based null hypothesis test (e.g. regression) where their goal is to fail to reject the null hypothesis of no interaction. Common problems with traditional tests are their sensitivity to sample size and their opposite (and hence inappropriate) hypothesis setup for finding a negligible interaction effect. In this study, we investigated a method for testing for negligible interaction between continuous predictors using unstandardized and standardized regression-based models and equivalence testing. A Monte Carlo study provides evidence for the effectiveness of the equivalence-based test relative to traditional approaches.

Testing landmark-specific effects on route navigation in an ecologically valid setting: a simulated driving study.

We used a driving simulator to investigate landmark-based route navigation in young adults. Previous research has examined how proximal and distal landmarks influence route navigation, however, these effects have not been extensively tested in ecologically-relevant settings. We used a virtual town in which participants learned various routes while simultaneously driving. We first examined the effect of four different landmark conditions on navigation performance, such that each driver experienced one of four versions of the town with either proximal landmarks only, distal landmarks only, both proximal and distal landmarks, or no landmarks. Drivers were given real-time navigation directions along a route to a target destination, and were then tested on their ability to navigate to the same destination without directions. We found that the presence of proximal landmarks significantly improved route navigation. We then examined the effect of prior exposure to proximal vs. distal landmarks by testing the same drivers in the same environment they previously encountered, but with the landmarks removed. In this case, we found that prior exposure to distal landmarks significantly improved route navigation. The present results are in line with existing research on route navigation and landmarks, suggesting that these findings can be extended to ecologically-relevant settings.

Visual-vestibular integration is preserved with healthy aging in a simple acceleration detection task.

Aging is associated with a gradual decline in the sensory systems and noisier sensory information. Some research has found that older adults compensate for this with enhanced multisensory integration. However, less is known about how aging influences visual-vestibular integration, an ability that underlies self-motion perception. We examined how visual-vestibular integration changes in participants from across the lifespan (18-79 years old) with a simple reaction time task. Participants were instructed to respond to visual (optic flow) and vestibular (inertial motion) acceleration cues, presented either alone or at a stimulus onset asynchrony. We measured reaction times and computed the violation area relative to the race model inequality as a measure of visual-vestibular integration. Across all ages, the greatest visual-vestibular integration occurred when the vestibular cue was presented first. Age was associated with longer reaction times and a significantly lower detection rate in the vestibular-only condition, a finding that is consistent with an age-related increase in vestibular noise. Although the relationship between age and visual-vestibular integration was positive, the effect size was very small and did not reach statistical significance. Our results suggest that although age is associated with a significant increase in vestibular perceptual threshold, the relative amount of visual-vestibular integration remains largely intact.

Vestibular cues improve landmark-based route navigation: A simulated driving study.

It is well established that humans use self-motion and landmark cues to successfully navigate their environment. Existing research has demonstrated a critical role of the vestibular system in supporting navigation across many species. However, less is known about how vestibular cues interact with landmarks to promote successful navigation in humans. In the present study, we used a motion simulator to manipulate the presence or absence of vestibular cues during a virtual navigation task. Participants learned routes to a target destination in three different landmark blocks in a virtual town: one with proximal landmarks, one with distal landmarks, and one with no landmarks present. Afterwards, they were tested on their ability to retrace the route and find the target destination. We observed a significant interaction between vestibular cues and proximal landmarks, demonstrating that the potential for vestibular cues to improve route navigation is dependent on landmarks that are present in the environment. In particular, vestibular cues significantly improved route navigation when proximal landmarks were present, but this was not significant when distal landmarks or no landmarks were present. Overall, our results indicate that landmarks play an important role in the successful incorporation of vestibular cues to human spatial navigation.