Metabolic regulator ERRγ governs gastric stem cell differentiation into acid-secreting parietal cells.

Parietal cells (PCs) produce gastric acid to kill pathogens and aid digestion. Dysregulated PC census is common in disease, yet how PCs differentiate is unclear. Here, we identify the PC progenitors arising from isthmal stem cells, using mouse models and human gastric cells, and show that they preferentially express cell-metabolism regulator and orphan nuclear receptor Estrogen-related receptor gamma (Esrrg, encoding ERRγ). Esrrg expression facilitated the tracking of stepwise molecular, cellular, and ultrastructural stages of PC differentiation. EsrrgP2ACreERT2 lineage tracing revealed that Esrrg expression commits progenitors to differentiate into mature PCs. scRNA-seq indicated the earliest Esrrg+ PC progenitors preferentially express SMAD4 and SP1 transcriptional targets and the GTPases regulating acid-secretion signal transduction. As progenitors matured, ERRγ-dependent metabolic transcripts predominated. Organoid and mouse studies validated the requirement of ERRγ for PC differentiation. Our work chronicles stem cell differentiation along a single lineage in vivo and suggests ERRγ as a therapeutic target for PC-related disorders.

A Study of Dietary Patterns Derived by Cluster Analysis and Their Association With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Severity Among Hispanic Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Diet is a modifiable metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) risk factor, but few studies have been conducted among Hispanic patients, despite the fact that MASLD prevalence and severity are highest among this ethnic subgroup. We aimed to identify prevalent dietary patterns among Hispanic patients using cluster analysis and to investigate associations with MASLD severity. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis included 421 Harris County MASLD Cohort participants who self-reported Hispanic ethnicity and completed baseline food frequency questionnaires. All included patients had MASLD, diagnosed per standard clinical criteria. K-means analysis was used to identify clusters of patients sharing similar dietary habits. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate associations of dietary clusters with aminotransferases among the overall sample and with histologic steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and fibrosis among a subsample of patients who underwent liver biopsy within 6 months of their baseline food frequency questionnaire (n = 186). RESULTS: We identified 2 clusters: a plant-food/prudent and a fast-food/meat pattern. The fast-food/meat pattern was associated with 2.47-fold increased odds (95% confidence interval 1.31-4.65) of more severe steatosis than the plant-food/prudent pattern after adjusting for demographics, metabolic score, physical activity, and alcohol ( q = 0.0159). No significant association was observed between diet and aminotransferases, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, or fibrosis. DISCUSSION: Given the importance of sociocultural influences on diet, it is important to understand dietary patterns prevalent among Hispanic patients with MASLD. Using cluster analysis, we identified 1 plant-based pattern vs 1 distinct fast-food/meat-based pattern associated with detrimental effects among our population. This information is an important starting point for tailoring dietary interventions for Hispanic patients with MASLD.

Appropriate Method of TIBC Estimation in Reference to Serum Transferrin Levels.

Background The currently available various methods of estimation of total iron binding capacity (TIBC) show marked variation in reference range. Although serum transferrin (TF) level is a sensitive indicator of iron status, its measurement requires immunoassay equipment which may not be available in many routine biochemistry laboratories. So, this study was planned to find the most appropriate method to estimate TIBC. Objectives This study aimed to compare different methods of TIBC estimation and to corelate the TIBC values obtained by different methods with serum TF concentration. Material and Methods This analytical cross-sectional study was performed in the clinical chemistry laboratory of the Biochemistry Department of Medical College Baroda & SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, on 250 leftover serum samples destined to be discarded. In all these samples, serum TIBC was estimated by direct method, indirect method, as well as calculated method (iron + unsaturated iron binding capacity [UIBC]) along with the measurement of serum TF level. Statistical Analysis Among the different methods, repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis and Bland-Altman plot were used to find out significance of difference. Correlation coefficients were found between different methods of TIBC estimation and serum TF levels. Results The means of TIBC by calculated, indirect, and direct methods were 344.51, 342.23, and 378.24 µg/dL, respectively. The mean of serum TF was 295.3 mg/dL. There was statistically significant difference between TIBC by direct and indirect methods and between direct and calculated methods. There was a strong positive correlation between TIBC by direct method and serum TF ( r = 0.888, p < 0.0001), but there was moderate correlation between TIBC by indirect method and serum TF ( r = 0.748, p < 0.04), and between TIBC by calculated method and serum TF ( r = 0.725, p < 0.05). Conclusion Among different methods of estimation of TIBC, direct method is more reliable in reference to serum TF levels.

Pluronic F-68 Montmorillonite As A Drug Delivery Vehicle For Extended Release Of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride.

Short half-life and low bioavailability of Venlafaxine hydrochloride (VF), an antidepressant drug, necessitates the frequent administration of VF tablets in a day in order to maintain adequate drug concentration in blood plasma. This generates the need for the development of formulations which could prolong the release of VF and reduce the multiple dosages. The present work explores the combination of Montmorillonite (Mt) with Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) (OrganoMT) for oral delivery of VF. The effect of various parameters including pH of aqueous drug solution, contact time and initial drug concentration on drug loading capacity of OrganoMT has been studied. The synthesized OrganoMT-VF complexes were characterized by various suitable techniques. XRD studies indicated that the VF molecules were intercalated within the OrganoMT layers. In vitro release behavior of VF from OrganoMT-VF complexes shows an extended-release pattern for a period of 30 h and reaches upto 70% and 60% compared to pure VF having complete release time of 5.5 h and 3.5 h in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid respectively. Various kinetic models were employed to elucidate the drug release mechanism where the best fitting was obtained with Korsmeyer Peppas model. The results suggest the possibility of designing an oral extended controlled release formulation for VF to minimize its administration frequency thereby increasing the effectiveness of drug. This improves patient compliance by reducing the dose from 4 times in 24 h to once in 24 h.

Prevalence and Determinants of Excessive Screen Viewing Time in Children Aged 3-15 Years and Its Effects on Physical Activity, Sleep, Eye Symptoms and Headache.

Screen viewing time is the total time spent by a child on any digital/electronic device. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of excessive screen viewing time in children in Ujjain, India. This cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted through a house-to-house survey using the three-stage cluster sampling method in 36 urban wards and 36 villages of Ujjain District, India. Excessive screen viewing time was defined as screen viewing for >2 h/day. The prevalence of excessive screen viewing time was 18%. Risk factors identified using the multivariate logistic regression model were age (OR: 1.63, p < 0.001); mobile phone use before bedtime (OR: 3.35, p = 0.004); parents' perception about the child's habituation to screen time (OR: 8.46, p < 0.001); television in the bedroom (OR: 35.91, p < 0.001); morning mobile screen viewing time (OR: 6.40, p < 0.001); not reading books other than textbooks (OR: 6.45, p < 0.001); and lack of outdoor play for >2 h (OR: 5.17, p < 0.001). The presence of eye pain was a protective factor for excessive screen viewing time (OR: 0.13, p = 0.012). This study identified multiple modifiable risk factors for excessive screen viewing time.

A Rare Case of Pancreatic Actinomyces.

Actinomyces israelii is a filamentous, gram-positive anaerobic bacterium commonly found in the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon, and female genital tract. Rarely, actinomycosis can infect the pancreas most commonly after pancreatic instrumentation, often mimicking malignancy. We describe a case of a 26-year-old woman who presented with epigastric abdominal pain and nausea without prior pancreatic instrumentation. Abdominal imaging demonstrated a mass in the pancreatic head with fine-needle biopsy revealing Actinomyces. The patient was successfully treated with long-term antibiotic therapy resulting in resolution of the mass. Our case emphasizes the importance of considering nonmalignant etiologies in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic masses.

Diagnostic performance of patient self-collected oral swab (tongue and cheek) in comparison with healthcare worker-collected nasopharyngeal swab for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection.

The present study was conducted to compare the performance of patient self-collected oral swab (OS) with healthcare worker (HCW)-collected nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) for SARS-CoV-2 detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in real-world setting. Paired OS and NPS were collected from 485 consecutive individuals presenting with symptoms of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) or asymptomatic contacts of COVID-19 cases. Both specimens were processed for RT-PCR and cycle threshold (Ct) value for each test was obtained. Positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), overall percent agreement (OPA) and kappa were calculated for OS RT-PCR compared with NPS RT-PCR as reference. A total of 116/485 (23.9%) participants were positive by NPS RT-PCR. OS had PPA of 71.6%, NPA of 98.8%, OPA of 92.4% and kappa of 0.771. Almost all participants (483/485, 99.6%) reported OS as a convenient and comfortable sample for SARS-CoV-2 testing over NPS. All participants with Ct values <25 and majority (90.8%) with Ct values <30 were detected by OS. To conclude, OS self-sampling was preferred in comparison with NPS due the ease and comfort during collection. The performance of OS RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection, however, was sub-optimal in comparison with NPS RT-PCR.

Syphilis in the Esophagus.

This report documents a unique case of syphilis with esophageal involvement. Such a presentation is exceedingly rare in the modern era, particularly among patients without human immunodeficiency virus. Most instances were documented in the 1900s and earlier. Our patient presented with months of odynophagia and recurrent oral lesions. He was found to have a sizeable esophageal ulcer on endoscopy, with biopsy confirming the diagnosis of syphilis. His symptoms quickly resolved with intramuscular penicillin. This case highlights the importance of keeping a broad differential for odynophagia and suspicious lesions, cutaneous or mucosal.

Diagnostic performance of oral swab specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection with rapid point-of-care lateral flow antigen test.

We evaluated the performance of oral swab specimen both health-care worker (HCW) collected and self-collected for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection with rapid antigen test (RAT) as compared to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of the 529 participants enrolled, 121 (22.8%) were RT-PCR positive. Among the RT-PCR positives, 62 (51.2%) were RAT positive using oral swab. When compared with RT-PCR, RAT with oral swab had sensitivity and specificity of 63.3 and 96.8% respectively among symptomatic individuals. No statistically significant difference was observed in RAT positivity with HCW collection and self-collection, p = 0.606. Ct values were significantly lower in RT-PCR and RAT positive samples (ORF gene: 18.85 ± 4.36; E gene: 18.72 ± 4.84) as compared to RT-PCR positive and RAT negative samples (ORF gene: 26.98 ± 7.09; E gene: 26.97 ± 7.07), p < 0.0001. Our study demonstrated moderate sensitivity of RAT with oral swab in symptomatic individuals. Oral swab was the preferred sampling by almost all participants in terms of convenience and comfort as compared to nasopharyngeal swab. Oral swabs have utility for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection among symptomatic individuals residing in remote rural areas and can serve as an initial screening tool during COVID-19 spikes when cases rise exponentially and laboratory capacities for RT-PCR testing become overwhelmed.

Perceptions of weight status and energy balance behaviors among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Weight loss through behavioral modification is central to treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To achieve this, patients need to accurately self-perceive their health behaviors. We aimed to identify predictors of concordance between self-perception and objective measures of body weight, physical activity (PA) and dietary behaviors. We used data from the Harris County NAFLD Cohort, an ongoing prospective study in a regional safety-net healthcare system. Patients completed self-administered baseline questionnaires on demographics, diet, PA, and self-perceptions. We assessed concordance between actual and self-perceived body weight and energy-balance behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of concordance. Patients (n = 458; average age 46.5 years) were 90% Hispanic and 76% female. PA and fruit/vegetable intake guidelines were met among 37% and 9%, respectively. Most (89%) overweight/obese patients accurately perceived themselves as such. However, 41% of insufficiently-active and 34% of patients not meeting fruit/vegetable intake guidelines inaccurately self-perceived their behaviors as "just right". Women were 3 times more likely to accurately self-perceive weight status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.24; 95% CI 1.68-6.25) but 51% less likely to accurately self-perceive PA levels than men (AOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29-0.81). Lower acculturation was associated with higher odds of accurate PA self-perception. Patients with prediabetes or diabetes vs normoglycemia were more likely to accurately self-perceive their fruit/vegetable intake. Most NAFLD patients accurately self-perceived their body weight. A third or more of those not meeting fruit/vegetable intake or PA guidelines had inaccurate perceptions about their behaviors. Our findings highlight key areas to target in NAFLD-specific behavioral modification programs.

Lack of uniformity in reporting autoimmune gastritis among a diverse group of pathologists.

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a clinicopathologic diagnosis requiring characteristic histopathology and correlation with laboratory work-up. To better understand how the diagnosis of AIG is made and reported in the pathology community, we conducted an anonymous web-based survey which was circulated among a diverse group of pathologists. Excluding trainees there were 64 respondents: 25 academic gastrointestinal pathologists (AGI, 39%), 22 academic general pathologists (AGP, 34%), 17 private general pathologists (PP, 27%). Our survey results highlighted variations in work-up and sign-out practices. The type of metaplasia needed to diagnose AIG lacked consensus. There was variation in accurate interpretation of immunostains with a trend towards more accurate diagnosis of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia by AGI (92%) and AGP (95%) than PP (71%) (p = 0.07). G-cells in antrum on neuroendocrine immunostain, a mimicker of ECL cell hyperplasia, was more frequently misdiagnosed by PP/ AGP (44%), versus AGI (12%) (p = 0.02). A triple immunostain panel (H. pylori, neuroendocrine, gastrin) was used in the work-up of AIG by 72% of AGI versus 23% AGP and 12% PP (p = 0.000061). The less-specific term "atrophic gastritis" was used in the diagnostic line more by respondents with >10 years sign-out experience compared with others (p = 0.04). In conclusion, the survey results highlighted deficiencies in the interpretation of neuroendocrine immunostains which is crucial for AIG diagnosis, as well as variation in reporting practices and definitions. Uniform criteria and terminology are needed in this field to improve communication with clinicians, resulting in appropriate testing and follow-up.

Whole-exome analysis of adolescents with low VWF and heavy menstrual bleeding identifies novel genetic associations.

Adolescents with low von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) experience significant morbidity. There is a need to better characterize these patients genetically and improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of bleeding. We performed whole-exome sequencing on 86 postmenarchal patients diagnosed with low VWF levels (30-50 IU/dL) and HMB and compared them with 660 in-house controls. We compared the number of rare stop-gain/stop-loss and rare ClinVar "pathogenic" variants between cases and controls, as well as performed gene burden and gene-set burden analyses. We found an enrichment in cases of rare stop-gain/stop-loss variants in genes involved in bleeding disorders and an enrichment of rare ClinVar "pathogenic" variants in genes involved in anemias. The 2 most significant genes in the gene burden analysis, CFB and DNASE2, are associated with atypical hemolytic uremia and severe anemia, respectively. VWF also surpassed exome-wide significance in the gene burden analysis (P = 7.31 × 10-6). Gene-set burden analysis revealed an enrichment of rare nonsynonymous variants in cases in several hematologically relevant pathways. Further, common variants in FERMT2, a gene involved in the regulation of hemostasis and angiogenesis, surpassed genome-wide significance. We demonstrate that adolescents with HMB and low VWF have an excess of rare nonsynonymous and pathogenic variants in genes involved in bleeding disorders and anemia. Variants of variable penetrance in these genes may contribute to the spectrum of phenotypes observed in patients with HMB and could partially explain the bleeding phenotype. By identifying patients with HMB who possess these variants, we may be able to improve risk stratification and patient outcomes.

Risk factors of invasive fungal infections in lung transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infection (IFI) remains a common complication after lung transplantation, causing significant morbidity and mortality. We have attempted to quantify systematically risk factors of IFI in lung transplant recipients. METHODS: Studies were retrieved from Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Cochrane database of systematic reviews and Cochrane central register of controlled trials. All case-control and cohort studies evaluating the risk factors of IFI in adult lung transplant recipients were screened. Two researchers reviewed and assessed all studies independently. We pooled the estimated effect of each factor associated with IFI by using a random effect model. RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the systematic review and 5 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. Rates of IFI range from 8% to 33% in lung transplant recipients. Independent risk factors for invasive aspergillosis (IA) in lung transplantation include previous fungal colonization (odds ratio [OR] 2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.47), cytomegalovirus infection (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.08-3.56), and single lung transplantation (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.08-2.91). Pre-emptive antifungal therapy is a protective factor for IA in lung transplant (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.08-0.47). CONCLUSION: Cytomegalovirus infection, previous fungal colonization and single lung transplantation independently increase the risk of IA in lung transplant recipients. Pre-emptive antifungal therapy is a protective factor for IA in the lung transplant population.

Mucosal Papillary Hyperplasia in Gallbladder: A Clue for Infectious Etiology in HIV Patients.

Gallbladder specimens are ditzel in surgical pathology and opportunistic diseases like cryptosporidiosis where they are easy to miss. We describe three cases of gallbladders with mucosal papillary hyperplasia with acute and chronic inflammation, all of which revealed cryptosporidiosis on complete histological evaluation. The patients were found to be HIV positive on further chart review. In the absence of clinical history, which is often the case with gallbladder specimens, the finding of mucosal papillary hyperplasia can be a reactive response to an infectious cause and can serve as a helpful clue to look for organisms with patience at higher magnification.

Vanishing bone disease: An enigma.

Vanishing bone disease is a rare clinical entity with unknown etiology. This disease affects individual irrespective of age or sex. Various names have been used in the literature to describe this condition such as Gorham's disease, phantom bone disease, massive osteolysis, disappearing bone disease and acute spontaneous absorption of bone. The pathogenesis is unknown and the treatment still remains controversial. Considering the rarity of the disease, we report here an interesting and unique case of massive osteolysis of the lower jaw that affected the mandibular basal and alveolar bone. The diagnoses lead on the association of clinical, radiological and histological features.

Infrared thermographic evaluation of rise in temperature with conventional versus trephine drills.

Aim: To compare the rise in temperature using trephines over conventional ones during bone site preparation. Setting and Design: An-vitro, evaluative study. Materials and Methods: Twenty implant sites were prepared using pilot drill up to depth of 10 mm on bovine femoral bone. In first part, no irrigation was used. Five sites were prepared using conventional drill of 2.8 mm, and other five were prepared with help of trephine drills. On completion of each drill, infrared thermometer was used to measure temperature on both the drill tip and the shaft. The same procedure was repeated with bone immersed in saline. Statistical Analysis Used: Student t test was used to evaluate the significance of difference. Result: Study showed that the temperature rise at drill tip was significantly higher for trephine drill (52.98 ± 1.67 °C) than conventional drills (48.20 ± 0.67 °C), however the temperature difference in trephine and conventional drills was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The temperature increase was more distributed in conventional drills than trephine. Copious irrigation is thus mandatory for trephine drills. Intermittent drilling is preferred with conventional drills.

Features That Aid Identification of Autoimmune Gastritis in a Background of Active Helicobacter pylori Infection.

CONTEXT.­: Helicobacter pylori-associated and autoimmune gastritis may coexist in a subset of patients who require treatment for both disorders. OBJECTIVE.­: To delineate findings that identify autoimmune gastritis in the background of H pylori infection. DESIGN.­: We examined cases of (1) patients with H pylori-associated gastritis who had successful eradication therapy and subsequent biopsies diagnostic of autoimmune gastritis and (2) H pylori-associated gastritis wherein pathologists noted features of autoimmune gastritis during original interpretation. Control patients underwent H pylori eradication but lacked evidence of autoimmune gastritis or H pylori infection after 10 years of follow-up. RESULTS.­: Eight subjects had H pylori-associated gastritis followed by H pylori-negative sampling that showed autoimmune gastritis. Review of original samples showed full-thickness inflammation of oxyntic mucosa in 8 of 8 and oxyntic gland loss in 7 of 8 cases. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia, pyloric metaplasia, and intestinal metaplasia were present in 4 of 8 (80% of 5 tested cases), 4 of 8, and 3 of 8 cases, respectively. Features of autoimmune gastritis were noted at the time of their original H pylori diagnosis in 11 study subjects. Ten of 11 samples displayed full-thickness inflammation of oxyntic mucosa and/or partial loss of oxyntic glands, 8 of 11 had ECL cell hyperplasia (all tested cases), 6 of 11 showed pyloric metaplasia, and 4 of 11 harbored intestinal metaplasia. Except for full-thickness oxyntic mucosa inflammation, these features were absent in control cases. CONCLUSIONS.­: Full-thickness inflammation combined with oxyntic gland loss and ECL cell hyperplasia may help to identify autoimmune gastritis in patients with concomitant H pylori infection.

A Rare Case of Metastatic Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Presenting as an Isolated Cerebellar Lesion 5 Years After Treatment.

Isolated brain metastasis (IBM) as a recurrence of primary esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) has rarely been reported in the literature and typically manifests within a short period of time after diagnosing the primary lesion. We present here an unusual case of an IBM presenting nearly 5 years after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and surgical resection of a primary distal esophageal tumor with no interval evidence of recurrence. A 53-year-old man presented to our gastroenterology clinic with progressive dysphagia and weight loss. On upper endoscopy, the patient was found to have a large obstructing distal esophageal mass with biopsies reported as moderately differentiated AC. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) chest/abdomen/pelvis (C/A/P) and magnetic resource imaging (MRI) brain were negative for any distant metastases. The patient received preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, followed by distal esophagectomy with findings of stage IIIB disease. He did well after surgery and was monitored closely by his oncologist with no evidence of recurrence on interval imaging or follow-up endoscopy. Several years after his diagnosis, however, the patient developed new neurologic symptoms, and an MRI brain revealed a solitary cerebellar lesion with surrounding edema concerning for metastatic disease. Positron emission tomography and CT C/A/P were negative for any other new lesions. The tumor was resected, and pathology was confirmed as metastatic AC of esophageal origin. To our knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent esophageal AC presenting as an isolated cerebellar lesion 5 years after treatment of the primary tumor.

Role of Fluorescence Imaging Device in Screening of Oral Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chhattisgarh Population.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a major health issue worldwide. Screening and early diagnosis are the key elements for the better prognosis of potentially malignant oral disorders. OBJECTIVES: This study establishes the effectiveness of fluorescence imaging device in the early detection and precise examination of the normal-appearing oral mucosa of tobacco chewer patients in white light and fluorescence light. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consists of a total of 150 patients equally categorized into frequent tobacco chewers with normal mucosa, precancerous lesion, and cancerous lesion. Out of which 10 cases were excluded due to technical errors and consent-related issues. The correlation between examined oral mucosa under white light and fluorescence light was evaluated through a 2 × 3 contingency table Chi-square test. RESULTS: Out of 140 participants with a positive cancer diagnosis, there are 43 and 53 patients were sensitive to white light andfluorescence light, respectively. The estimated values for sensitivity and specificity were 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.736-0.906) for biopsy report diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Although autofluorescence device plays a critical role in the diagnosis of precancerous oral mucosal lesions in the early stages, the histopathological evaluation remains the gold standard diagnostic approach for this life-threatening disease. Due to the high sensitivity of autofluorescence examination, it has a vital role in determining high-risk oral lesions (precancerous) and oral cancer in mass screening programs for the cancer-prone population.