Associations of couples' balanced time perspective with maternal prenatal hair cortisol concentration and perceived stress.

OBJECTIVE: The stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy not only has a negative impact on her well-being and physical health but also adversely affects the fetus. Stress is strongly linked with time perspective, defined as the tendency to focus on the past, present, or future. The study aimed to investigate how couples' balanced time perspective was related to maternal prenatal hair cortisol concentration and perceived stress in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. METHOD: The participants were pregnant women and their male partners (84 couples). Women completed online questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Perceived Stress Scale, while men completed online versions of the ZTPI and the DFS. These questionnaire measurements were conducted in the first and third trimesters. Maternal cortisol levels were measured in hair samples taken during gynecological visits, in the first and third trimesters. RESULTS: The study revealed that the more unbalanced the partner's time perspective, the more unbalanced the pregnant woman's time perspective and, consequently, the higher the stress perceived by the pregnant woman. This effect was present in both the first (B = 1.06, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.398, 1.826]) and the third trimesters (B =.98, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.327, 1.774]). Moreover, the more unbalanced the partner's time perspective, the more unbalanced the woman's time perspective and, consequently, the lower the hair cortisol concentration in the first trimester (B = -.08, SE =.04, p <.05, 95 % CI [-.171, -.010]). Partner's unbalanced time perspective in the first trimester was also a predictor of stress perceived by the woman in the third trimester (t = 2.38, p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the significance of the partner's time perspective for the pregnant woman's mental health. The partner's unbalanced, negative time perspective in the first trimester may increase the pregnant woman's stress in the third trimester. This effect can be even stronger than that of the woman's time perspective.

Chronotype in relation to free and total testosterone in men.

In the current study, we examined the association between eveningness and testosterone levels in men. Specifically, we differentiated between free and total testosterone fractions, with free testosterone being recognized as the most bioavailable form of this hormone. We collected blood samples from 298 men aged 18-44 to assess total and free testosterone. Additionally, we measured sleep timing variables using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. The main result of the current study indicated that evening chronotype was associated with higher levels of free testosterone, but was unrelated to total testosterone. Sleep loss was unrelated to the both testosterone fractions. We expanded prior findings by utilizing a more comprehensive testosterone assay what indicated that evening chronotype is primarily associated with the most bioavailable form of testosterone (i.e. free testosterone) in adult men.

Circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions in relation to prenatal stress and depression symptoms.

Circadian rhythm and sleep are related to health, but there is little data on the relationship between the sleep/wake rhythm and mood at different stages of pregnancy. The aim of this prospective, longitudinal study was to investigate the associations of circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions with stress and depression among women in early and late pregnancy. The participants were 26 pregnant women. Objective and subjective estimations of circadian rhythm and sleep were administered, namely actigraphy and the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry in the form of a questionnaire. The Perceived Stress Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were also used. Subjectively perceived circadian rhythm disruptions were positively related to stress. Tendency to maintain a regular rhythm of sleep and activity in early pregnancy and subjectively perceived disruptions of circadian rhythms in late pregnancy were positively associated with prenatal depression in late pregnancy. Sleep fragmentation and long time spent in bed at night in early pregnancy were positively associated with stress and depression in late pregnancy. The results suggest the importance of flexibility and the ability to adapt one's circadian activities to the demands of the situation of pregnancy-related changes in lifestyle. They also indicate the significance of good-quality uninterrupted night sleep in early pregnancy.

Sleep, circadian activity patterns and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of actigraphy studies.

Transition to motherhood is a period full of challenges and demands. In this review, we focused on the associations of sleep and circadian activity patterns during and after pregnancy with postpartum mental health factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted (PROSPERO reference 316,505). A search for articles was performed using PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, DARE, hand search, and citation tracking. The search was meant to identify peer-reviewed, experimental and observational studies reporting on women over 18 years old that assessed sleep and circadian activity patterns during pregnancy or postpartum using actigraphy, and investigated postpartum mental health factors. Nineteen relevant publications were selected. Postpartum total sleep at night was the indicator that was most closely related to the psychological functioning of women after childbirth. The results of the systematic review indicated that postpartum total sleep at night was related to postpartum fatigue, and the results of the meta-analysis suggested that total sleep at night was most strongly linked with postpartum depression. More studies are needed to estimate the associations of sleep-wake rhythm during pregnancy and in the postpartum period with postpartum mental health factors.

The Role of Time Perspective and Mindfulness on Life Satisfaction in the United States of America, Spain, Poland and Japan: A Cross-Cultural Study.

We assessed the cross-cultural role of Time Perspective (TP) tendencies [Past Positive (PP), Past Negative (PN), Present Hedonistic (PH), Present Fatalistic (PF), and Future (F)], the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) profile, the Deviation from a Negative Time Perspective (DNTP) profile, and mindfulness on life satisfaction (LS). The sample consisted of psychology undergraduate students (N= 867, MAGE= 20.19, SD= 3.417) in four countries: USA, Spain, Poland and Japan. We used a 17-item short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in all countries. For ensuring measurement invariance, we conducted pairwise CFAs for the ZTPI-17, MAAS and SWLS. Regression analyses showed that PN predicted decreased LS in Poland and Japan. PP predicted increased LS in Spain. F predicted increased LS in Poland. DNTP predicted decreased LS in Poland. Mindfulness predicted decreased LS in Japan and increased LS in USA, Spain and Poland. Moreover, mediation analyses revealed that the DBTP partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and LS in Spain and USA. The DNTP partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and LS in Spain, Poland and Japan (opposite direction). The findings suggest that the association of TP, mindfulness and LS differs across the investigated countries as a function of culture.

Ego-Boosting Hormone: Self-Reported and Blood-Based Testosterone Are Associated With Higher Narcissism.

Grandiose narcissism is defined as increased motivation for status and viewing oneself as entitled and superior to others. We hypothesized that these tendencies might be associated with basal levels of testosterone because testosterone is considered the most social hormone-driving dominance and the motivation to achieve social status. We distinguished between two facets of grandiose narcissism: agentic (i.e., the tendency to self-promotion in order to win others' admiration and social influence) and antagonistic (i.e., a reactive strategy used to restore threatened status). In 283 adult men, we examined the association between these facets of narcissism and blood-tested and self-reported testosterone levels. Agentic narcissism-the default narcissistic strategy-was positively associated with both testosterone indicators. Moreover, self-reported and objectively measured testosterone were positively correlated. These findings extend previous work by showing that the facets of narcissism have distinct hormonal underpinnings.

Chronotype, Time of Day, and Performance on Intelligence Tests in the School Setting.

Research suggests the existence of an association between chronotype and intellectual performance, but the nature of this link remains unclear. Studies conducted in a laboratory setting point to the synchrony effect (better performance at a person's preferred time of day) for fluid intelligence, but not for crystallized intelligence, whereas studies that have analyzed students' grades suggest that the effect exists for both. In the present study, we aimed to verify the synchrony effect by applying direct measures of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and subjective sleepiness-alertness in a sample of high school students during their morning or afternoon class. The results revealed a synchrony effect for crystallized, but not for fluid intelligence. During morning class, students with a morning chronotype performed better than evening chronotypes on a test of crystallized intelligence, whereas during afternoon class there was no difference between chronotypes. The association resulted from decreased performance during morning class in evening chronotypes that improved during afternoon class and constant performance in morning chronotypes. These effects were independent of sleepiness-alertness levels. The results suggest that individual differences between chronotypes may be important for tasks performed during morning classes, but not during afternoon ones, and that performance across school days may depend on time of day in evening chronotypes.

Factors Underpinning the Shift to Eveningness during Early Adolescence: Pubertal Development and Family Conflicts.

Biological and psychosocial factors have been related to the shift to eveningness during early adolescence but it is necessary to study them from a longitudinal perspective. This longitudinal study examined the contribution of these factors to the onset of a shift towards eveningness in early adolescence. A sample of 440 (49.9% boys) Spanish adolescents were assessed for pubertal development, family conflicts, and morningness/eveningness. The same measures were taken twice at the age of 12 and one year later (T1: M = 12.47, SD = 0.75 and T2: M = 13.64, SD = 0.78). Pubertal development and family conflicts were considered predictors of morningness/eveningness in a mixed-effects multilevel model. The developmental shift towards eveningness appeared in girls but not in boys. The shift was related to more advanced pubertal development and more conflicts in the family. This study has implications for shaping healthy sleep habits in adolescents and possible interventions focused on family dynamics.

COVID-19-lockdown delayed sleep timing in Tyrolean teachers.

Delayed school start times improve students' sleep, but little is known about its impact on teachers. The Austrian COVID-19 lockdown, enabling teachers to choose their working hours, created the unique opportunity to test the impact of a forced home office on Tyrolean teachers' sleep. From April to May 2020, a cross-sectional and complete online survey was implemented with 2,314 Tyrolean teachers participating. Bedtimes and wake times on workdays and on weekends were measured before the lockdown (retrospectively) and during the lockdown. Additional variables were calculated: time spent in bed on workdays/weekends, social jetlag, and sleep loss. During the lockdown, as compared to the period before it, the teachers reported later bedtimes and rise times, longer sleep duration on workdays, decreased workday sleep loss, and reduced social jetlag. These effects occurred predominantly due to a delay in rise times on workdays and were enhanced in younger teachers. Changing to a home office during lockdown induced a robust drift towards later hours on workdays, indicating that teachers benefit from delayed school start times by aligning their workday sleep habits to their biological sleep needs. In conclusion, not only adolescent students but also teachers benefit from a delayed school start.

Self-reported chronotype and objective sleep timing in university student athletes and non-athletes.

Objective: The aim of this paper was to test how sport participation and chronotype affect objectively measured sleep timing parameters on workdays. Material and Methods: The sample included 82 student athletes and 40 non-athletes who completed three-day wrist actigraphy monitoring and the Polish version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Results: Eveningness predicted later timing of falling asleep and mid-sleep, but not the wake-up time. Student athletes had earlier wake-up time and shorter sleep duration than non-athletes. Discussion: The results support the view that university students suffer insufficient sleep, especially those participating in extensive sport activity.

Religious Fundamentalism, Delusions, and Conspiracy Beliefs Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The widespread COVID-19 conspiracy theories are a problem in dealing with the pandemic, as their proponents tend not to adhere to public health regulations. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between religious fundamentalism, delusions, compliance with public health regulations, and religion-related conspiracy beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were 570 internet users aged 18-60. They responded to questions regarding sociodemographic variables, compliance with public health regulations, conspiracy beliefs concerning COVID-19, as well as the Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale, and the Delusions Scale. The results indicated that people exhibiting more conspiracy beliefs were less likely to comply with public health regulations concerning the COVID-19 pandemic and showed more religious fundamentalism. Additionally, there was an indirect effect of religious fundamentalism on conspiracy beliefs through delusions. The results suggest that when formulating epidemiological messages, it is worth paying attention to the importance of rational thinking.

The moderating role of personality traits in the associations between seasonal fluctuations in chronotype and depressive symptoms.

Recent research provided evidence that the well-established association between morningness-eveningness and depressive symptoms may be moderated by personality features - conscientiousness and neuroticism. In the present study, we attempted to broaden these findings using a longitudinal design. We hypothesized that these personality traits may influence the degree to which morningness-eveningness and depressiveness covary in time. Participants (n = 380) filled measures of morningness-eveningness, the Big Five personality, and depressive symptoms twice, in December and in June. Consistent with previous results, we observed a significant seasonal shift towards morningness and lower depressive symptoms from December to June. Seasonal shifts in chronotype and depressive symptoms were interrelated: a seasonal shift towards morningness was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms. The strength of this association was exaggerated by neuroticism but attenuated by conscientiousness, suggesting that among neurotic individuals seasonal changes in depressive symptomatology are more dependent on seasonal shifts in morningness-eveningness but less dependent among conscientious ones. This result suggests that conscientiousness and emotional stability play a protective role against maladaptive consequences of eveningness.

Morningness-eveningness preference and shift in chronotype during COVID-19 as predictors of mood and well-being in university students.

It is suggested that social obligations, such as early work/school starts, have a disadvantageous impact on sleep behavior that can further transfer to mental health problems. Lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to research human sleep-wake behavior in naturalistic conditions of decreased social obligations. This study aimed to test whether a change in habitual sleep-wake timing (shift in chronotype) during the COVID-19 lockdown impacted mood and well-being, and whether the impact differs according to morningness-eveningness preference. University students (N = 1011; Meanage = 21.95 ± 1.95 years) filled out self-report questionnaires containing measures of chronotype (midpoint of sleep) before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, morningness-eveningness preference, mood, and well-being. The impact of morningness-eveningness preference and shift in chronotype was tested via multiple regression analyses. Results showed that participants shifted their chronotype in line with their morningness-eveningness preference, and that shift toward earlier sleep-wake timing was related to better moods and well-being. Moreover, higher levels of positive mood (vigor) and well-being were found in individuals who shifted their sleep-wake timing earlier and were higher on morningness.

Religiosity and the Spread of COVID-19: A Multinational Comparison.

This article considers the relationships between population religiosity and the coronavirus pandemic situation across different countries. Country-level analyses were based on data from the World Values Survey, Worldometer, and International Monetary Fund covering information about internal (beliefs) and external (practices) religiosity, religious fundamentalism, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the economic situation at two time points in 47 countries. Results showed that declared attendance at religious services is related to more COVID-19 infections and deaths, as well as when controlling for gross domestic product per capita and the number of coronavirus tests per 1 million population. This effect remained in the longitudinal perspective (of six months) and extended from external religiosity only, to both internal and external religiosity indices.

Mental health indices may fully mediate the relationship between morningness-eveningness and disease control among adult asthma patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between morningness-eveningness and disease control with consideration of mental state as a mediator and the control of confounding factors among adult asthma patients.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, which included a nonrandom sample of N = 66 patients from an outpatient unit with a confirmed asthma diagnosis, who gave an informed consent and completed a set of questionnaires: a survey comprising questions about sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Asthma Control Test (ACT), the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Mediation models were created separately for each GHQ-28 dimension (somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and depressive symptoms), for a total score and for four GHQ-28 dimensions together, considered as mediators.Results: Low morning affect was related to poor disease symptom control among patients with asthma. The effect was fully mediated by non-psychotic mental health indices. Evening-time preference was associated with a rise in asthma control, and mediated by somatic symptoms and anxiety/insomnia, when controlled for morning affect. Conclusions: The current study underlines the significance of assessment of both individual morningness-eveningness preference and mental health in the management of asthma symptoms.

Animal Welfare Attitudes: Effects of Gender and Diet in University Samples from 22 Countries.

Animal Welfare Attitudes (AWA) are defined as human attitudes towards the welfare of animals in different dimensions and settings. Demographic factors, such as age and gender are associated with AWA. The aim of this study was to assess gender differences among university students in a large convenience sample from twenty-two nations in AWA. A total of 7914 people participated in the study (5155 women, 2711 men, 48 diverse). Participants completed a questionnaire that collected demographic data, typical diet and responses to the Composite Respect for Animals Scale Short version (CRAS-S). In addition, we used a measure of gender empowerment from the Human Development Report. The largest variance in AWA was explained by diet, followed by country and gender. In terms of diet, 6385 participants reported to be omnivores, 296 as pescatarian, 637 ate a vegetarian diet and 434 were vegans (n = 162 without answer). Diet was related with CRAS-S scores; people with a vegan diet scored higher in AWA than omnivores. Women scored significantly higher on AWA than men. Furthermore, gender differences in AWA increased as gender inequality decreased.

Chronotype in individuals with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Emerging evidence shows that evening chronotype is associated with mental health problems, especially mood disorders, but few studies have investigated its association with schizophrenia. Based on meta-analytic methods, we aimed to test whether eveningness is greater in individuals with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls and patients with bipolar I disorder. METHOD: Medline/Pubmed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO databases were searched up to April 2021 for articles investigating chronotype in individuals with schizophrenia. Two meta-analyses were conducted: individuals with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls and individuals with bipolar I disorder. These meta-analyses were followed by a meta-regression controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Five studies comprising 386 individuals with schizophrenia (age 32.73 years; 67.4% male), 320 with bipolar I disorder (age 31.26 years; 38.3% male) and 638 healthy controls (age 32.19 years; 50.6% male) were included. Participants with schizophrenia were moderately higher on eveningness than healthy controls but they did not differ from those with bipolar I disorder. The difference was not affected by gender, age, and the type of scale used for assessing chronotype. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with schizophrenia are more evening oriented than healthy controls and have a similar chronotype to those with bipolar I disorder. The results supported the hypothesis that evening chronotype might be a marker of, or a risk factor for, mental health problems in general and not just limited to affective disorders.

The influence of light exposure and chronotype on working memory in humans.

Here we examine how exposure to blue (peaking at λ=470 nm), green (peaking at λ=505 nm) and red (peaking at λ=630 nm) light affects subsequent working memory performance measured with visual N-back tasks and associated functional brain responses in participants with extreme morning and extreme evening chronotype. We used within-subjects experimental manipulation on carefully selected samples and state of the art equipment for light exposure. The results show no differences between extreme morning-type and evening-type individuals in N-back task performance. We also did not replicate the alerting effect of exposure to blue wavelength light, supposedly enhancing performance on cognitive tasks. However, we found higher brain activity in the morning hours for extreme morning in comparison to extreme evening chronotype in several frontal areas of the precentral gyrus, middle and superior frontal gyri and in the occipital gyrus. This may indicate increased strategic or attentional recruitment of prefrontal areas, implicated in compensating working memory load in the morning type.

Moral foundations in chronotypes: morningness predicts conservative morality.

Recent studies suggest that chronopsychological variables may play an important role in moral behavior. In the present study, we aimed to test whether a person's chronotype is associated with moral foundations profiles, distinguished in accordance with Haidt's conceptualization. Morning-oriented people generally tended to rank the importance of the five basic moral foundations - Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity, highest. Moreover, morningness predicted the affiliation to the "conservative" cluster, as opposed to the "liberal" moral foundations profile. However, after conscientiousness was added to the model, the effect of chronotype was no longer significant. Thus, it seems that the more conservative morality of morning people stems mainly from their elevated conscientiousness. In addition to broadening the current knowledge about the morningness-eveningness' nomological network, the present results may have some practical implications, e.g., for political marketing strategies.

Social and physical anhedonia in relation to grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.

BACKGROUND: Narcissism has two different dimensions which differ in terms of social functioning. Grandiose narcissism is associated with higher extraversion, while vulnerable narcissism is associated with greater introversion. Both forms of narcissism present numerous forms of social maladjustment. Anhedonia (social and physical) is associated with measures of social maladjustment and is one of the core symptoms of serious mental conditions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between social and physical anhedonia and the two forms of narcissism, grandiose and vulnerable. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: A sample of 339 young adults completed the Polish version of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and two subscales of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales - Short Form: the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale and the Physical Anhedonia Scale. RESULTS: We found a positive correlation between social anhedonia and vulnerable narcissism, and a negative correlation between social anhedonia and grandiose narcissism. Physical anhedonia was not related to any form of narcissism. Older people and men scored higher on the social anhedonia scale. CONCLUSIONS: Vulnerable narcissistic personality is associated with social deficits, namely social anhedonia. Future research could investigate the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and schizotypy to establish whether vulnerable personality is a risk factor for developing serious mental illnesses.