Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) fruit ethanolic extract exerts attenuative effect on hyperglycemia, sensory and motoric function's disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

Objective: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a potent medicinal plant in Asia. This present study aimed to reveal the effectivity of Andaliman fruit extract in alleviating hyperglycemia, sensory and motoric balance disorders, histopathology of the cerebellum, and tissue oxidative stress in diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Materials and Methods: Diabetes induction was performed by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan monohydrate [200 mg/kg body weight (BW)]. Subsequently, the mice were treated daily with an ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit (0, 150, 300, 450 mg/kg BW per oral) for 28 days, followed by measurements of blood glucose, paw sensitivity, motoric balance, histopathology of the cerebellum, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of the extract were elucidated by liquid chromatography. Results: Higher doses of Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the elevation of random and fasting blood glucose (p < 0.05) and improve paw sensitivity responses (p < 0.05) and motoric balances (p < 0.05) in diabetic mice. Moreover, Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (p < 0.05) and suppress MDA levels in the blood (p < 0.05) while blunting the MDA in the brain tissue (p < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed 39 compounds in the Andaliman extract belonging to the groups of alkaloids (26 compounds), flavonoids (12 compounds), and terpenoids (1 compound). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit is capable of ameliorating diabetic neuropathy, motor balance disorders, and Purkinje cell degeneration while also reducing oxidative stress in the peripheral system. Hence, Andaliman extract is a promising candidate for formulation as an herbal remedy against the detrimental outcomes of diabetes mellitus.

Efficacy of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extract Against German Cockroach (Blattella germanica L.).

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The ethanol extract of noni leaves (<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> L.) can be used as insecticides to control populations of German cockroaches that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potency of the ethanol extract of noni leaves to kill and repel German cockroaches and affect the amount of food consumed. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The methods used in this study were the contact toxicity test, the repellency test and the food consumption test. The noni leaves extract and German cockroach populations were provided in the laboratory. <b>Results:</b> The noni leaves extract concentration of 20% (residue of 3.14 mg cm² ¹) was very effective in killing the standard population and effective in killing the field population of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration noni leaves extract of 0.36% (residue 0.056 mg cm² ¹) and 1.08% (residue 0.169 mg cm² ¹) was very high grade as repellent of German cockroaches. The sub-lethal concentration of noni leaves extract did not inhibit the amount of food consumption in German cockroach populations. <b>Conclusion:</b> Leaves of noni plants can be used as bioinsecticides to control German cockroach populations that have been resistant to commercial insecticides.

Potency of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) as Toxicant and Repellent against German Cockroach (Blattella germanica L.).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Papaya leaves have the potency to be developed as alternative insecticide to control the German cockroaches that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potency of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf as toxicant and repellent against 2 populations of German cockroaches which are known resistant to synthetic insecticide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methods that used was contact toxicity test and repellency test. The ethanolic extract of papaya leaf residues were used in contact toxicity test of 4 residues and a sub-lethal residue in repellency test. Three populations of German cockroach were collected in field and kept in laboratory. RESULTS: Lethal residue 50% (LR50) of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf between 2.97-4.72 mg cm-2 while lethal residue 90% (LR90) between 6.05-8.92 mg cm-2 and very effective killed all population of German cockroach. Repellency value of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf with a sub-lethal residue of 0.39 mg cm-2 between 88.89 -94.74% and level of repellency was very repellent. CONCLUSION: Ethanolic extract of papaya leaf could be formulated as a potent natural insecticide to control populations of German cockroach that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides.