Biocidal effects of organometallic materials supported on ZSM-5 Zeolite: Influence of the physicochemical and surface properties.

Antifouling coatings containing biocidal agents can be used to prevent the accumulation of biotic deposits on submerged surfaces; however, several commercial biocides can negatively affect the ecosystem. In this study, various formulations of a potential biocide product comprising copper nanoparticles and capsaicin supported on zeolite ZSM-5 were analyzed to determine the influence of the concentration of each component. The incorporation of copper was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Similarly, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that capsaicin was supported on the zeolite surface. The presence of capsaicin on the external zeolite surface significantly reduced the surface area of the zeolite. Finally, bacterial growth inhibition analysis showed that copper nanoparticles inhibited the growth of strains Idiomarina loihiensis UCO25, Pseudoalteromonas sp. UCO92, and Halomonas boliviensis UCO24 while the organic component acted as a reinforcing biocide.

Mental health consequences of parental death and its prevalence in children: A systematic literature review.

The death of a loved one can occur at any stage of life and can have a profound clinical impact on the patient. During childhood and adolescence, smoking has a functional impact on key aspects of family, school, and social life. The negative effects of parental death on children's mental health and its prevalence are unknown. Therefore, this systematic literature review aimed to describe the effects of parental death on children's mental health and its prevalence. The PubMed/Medline, WoS, and Cochrane Trials databases were searched for articles on patients aged 4-18 years. This review examines three articles. Anxiety and depression were identified as the predominant mental health outcomes, with a prevalence ranging from 7.5 % to 44.67 % of the mental health consequences associated with parental death.

Oral cancer knowledge in adults evaluated through a phone survey in the context of the SARS-CoV2 health emergency in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: in Colombia, oral cancer is the eighth most common type of cancer, with an estimated survival rate of 52%. Lack of knowledge about oral cancer and its risk factors is associated with late detection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 268 patients attending the School of Dentistry of the University of Antioquia clinics, to whom a validated 47-question questionnaire was applied by phone during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021). Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. RESULTS: the mean age was 58.9. 58.6% of the participants had heard of oral cancer, 42% acquire knowledge from the media, and 96.7% considered screening necessary. Most of the patients expressed not feeling worried (54.5%), fearful (59.7%), or anxious (56.3%) in the case of being submitted to an examination for early detection of oral cancer. A correlation between low socioeconomic status and educational level with less knowledge of oral cancer was found. The dimensions of experience and attitude towards screening were not associated with sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: There is little knowledge about oral cancer, especially in low socioeconomic and educational status, although this does not occur in the dimensions of attitude and experience toward screening. In contrast, patients participating in this study presented high knowledge about oral cancer risk. This population recognizes the situations most related to the development of cancer. This level of knowledge was similar for the demographic conditions except for people with no education, who presented less knowledge of the risks. The need for educational campaigns on oral cancer knowledge is reaffirmed, especially in socially disadvantaged groups, considering that there would be no barriers related to screening.

Effect of in-water administration of quorum system inhibitors in broilers' productive performance and intestinal microbiome in a mild necrotic enteritis challenge.

The poultry industry has been facing the impact of necrotic enteritis (NE), a disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens producing the haemolytic toxin NetB. NE severity may vary from mild clinical to prominent enteric signs causing reduced growth rates and affecting feed conversion ratio. NetB production is controlled by the Agr-like quorum-sensing (QS) system, which coordinates virulence gene expression in response to bacterial cell density. In this study, the peptide-containing cell-free spent media (CFSM) from Enterococcus faecium was tested in NE challenged broilers in two battery cage and one floor pen studies. Results showed a significant reduction of NE mortality. Metagenomic sequencing of the jejunum microbiome revealed no impact of the CFSM on the microbial community, and growth of C. perfringens was unaffected by CFSM in vitro. The expression of QS-controlled virulence genes netB, plc and pfoA was found to be significantly repressed by CFSM during the mid-logarithmic stage of C. perfringens growth and this corresponded with a significant decrease in haemolytic activity. Purified fractions of CFSM containing bioactive peptides were found to cause reduced haemolysis. These results showed that bioactive peptides reduce NE mortality in broilers by interfering with the QS system of C. perfringens and reducing bacterial virulence. Furthermore, the microbiome of C. perfringens-challenged broilers is not affected by quorum sensing inhibitor containing CFSM.

Lack of evidence for Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk of herds located in mid-western Colombia / Falta de evidencia para Mycoplasma spp. en leche de tanques de enfriamiento de hatos del centro-occidente colombiano

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma spp. is reported as a highly contagious mastitis-causing bacteria in dairy cattle, without successful or low response to most common antibiotic treatments due to the lack of cell wall. In Colombia it has been reported in the Central Andean region during 2014. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk using microbiological and molecular diagnosis. A random longitudinal study enrolling 220 commercial dairy farms located in four provinces of the mid-western region of Colombia from four pasteurizer companies was performed. Bulk tank milk samples were collected once monthly for three months period for determining somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological and molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. cultures were done without pre-enrichment procedures directly in mycoplasma agar with cefoperazone to inhibit growth of opportunistic microorganisms, plates were incubated under 37° C and atmosphere of 10% CO2 and inspected during a 10d period. Molecular analysis was done by a multiplex PCR using specific primers targeting the 16S-23S rARN gene of Mycoplasma spp. and from non-pathogenic bacteria occasionally found in milk. LnSCC average of included dairy farms was 6.19 x103 cells/mL, Mycoplasma spp. was not isolated during microbiological cultures, and no DNA belonging to the species was detected by PCR in the 220 bulk tanks milk, with an estimated prevalence lower than 2.3%. This finding shows that there is not microbiological or molecular evidence that demonstrates the presence of the pathogen in the milk from the mid-western region of Colombia at herd level.

RESUMEN Mycoplasma spp. está descrito como una bacteria causante de mastitis altamente contagiosa en ganado lechero, sin o con baja respuesta a tratamientos antibióticos convencionales debido a que carece de pared celular. En Colombia ha sido reportado en la región Andina Central durante 2014. El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia de Mycoplasma spp. en leche de tanques de enfriamiento empleando diagnósticos microbiológicos y moleculares. Se realizó un estudio aleatorio longitudinal que incluyó 220 lecherías comerciales en cuatro departamentos del centro-occidente colombiano acopiadas por cuatro compañías pasteurizadoras. Se recolectaron muestras de leche del tanque de enfriamiento mensualmente durante tres meses para determinar el recuento de células somáticas (SCC) y el diagnóstico microbiològico y molecular de Mycoplasma spp. Los cultivos se realizaron sin procedimientos de preenriquecimiento directamente en agar micoplasma con cefoperazona para inhibir crecimiento de microorganismos oportunistas, los agares se incubaron a 37° C con una atmosfera del 10% CO2 e inspeccionados durante 10d. Los análisis moleculares se realizaron por PCR multiplex usando cebadores específicos para los genes 16S-23S rRNA del Mycoplasma spp. y de algunas bacterias oportunistas ocasionales en la leche. El promedio del LnSCC fue de 6.19 x103 células/ mL, Mycoplasma spp. no fue aislado de los cultivos microbiológicos y no se encontró ADN de a esta especie mediante PCR en los 220 tanques de leche. Lo anterior indica una prevalencia estimada menor a 2,3%. Se concluye que no existe evidencia micro-biológica ni molecular para demostrar la presencia del patógeno en la leche de la región centro-occidente colombiana a nivel de hato.

Clinical status and endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract of dairy calves infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 and Bovine herpes virus 1 after vaccination and trace minerals injection.

The objective was to compare clinical protection [evaluated through health scoring, endoscopy score of the upper respiratory tract (URT-ES), leukocyte count, viremia, and virus shedding in nasal secretions] following Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV2) and Bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1) challenge among calves submitted to modified-live virus (MLV) booster vaccination (either intranasal or subcutaneous) concurrent with injectable trace minerals (ITM) or saline. Forty-eight dairy calves received an MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, and BPI3V and subcutaneous (SC) ITM (Se, Cu, Zn & Mn; ITM, n = 24) or saline (SAL, n = 24). Ten weeks later, calves received a second dose of ITM, or saline, according to previous groups and were randomly assigned to receive the same IN vaccine [ITM-IN (n = 12), SAL-IN (n = 12)] or a SC MLV vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, BPI3V, BVDV1 & 2 [ITM-SC (n = 12), SAL-SC (n = 12)]. Additionally, 12 calves did not receive vaccine or treatment and served as a control group (UNVAC, n = 12). Forty-nine days after booster, calves were challenged with BVDV2; and seven days later with BHV1. Health scores indicated disease in UNVAC on days 6, 10 and 12 compared to the vaccinated groups. Unvaccinated calves had the highest URT-ES after BHV1 challenge. Calves that received SC booster had lower URT-ES after BHV1 challenge than UNVAC calves. Calves in ITM-IN had significantly lower URT-ES after BHV1 infection than SAL-IN and UNVAC calves. In conclusion, IN or SC MLV vaccination was similarly effective in protecting calves from BVDV2 + BHV1 challenges (reducing clinical and endoscopy scores, preventing leukopenia, and viremia), compared to unvaccinated calves. Endoscopic evaluation of the URT allowed visualization of the inflammation and damage at multiple depths in the URT caused by a serial BVDV2 + BHV1 challenge. Calves that received SC vaccination had significantly lower URT-ES after BHV1 challenge than the UNVAC calves. Administration of ITM concurrent with IN vaccination was associated with reduced URT inflammation after BVDV2 + BHV1 challenge.

Changes in serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in bulls undergoing scrotal insulation.

While changes in semen quality after heat stress are well characterized in the bull, changes in endocrine function have not been critically evaluated. It was hypothesized here that scrotal insulation results in alterations in Sertoli cell and Leydig cell function, as measured by changes in serum testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration. Scrotal insulation bags were placed in 10 bulls for 8 d. Blood was collected on days -22 and -2, and weekly from days 5 to 96 (day 0 = first day of scrotal insulation) for measurement of serum concentration of AMH and testosterone using ELISA. The concentration of AMH decreased on day 5, followed by an increase on day 54 (P = 0.014). When AMH concentration was normalized to pre-insulation values, the percent increase in serum concentration of AMH was significant between days 26 and 54, with another peak at 75 d (P = 0.031). The serum concentration of testosterone (P = 0.0001) and the percentage of change in testosterone concentration (P < 0.0001) increased on day 5, followed by a decrease from days 33 to 96. Scrotal insulation was associated with Sertoli and Leydig cell dysfunction, as measured by serum testosterone and AMH concentration. The persistently low concentration of testosterone at the end of the study suggests a long term effect of scrotal insulation on Leydig cell function.

Danger and distress: Parabrachial-extended amygdala circuits.

Our understanding of the role of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has evolved as technology has advanced, in part due to cell-specific studies and complex behavioral assays. This is reflected in the heterogeneous neuronal populations within the PBN to the extended amygdala (EA) circuits which encompass the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and central amygdala (CeA) circuitry, as they differentially modulate aspects of behavior in response to diverse threat-like contexts necessary for survival. Here we review how the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST pathways differentially modulate fear-like behavior, innate and conditioned, through unique changes in neurotransmission in response to stress-inducing contexts. Furthermore, we hypothesize how in specific instances the PBN→CeA and PBN→BNST circuits are redundant and in part intertwined with their respective reciprocal projections. By deconstructing the interoceptive and exteroceptive components of affect- and stress related behavioral paradigms, evidence suggests that the PBN→CeA circuit modulates innate response to physical stimuli and fear conditioning. Conversely, the PBN→BNST circuit modulates distress-like stress in unpredictable contexts. Thereby, the PBN provides a pathway for alarming interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli to be processed and relayed to the EA to induce stress-relevant affect. Additionally, we provide a framework for future studies to detail the cell-type specific intricacies of PBN→EA circuits in mediating behavioral responses to threats, and the relevance of the PBN in drug-use as it relates to threat and negative reinforcement. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.

Ultrafast carbon nanotubes growth on recycled carbon fibers and their evaluation on interfacial shear strength in reinforced composites.

The global demand for products manufactured with carbon fibers (CFs) has increased in recent years; however, the waste generated at the end of the product lifetime has also increased. In this research, the impact of the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the interlaminated resistance of recycled carbon fibers (RCFs) was studied. In this work, a recycling process of the composite material was applied via thermolysis to obtain the CFs, followed by the growth of CNTs on their surface using the Poptube technique. The recycling temperature were 500 °C and 700 °C; and ferrocene and polypyrrole were used to grow CNTs on CFs surface. CNTs were verified by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, to determine the interlaminar resistance, a double cantilever beam (DCB) test was performed. The results indicate that with Poptube technique, CNTs can be grown on RCFs using both impregnations. Thermolysis recycling process at 500 °C allowed CFs without resin residues and without visible damage. The DCB tests showed a decrease in the fracture resistance in mode I loading of 34.9% for the polypyrrole samples and 29.3% for the ferrocene samples compared with the virgin carbon fibers (VCFs) samples with a resistance of 1052.5 J/m2.

BNST transient activity associates with approach behavior in a stressful environment and is modulated by the parabrachial nucleus.

Studies demonstrate a role for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in modulating affective behavior and stress-reward integration. To explore the dynamic nature of in vivo BNST activity associated with anxiety-like behavior in a stress-inducing context, we utilized fiber photometry and detected BNST calcium transients in mice during the novelty-suppressed feeding task (NSFT). Phasic BNST activity emerged time-locked to novel object or food pellet approach during NSFT. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has a large input to the BNST and is thought to function as a danger signal, in arousal responses and in feeding behavior. To explore a potential role for the PBN as a contributor to BNST activity in NSFT, we investigated whether chemogenetic regulation of PBN activity altered the dynamic BNST response synchronized to NSFT approach behavior. We found that activation of the hM3D(Gq) DREADD in the PBN enhanced the observed transient signal in the BNST synchronized to the consummatory food approach, and was associated at the behavioral level with increased latency to consume food. Because the PBN has multiple efferent pathways, we next used a transsynaptic anterograde AAV-based strategy to express hM3D(Gq) specifically in PBN-innervated BNST (BNSTPBN) neurons in male and female mice. Activation of hM3D(Gq) in these BNSTPBN neurons increased latency to consume food in female, but not male mice. To further explore the population of BNST neurons contributing to phasic BNST activity associated with NSFT, we turned to PKCδ neurons in BNST. BNST(PKCδ) neurons are implicated in stress and food-related behavior, and we previously found that the expression of this kinase is regulated in the BNST by stress in a sex-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate close apposition of CGRP, a marker of PBN terminals, adjacent to BNST(PKCδ) cells. Finally, we find that PKCδ-expressing BNST cells exhibit a large transient signal synchronized to the consummatory food approach similar to that seen with bulk BNST activity measures. Taken together these data demonstrate phasic BNST activity at a global and cell-specific level that is driven in part by PBN activity at the time of NSFT consummatory approach behavior.

Micosis fungoide y VIH ¡Es posible esta excepcional relación! / Mycosis fungoides and HIV.This exceptional relationship is possible! Case report

RESUMEN Las enfermedades cutáneas en pacientes con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y/o síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) son comunes y altamente incapacitantes; sin embargo, la micosis fungoide (MF) es una complicación inusual en pacientes con VIH, por tal motivo no ha sido completamente dilucidado su etiopatogénesis ni su forma de presentación o manifestaciones clínicas en pacientes con esta patología. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de VIH y MF atendida en la unidad de Dermatología del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Medellín - Colombia.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous diseases in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common, becoming highly disabling entities in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); however, mycosis fungoides (MF) is a complication of low occurrence in patients with HIV, so it has not been clearly elucidated its presentation or manifestations in patients with this pathology. In this report we present the case of a patient with a diagnosis of HIV and MF treated at the Dermatology Unit of the Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, in Medellín, Colombia.

Analysis of the measurement uncertainty and its effects on noise mapping validations.

This paper addresses the use of noise measurements when noise mapping simulations are intended to be validated. For this, a discussion about the measurement uncertainty and how to include it in the process of validation is carried out. Then, the contribution provided by the geo-referencing error of a GPS and its impact in the uncertainty is assessed. This is achieved by means of environmental noise measurements, which are conducted based on the accuracy radius given by a standard GPS. Furthermore, an assessment of the approach is conducted by means of numerical simulations using the commercial package SoundPLAN. The results indicate that the uncertainty of noise measurements should be included as it restricts the validation threshold (usually assumed as ±3 dB). Furthermore, the error generated by the inaccuracy of the geo-referencing process increases the uncertainty of the measurements and, therefore, of the noise maps. Finally, a method to calculate a total uncertainty, which partially includes the contributions of the geo-referencing error is also proposed.

Adipokines underlie the early origins of obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities in the offspring of women with pregestational obesity.

Maternal pregestational obesity is a well-known risk factor for offspring obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which maternal obesity can induce alterations in fetal and later neonatal metabolism are not fully elucidated due to its complexity and multifactorial causes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, are involved in fetal and postnatal growth trajectories, and both are altered in women with pregestational obesity. The placenta synthesizes leptin, which goes mainly to the maternal circulation and in lesser amount to the developing fetus. Maternal pregestational obesity and hyperleptinemia are associated with placental dysfunction and changes in nutrient transporters which directly affect fetal growth and development. By the other side, the embryo can produce its own leptin from early in development, which is associated to fetal weight and adiposity. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is downregulated in maternal obesity. High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the most abundant form and with most biological actions. In maternal obesity lower total and HMW adiponectin levels have been described in the mother, paralleled with high levels in the umbilical cord. Several studies have found that cord blood adiponectin levels are related with postnatal growth trajectories, and it has been suggested that low adiponectin levels in women with pregestational obesity enhance placental insulin sensitivity and activation of placental amino acid transport systems, supporting fetal overgrowth. The possible mechanisms by which maternal pregestational obesity, focusing in the actions of leptin and adiponectin, affects the fetal development and postnatal growth trajectories in their offspring are discussed.

Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Effect of Nanocomposites and Composite Based on Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Using Cu and Cu/Cu2O Nanoparticles and CuSO4.

Nanocomposites and a composite based on poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were synthesized using commercial copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), copper/cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu|Cu2O-NPs), and copper sulfate (CuSO4), respectively. The Cu|Cu2O-NPs were synthesized using chemical reduction and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesis of Cu|Cu2O-NPs yielded a mixture of Cu and Cu2O, with metal Cu having a spherical morphology of approximately 40 nm in diameter and Cu2O with a diameter of 150 nm. To prepare the nanocomposites (NCs) and the composite material (MC), the NPs and the CuSO4 salt were incorporated into the PBAT matrix in concentrations of 1, 3, and 5% p/p via an ex situ method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and agar diffusion assays were used for structural, thermomechanical, and antimicrobial characterization. Results showed that the reinforcements did not modify the chemical structure of the PBAT and only slightly increased the percentage of crystallization. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PBAT did not change much with the addition of fillers, except for a slight increase in tensile strength and thermal stability, respectively. The agar diffusion antimicrobial assays showed that the NCs and MCs had good inhibitory responses against the nonresistant strains Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The MCs based on CuSO4 had the highest biocidal effect, even against the resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii.

Effects of injectable trace minerals administered concurrently with a modified live virus vaccine on long-term protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus acute infection in dairy calves.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) concurrent with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination on protection from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy calves. In a previous study (Palomares et al., 2016), thirty dairy calves received two doses of a MLV vaccine subcutaneously (SC), concurrently with ITM (n = 15) or saline (n = 15), SC. Five months later, 20 of these calves received ITM (G1, n = 10) or saline (G2, n = 10) according to their previous groups and were challenged intranasally with BVDV2. Five unvaccinated calves were also challenged with BVDV2 (G3). Blood samples were collected on days 0 (BVDV challenge), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21, 32 and 61 for leukocyte count, virus isolation and BVDV serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA). Mild-moderate clinical signs were observed in G3 after BVDV challenge. Group 1 showed lower sum health score and nasal score on d5 and fecal score on d8 compared to G2. Rectal temperature and leukocyte counts were not different between G1 and G2. In contrast, G3 calves had significant leukopenia and lymphopenia from d3 to d7 (P < .05) and higher rectal temperatures on d6 to d8, compared to values on d0 (P < .05). All unvaccinated calves became viremic, while viremia was not detected in G1 or G2. Average daily gain was not different between vaccinated groups, however, only G1 calves had significantly greater (P = .04) ADG compared to non-vaccinated calves during the first 14 days post challenge. Vaccinated calves treated or not with ITM were protected from BVDV2 infection five months post-vaccination.

The value of 11C-methionine PET in the early differentiation between tumour recurrence and radionecrosis in patients treated for a high-grade glioma and indeterminate MRI. / Utilidad de la PET con 11C-metionina en la diferenciación precoz entre recurrencia tumoral y radionecrosis de pacientes tratados de glioma de alto grado con RM indeterminada.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of 11C-Methionine PET in the early differentiation between tumour recurrence and radionecrosis in patients treated for a high grade glioma. METHOD: The study included 30 patients with glioma (III/IV grade) treated with surgery/radiotherapy/chemotherapy (5-8 months) and with an indeterminate MRI. All patients underwent a 11C-Methione PET (within 15 days of MRI) and studies were visually analysed (intensity and morphology of uptake), quantified (SUV max/SUV mean background), and coregistered to MRI (3D-Flair). Patient management was decided by the neuro-oncology committee to clinical and imaging follow-up, second-line treatment, or surgery. RESULTS: There were 23 11C-Methionine PET studies visually positive. Morphology of uptake was focal in 15, diffuse in 4, and ring-shaped in 4. Three out of the focal uptake cases underwent resection (Histopathology +). Sixteen underwent second-line therapy (11 responded; 5 progressed). The 4 cases with ring-shaped uptake were followed-up, and progression was found in 2 (true-positive), and disease-free in 2 (follow-up of 6 and 7 months, respectively) (false-positive). Seven out of 11C-Methionine studies PET were visually negative, and all of them were disease-free (follow-up of 3-12 months). SUV lesion/background was 2.79±1.35 in tumour recurrence, and 1.53±0.39 in radionecrosis (P<.05). Taking into account a SUV lesion/background threshold of 2.35, the sensitivity and specificity values were 90.5% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Visual analysis, quantitative and PET/MRI coregistration of 11C-Methionine PET showed their complementary role in patients with indeterminate MRI results, thus allowing early differentiation between tumour recurrence and radionecrosis, and helping in the individual therapy approach.

Unintended Consequences of the New National Kidney Allocation Policy in the United States.

The new national Kidney Allocation System of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), effective as of December 4, 2014, was designed to improve the chances of transplanting the most highly sensitized patients on the waitlist, those with calculated panel reactive antibody values of 98%, 99% and 100%. Recently, it was suggested that these highly sensitized patients will experience inequitable access, given the reported high prevalence of antibodies to HLA-DP, and the fact that only about 1/3 of deceased donors are typed for HLA-DP antigens. Here we report that 320/2948 flow cytometric crossmatches performed for the Northwestern transplant program over the past 28 months were positive solely due to HLA-DP donor-specific antibodies (11%; 16.5% of patients with HLA antibodies-sensitized patients). We further show that 58/207 (12%) HLA-DR serologically matched donor-recipient pairs had a positive B cell flow crossmatch due to donor-specific HLA class II antibodies, and 2/34 (6%) serologic zero-HLA-A-B-DR mismatch had a positive flow crossmatch due to HLA-DSA. We therefore provide information regarding the necessity and importance of complete donor HLA typing including both chains of the HLA-DP antigen (encoded by HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1) at the time of organ offer.