Risk of Dementia Diagnosis After Injurious Falls in Older Adults.

Importance: Emerging evidence suggests that mild cognitive impairment, which is a precursor to Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD), places older adults at increased risk for falls. However, the risk that an older adult develops dementia after experiencing a fall is unknown. Objective: To determine the risk of new ADRD diagnosis after a fall in older adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study examined Medicare Fee-for-Service data from 2014 to 2015, with follow-up data available for at least 1 year after the index encounter. Participants included adults aged 66 years and older who experienced a traumatic injury that resulted in an emergency department (ED) or inpatient encounter and did not have a preexisting diagnosis of dementia. Data analysis was performed from August 2023 to July 2024. Exposures: Experiencing a fall compared with other mechanisms of injury, defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and ICD-10 external cause of injury codes. Main Outcomes and Measures: The hazard of new ADRD diagnosis within 1 year of a fall, assessed by performing a Cox multivariable competing risk model that controlled for potential confounders while accounting for the competing risk of death. Results: The study included 2 453 655 older adult patients who experienced a traumatic injury; 1 522 656 (62.1%) were female; 124 396 (5.1%) were Black and 2 232 102 (91.0%) were White; and the mean (SD) age was 78.1 (8.1) years. The mechanism of injury was a fall in 1 228 847 incidents (50.1%). ADRD was more frequently diagnosed within 1 year of a fall compared with other injury mechanisms (10.6% [129 910 of 1 228 847] vs 6.1% [74 799 of 1 224 808]; P < .001). The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia diagnosis after a fall was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.61-1.64; P < .001). On multivariable Cox competing risk analysis, falling was independently associated with an increased risk of dementia diagnosis among older adults (HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.20-1.21]; P < .001) after controlling for patient demographics, medical comorbidities, and injury characteristics, while accounting for the competing risk of death. Among the subset of older adults without a recent skilled nursing facility admission, the HR was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.26-1.28; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, new ADRD diagnoses were more common after falls compared with other mechanisms of injury, with 10.6% of older adults being diagnosed with ADRD in the first year after a fall. To improve the early identification of ADRD, this study's findings suggest support for the implementation of cognitive screening in older adults who experience an injurious fall that results in an ED visit or hospital admission.

Teletrauma Use in US Emergency Departments.

Importance: Nearly 30 million predominantly rural US residents lack timely access to trauma care expertise available at level I or II trauma centers. Telehealth is an established approach to improve access to health care expertise using remote consultation; however, the prevalence of use of telehealth in trauma (teletrauma) across the US is not known. Objective: To examine the prevalence of, trends in, and factors associated with teletrauma use and adoption among US emergency departments (EDs). Design, Setting, and Participants: This survey study included data from the National Emergency Department Inventory (NEDI)-USA survey from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. Each year, a 1-page survey was sent to the directors of nonfederal, nonspecialty EDs by mail and email up to 3 times; nonresponders were further contacted via telephone to complete the survey. Data were analyzed from January to March 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was self-reported ED use of teletrauma for each year studied. Additional measures included data regarding self-reported use of any other telehealth service and ED characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess ED characteristics associated with teletrauma use in 2020 and teletrauma adoption between 2017 and 2020. Results: Of 5586 EDs in the US in 2020, 4512 had available teletrauma survey data (80.8% response rate); 379 (8.4%) of these EDs reported teletrauma use. In contrast, 2726 (60.4%) reported use of any other telehealth service. Teletrauma use (among EDs with any telehealth use) ranged between 0% in Alabama; Connecticut; Washington, DC; Indiana; New Jersey; Nevada; Oklahoma; Oregon; Rhode Island; and South Carolina to more than 60% in Arkansas (39 of 64 [60.9%]), South Dakota (31 of 41 [75.6%]), and North Dakota (30 of 35 [85.7%]). Factors associated with teletrauma use included rural location (odds ratio [OR], 2.44; 95% CI, 1.77-3.36), critical access hospital (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.83-3.88), and basic stroke hospital vs nonstroke hospital (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.32-2.30) designations. Factors associated with adoption of teletrauma by 2020 included critical access hospital (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.35-2.90) and basic stroke hospital vs nonstroke hospital (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.04-1.94) designation. Conclusion and Relevance: This survey study found that teletrauma use lagged significantly behind use of other telehealth services in US EDs in 2020. While most EDs using teletrauma were located in rural areas, there was significant state-level variation in teletrauma use. Future research is needed on how teletrauma is being used and to identify barriers to its wider implementation.

Identifying opportunities for community EMS fall prevention.

BACKGROUND: Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults in the United States. Current fall prevention interventions rely on provider referral or enrollment during inpatient admissions and require engagement and independence of the patient. Community emergency medical services (CEMS) are a unique opportunity to rapidly identify older adults at risk for falls and provide proactive fall prevention interventions in the home. We describe the demographics and treatment characteristics of the older adult population most likely to benefit from these interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We linked 2019 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Massachusetts State Emergency Department (ED) and State Inpatient Databases with American Hospital Association survey data to query ED encounters and inpatient admissions for adults age ≥55 with ED encounters for fall-related injury between July 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. Univariable descriptive statistics assessed participant characteristics and bivariable tests of significance compared diagnoses, disposition, and hospital characteristics between older adults with and without an EMS encounter in the six months prior to the presenting fall. RESULTS: Of 66,027 older adults who presented with a fall to a Massachusetts ED in July-December 2019, 7,942 (11%) had a prior encounter with EMS in the preceding six months, most of which included an injury diagnosis (99%). Compared to older adults without previous EMS encounters, those with previous EMS encounters were more often in poorer health (17% vs. 10% with multiple or complex comorbidities, p < 0.001) and of lower socioeconomic status (12% vs. 8% in lowest neighborhood income quartile, p < 0.001; 10% vs. 6% enrolled in Medicaid, p < 0.001) compared to those without a prior EMS encounter. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of older adults presenting to the ED with fall related injury have encounters with EMS in the preceding months. These participants are predisposed to poorer health and economic outcomes worsened by their fall and thus demonstrate a population that would benefit from CEMS fall prevention programs.

Community emergency medical services approaches to fall prevention: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Falls are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults in the USA. Current approaches to fall prevention often rely on referral by primary care providers or enrolment during inpatient admissions. Community emergency medical services (CEMS) present a unique opportunity to rapidly identify older adults at risk for falls and provide fall prevention interventions in the home. In this systematic review, we seek to assess the efficacy and qualitative factors determining success of these programs. METHODS: Studies reporting the outcomes of fall prevention interventions delivered by EMS were identified by searching the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through 11 July 2023. RESULTS: 35 studies including randomised and non-randomised experimental trials, systematic reviews and qualitative research primarily from Western Europe, the USA, Australia and Canada were included in our analysis. Current fall prevention efforts focus heavily on postfall referral of at-risk community members. CEMS fall prevention interventions reduced all-cause and fall-related emergency department encounters, subsequent falls and EMS calls for lift assist. These interventions also improved patient health-related quality of life, independence with activities of daily living, and secondary health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: CEMS programmes provide an opportunity for direct, proactive fall prevention on the individual level. Addressing barriers to implementation in the context of current emergency medical systems in the USA is the next step toward widespread implementation of these novel fall prevention interventions.

Societal Burden of Trauma and Disparities in Trauma Care.

Trauma imposes a significant societal burden, with injury being a leading cause of mortality worldwide. While numerical data reveal that trauma accounts for millions of deaths annually, its true impact goes beyond these figures. The toll extends to non-fatal injuries, resulting in long-term physical and mental health consequences. Moreover, injury-related health care costs and lost productivity place substantial strain on a nation's economy. Disparities in trauma care further exacerbate this burden, affecting access to timely and appropriate care across various patient populations. These disparities manifest across the entire continuum of trauma care, from prehospital to in-hospital and post-acute phases. Addressing these disparities and improving access to quality trauma care are crucial steps toward alleviating the societal burden of trauma and enhancing equitable patient outcomes.

Short-term outcomes of prehospital opioid pain management for older adults with fall-related injury.

BACKGROUND: Opioids are recommended for pain management in patients being cared for and transported by emergency medical services, but no specific guidelines exist for older adults with fall-related injury. Prior research suggests prehospital opioid administration can effectively manage pain in older adults, but less is known about safety in this population. We compared short-term safety outcomes, including delirium, disposition, and length of stay, among older adults with fall-related injury according to whether they received prehospital opioid analgesia. METHODS: We linked Medicare claims data with prehospital patient care reports for older adults (≥65) with fall-related injury in Illinois between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015. We used weighted regression models (logistic, multinomial logistic, and Poisson) to assess the association between prehospital opioid analgesia and incidence of inpatient delirium, hospital disposition, and length of stay. RESULTS: Of 28,150 included older adults, 3% received prehospital opioids. Patients receiving prehospital opioids (vs. no prehospital opioids) were less likely to be discharged home from the emergency department (adjusted probability = 0.30 [95% CI: 0.25, 0.34] vs. 0.47 [95% CI: 0.46, 0.48]), more likely to be discharged to a non-home setting after an inpatient admission (adjusted probability = 0.43 [95% CI: 0.39, 0.48] vs. 0.30 [95% CI: 0.30, 0.31]), had inpatient length of stay 0.4 days shorter (p < 0.001) and ICU length of stay 0.7 days shorter (p = 0.045). Incidence of delirium did not vary between treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Few older adults receive opioid analgesia in the prehospital setting. Prehospital opioid analgesia may be associated with hospital disposition and length of stay for older adults with fall-related injury. However, our findings do not provide evidence of an association with inpatient delirium. These findings should be considered when developing guidelines for prehospital pain management specific to the older adult population.

Detecting Variation in Clinical Practice Patterns for Geriatric Trauma Care Using Social Network Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize hospital-level professional networks of physicians caring for older trauma patients as a function of trauma patient age distribution. BACKGROUND: The causal factors associated with between-hospital variation in geriatric trauma outcomes are poorly understood. Variation in physician practice patterns reflected by differences in professional networks might contribute to hospital-level differences in outcomes for older trauma patients. METHODS: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study of injured older adults (age 65 or above) and their physicians from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2015, using Health Care Cost and Utilization Project inpatient data and Medicare claims from 158 hospitals in Florida. We used social network analyses to characterize the hospitals in terms of network density, cohesion, small-worldness, and heterogeneity, then used bivariate statistics to assess the relationship between network characteristics and hospital-level proportion of trauma patients who were aged 65 or above. RESULTS: We identified 107,713 older trauma patients and 169,282 patient-physician dyads. The hospital-level proportion of trauma patients who were aged 65 or above ranged from 21.5% to 89.1%. Network density, cohesion, and small-worldness in physician networks were positively correlated with hospital geriatric trauma proportions ( R =0.29, P <0.001; R =0.16, P =0.048; and R =0.19, P <0.001, respectively). Network heterogeneity was negatively correlated with geriatric trauma proportion ( R =0.40, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of professional networks among physicians caring for injured older adults are associated with the hospital-level proportion of trauma patients who are older, indicating differences in practice patterns at hospitals with older trauma populations. Associations between interspecialty collaboration and patient outcomes should be explored as an opportunity to improve the treatment of injured older adults.

Linking Trauma Registry Patients With Insurance Claims: Creating a Longitudinal Patient Record.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma registries and their quality improvement programs only collect data from the acute hospital admission, and no additional information is captured once the patient is discharged. This lack of long-term data limits these programs' ability to affect change. The goal of this study was to create a longitudinal patient record by linking trauma registry data with third party payer claims data to allow the tracking of these patients after discharge. METHODS: Trauma quality collaborative data (2018-2019) was utilized. Inclusion criteria were patients age ≥18, ISS ≥5 and a length of stay ≥1 d. In-hospital deaths were excluded. A deterministic match was performed with insurance claims records based on the hospital name, date of birth, sex, and dates of service (±1 d). The effect of payer type, ZIP code, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis specificity and exact dates of service on the match rate was analyzed. RESULTS: The overall match rate between these two patient record sources was 27.5%. There was a significantly higher match rate (42.8% versus 6.1%, P < 0.001) for patients with a payer that was contained in the insurance collaborative. In a subanalysis, exact dates of service did not substantially affect this match rate; however, specific International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes (i.e., all 7 characters) reduced this rate by almost half. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the successful linkage of patient records in a trauma registry with their insurance claims. This will allow us to the collect longitudinal information so that we can follow these patients' long-term outcomes and subsequently improve their care.

Gentrification as a Factor in the Incidence of Firearm Injuries.

Importance: Firearm injuries are an epidemic in the US; more than 45 000 fatal injuries were recorded in 2020 alone. Gaining a deeper understanding of socioeconomic factors that may contribute to increasing firearm injury rates is critical to prevent future injuries. Objective: To explore whether neighborhood gentrification is associated with firearm injury incidence rates over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used nationwide, urban US Census tract-level data on gentrification between 2010 and 2019 and firearm injuries data collected between 2014 and 2019. All urban Census tracts, as defined by Rural Urban Commuting Area codes 1 to 3, were included in the analysis, for a total of 59 379 tracts examined from 2014 through 2019. Data were analyzed from January 2022 through April 2023. Exposure: Gentrification, defined to be an area in a central city neighborhood with median housing prices appreciating over the median regional value and a median household income at or below the 40th percentile of the median regional household income and continuing for at least 2 consecutive years. Main Outcomes and Measures: The number of firearm injuries, controlling for Census tract population characteristics. Results: A total of 59 379 urban Census tracts were evaluated for gentrification; of these tracts, 14 125 (23.8%) were identified as gentrifying, involving approximately 57 million residents annually. The firearm injury incidence rate for gentrifying neighborhoods was 62% higher than the incidence rate in nongentrifying neighborhoods with similar sociodemographic characteristics (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.56-1.69). In a multivariable analysis, firearm injury incidence rates increased by 57% per year for low-income Census tracts that did not gentrify (IRR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.56-1.58), 42% per year for high-income tracts that did not gentrify (IRR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.41-1.43), and 49% per year for gentrifying tracts (IRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.48-1.50). Neighborhoods undergoing the gentrification process experienced an additional 26% increase in firearm injury incidence above baseline increase experienced in neighborhoods not undergoing gentrification (IRR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.23-1.30). Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this study suggest that gentrification is associated with an increase in the incidence of firearm injuries within gentrifying neighborhoods. Social disruption and residential displacement associated with gentrification may help explain this finding, although future research is needed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms. These findings support use of targeted firearm prevention interventions in communities experiencing gentrification.

Geospatial Assessment to Improve Time to Treatment (GAITT).

INTRODUCTION: Geographic information systems (GIS) can optimize trauma systems by identifying ways to reduce time to treatment. Using GIS, this study analyzed a system in Maryland served by Johns Hopkins Suburban Hospital and the University of Maryland Capital Region Medical Center. It was hypothesized that including Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) in the Maryland trauma system in an access simulation would provide increased timely access for a portion of the local population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using ArcGIS Online, catchment areas with and without WRNMMC were built. Catchment areas captured Johns Hopkins Suburban Hospital, University of Maryland Capital Region Medical Center, and WRNMMC at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 45-, and 60-min. Various time conditions were simulated (12 am, 8 am, 12 pm, and 5 pm) on a weekday and weekend day. Data was enriched with 19 variables addressing population size, socioeconomic status, and diversity. RESULTS: All catchment areas benefited on at least one time-day simulation, but the largest increases in mean population coverage were in the 0-5 (10.5%), 5-10 (12.3%), and 10-15 min (5.7%) catchment areas. These areas benefited regardless of time-day simulation. The lowest increase in mean population coverage was seen in the 20-25-min catchment area (0.1%). Subgroup analysis revealed that all socioeconomic status and diversity groups gained coverage. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that incorporating WRNMMC into the Maryland trauma system might yield increased population coverage for timely trauma access. If incorporated, WRNMMC may provide nonstop or flexible coverage, possibly in different traffic scenarios or while civilian centers are on diversion status.

Defining the emergency general surgery patient population in the era of ICD-10 : Evaluating an established crosswalk from ICD-9 to ICD-10 diagnosis codes.

INTRODUCTION: In 2015, the United States moved from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision ( ICD-9 ), to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision ( ICD-10 ), coding system. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Committee on Severity Assessment and Patient Outcomes previously established a list of ICD-9 diagnoses to define the field of emergency general surgery (EGS). This study evaluates the general equivalence mapping (GEM) crosswalk to generate an equivalent list of ICD-10 -coded EGS diagnoses. METHODS: The GEM was used to generate a list of ICD-10 codes corresponding to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma ICD-9 EGS diagnosis codes. These individual ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes were aggregated by surgical area and diagnosis groups. The volume of patients admitted with these diagnoses in the National Inpatient Sample in the ICD-9 era (2013-2014) was compared with the ICD-10 volumes to generate observed to expected ratios. The crosswalk was manually reviewed to identify the causes of discrepancies between the ICD-9 and ICD-10 lists. RESULTS: There were 485 ICD-9 codes, across 89 diagnosis categories and 11 surgical areas, which mapped to 1,206 unique ICD-10 codes. A total of 196 (40%) ICD-9 codes have an exact one-to-one match with an ICD-10 code. The median observed to expected ratio among the diagnosis groups for a primary diagnosis was 0.98 (interquartile range, 0.82-1.12). There were five key issues identified with the ability of the GEM to crosswalk ICD-9 EGS diagnoses to ICD-10 : (1) changes in admission volumes, (2) loss of necessary modifiers, (3) lack of specific ICD-10 code, (4) mapping to a different condition, and (5) change in coding nomenclature. CONCLUSION: The GEM provides a reasonable crosswalk for researchers and others to use when attempting to identify EGS patients in with ICD-10 diagnosis codes. However, we identify key issues and deficiencies, which must be accounted for to create an accurate patient cohort. This is essential for ensuring the validity of policy, quality improvement, and clinical research work anchored in ICD-10 coded data. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Test/Criteria; Level III.

Value of Ambulatory Modified Radical Mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) still is largely performed in inpatient settings. This study sought to determine the value (expenditures and complications) of ambulatory MRM. METHODS: Health Care Utilization Project (HCUP) state databases from 2016 were queried for patients who underwent MRM. The study examined rates of 30-day readmission for surgical-site infection (SSI) or hematoma, charges by index care setting, and predictors of 30-day readmission. RESULTS: Overall, 8090 patients underwent MRM: 5113 (63 %) inpatient and 2977 (37 %) ambulatory patients. Compared with the patients who underwent inpatient MRM, those who underwent ambulatory MRM were older (61 vs. 59 years), more often white (66 % vs. 57 %), in the lowest income quartile (28 % vs. 21 %), insured by Medicare (43 % vs. 33 %) and residents in a small metro area (6 % vs. 4 %) (all p < 0.01). Of the 5113 patients treated as inpatients, 126 (2.5 %) were readmitted, whereas 50 (1.7 %) of the ambulatory patients were readmitted (p = 0.02). The adjusted charge for inpatient MRM without readmission was $113,878 (range, $107,355-120,402) compared with $94,463 (range, $86,021-102,907) for ambulatory MRM, and the charge for inpatient MRM requiring readmission was $159,355 (range, $147,142-171,568) compared with $139,940 (range, $125,808-154,073) for ambulatory MRM (all p < 0.01). This difference remained significant after adjustment for hospital length of stay. Adjusted logistic regression showed that the ambulatory setting was protective for readmission (odds ratio, 0.49; 95 % confidence interval, 0.35-0.70; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The analyses suggest that ambulatory MRM is both safe and less expensive. The findings advocate that MRM, a last holdout of inpatient care within breast surgical oncology, can be transitioned to the ambulatory setting for appropriate patients.

The Impact of Redlining on Modern-Day Firearm Injuries: A Nationwide Study of Federal Policy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether exposure to the United States discriminatory housing practice of redlining, which occurred in over 200 cities in the 1930s, is associated with modern-day, community-level incidence of firearm injury. BACKGROUND: Firearm violence is a public health epidemic within the United States. Federal policies are crucial in both shaping and reducing the risk of firearm violence; identifying policies that might have contributed to risks also offers potential solutions. We analyzed whether 1930s exposure to the discriminatory housing practices that occurred in over 200 US cities was associated with the modern-day, community-level incidence of firearm injury. METHODS: We performed a nationwide retrospective cohort study between 2014 and 2018. Urban Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) historically exposed to detrimental redlining (grades C and D) were matched to unexposed ZCTAs based on modern-day population-level demographic characteristics (ie, age, Gini index, median income, percentage Black population, and education level). Incidence of firearm injury was derived from the Gun Violence Archive and aggregated to ZCTA level counts. Our primary outcome was the incidence of firearm injury, modeled using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. RESULTS: When controlling for urban firearm risk factors, neighborhoods with detrimental redlining were associated with 2.6 additional firearm incidents annually compared with nonredlined areas with similar modern-day risk factors. Over our study period, this accounts for an additional 23,000 firearm injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Historic, discriminatory Federal policies continue to impact modern-day firearm violence. Policies aimed at reversing detrimental redlining may offer an economic means to reduce firearm violence.

Predictors of care discontinuity in geriatric trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Readmission to a non-index hospital, or care discontinuity, has been shown to have worse outcomes among surgical patients. Little is known about its effect on geriatric trauma patients. Our goal was to determine predictors of care discontinuity and to evaluate its effect on mortality in this geriatric population. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of Medicare inpatient claims (2014-2015) of geriatric trauma patients. Care discontinuity was defined as readmission within 30 days to a non-index hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics (including readmission diagnosis category) were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of care discontinuity and to assess its association with mortality. RESULTS: We included 754,313 geriatric trauma patients. Mean age was 82.13 years (SD, 0.50 years), 68% were male and 91% were White. There were 21,615 (2.87%) readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Of these, 34% were readmitted to a non-index hospital. Overall 30-day mortality after readmission was 25%. In unadjusted analysis, readmission to index hospitals was more likely to be due to surgical infection, GI complaints, or cardiac/vascular complaints. After adjusted analysis, predictors of care discontinuity included readmission diagnoses, patient- and hospital-level factors. Care discontinuity was not associated with mortality (OR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-1.01). CONCLUSION: More than a third of geriatric trauma patients are readmitted to a non-index hospital, which is driven by readmission diagnosis, travel time and hospital characteristics. However, unlike other surgical settings, this care discontinuity is not associated with increased mortality. Further work is needed to understand the reasons for this and to determine which standardized processes of care can benefit this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

Shared Decision Making in the Geriatric Surgery Verification Program: Assessing Baseline Performance.

CONTEXT: As part of the launch of the Geriatric Surgery Verification program in 2019, the American College of Surgeons issued care standards for older patients, including requirements for preoperative documentation of patients' goals. Hospital performance on these standards prior to the Geriatric Surgery Verification program is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess baseline performance of the Geriatric Surgery Verification (GSV) standard for documentation of preoperative goals for older patients, and to determine factors associated with standard adherence. METHODS: Using natural language processing, this study examines the electronic health records of patients aged 65 years or older who underwent coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) or colectomies in 2017 or 2018 at three hospitals. The primary outcome was adherence to at least one of the three components of GSV Standard 5.1, which requires preoperative documentation of overall health goals, treatment goals, and patient-centered outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 2630 operations and 2563 patients were included. At least one component of the standard was met in 307 (11.7%) operations and all three components were met in 5 (0.2%). Higher likelihood of meeting the standard was demonstrated for patients who were female (odds ratio [OR] 1.30; 95% CI 1.00-1.68), undergoing colectomy (OR 2.82; 95% CI 2.15-3.72), or with more comorbidities (Charlson scores >3 [OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.14-2.09]). CONCLUSION: Before GSV program implementation, clinicians for two major operations almost never met the GSV standard for preoperative discussion of patient goals. Interdisciplinary teams will need to adjust clinical practice to meet best-practice communication standards for older patients.