Uso de aplicativo de inteligência artificial como fonte de informação para resolução de provas de Odontologia / Use of an artificial intelligence application as a source of information for solving Dentistry exams

Introdução: O ChatGPT® é uma ferramenta pública desenvolvida pela OpenAI que utiliza a tecnologia do modelo de linguagem GPT. Este chatbot é capaz de atender a variadas solicitações de texto. Objetivo: avaliar se o ChatGPT® é capaz de ser a única fonte de informação para resolução de provas de Odontologia. Material e métodos: consiste em um estudo transversal quantitativo analítico. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborada uma prova fictícia constituída por questões do ENADE e de outros concursos públicos. Os participantes responderam a prova em dois momentos: T1, sem o ChatGPT® e, após 15 dias (T2), utilizando-o. A amostra foi de 30 discentes de graduação em Odontologia, divididos igualmente entre 3 grupos: 1º ao 4º semestre, 5º ao 6º semestre e 7º ao 10º semestre. Para análise de dados foram aplicadas análises estatísticas descritiva e inferencial, por meio do software SPSS, com os testes de Wilcoxon e de McNemar. Resultados: revelaram uma eficácia notável do ChatGPT® na resolução de questões discursivas, com 83,3% de taxa de acerto, enquanto os discentes deram mais respostas incorretas ou incompletas. Porém, foram observadas limitações da base de dados do ChatGPT® quanto às questões objetivas. É crucial ressaltar que, apesar de resultados promissores, a aplicação do Chat levanta questões éticas e pedagógicas. Assim, a introdução do ChatGPT® na educação preocupa quanto à validade e equidade nas avaliações, destacando a importância de encontrar equilíbrio entre a inovação tecnológica e a preservação da integridade acadêmica

Introduction: ChatGPT® is a public tool developed by OpenAI that employs the language model technology of GPT. This chatbot is capable of addressing various text-based requests. Objective: To assess whether ChatGPT® can be the sole source of information for resolving Dentistry exams. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical quantitative cross-sectional study. For data collection, a fictitious exam was created, consisting of questions from the National Student Performance Exam (ENADE) and other public competitions. Participants answered the exam at two different times: T1, without ChatGPT®, and, after 15 days (T2), using it. The sample included 30 undergraduate Dentistry students, equally divided into three groups: 1st to 4th semester, 5th to 6th semester, and 7th to 10th semester. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied using SPSS software, including the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests. Results: They revealed a notable effectiveness of ChatGPT® in resolving essay questions, with an 83.3% accuracy rate, while students provided more incorrect or incomplete answers. However, limitations of the ChatGPT® database were observed regarding objective questions. It is crucial to emphasize that, despite promising results, the application of Chat raises ethical and pedagogical questions. Therefore, the introduction of ChatGPT® in education raises concerns about the validity and fairness of assessments, underscoring the importance of finding a balance between technological innovation and the preservation of academic integrity

Anti-erosion effect of an experimental varnish on eroded dentin.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of an experimental varnish containing 20% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) associated with 5% stannous chloride (SnCl2) against erosive-abrasive wear on bovine dentin. Samples of bovine cervical dentin were pre-eroded (0.3% citric acid, pH 2.6 for 10 minutes) and randomized into 4 groups (n=10): Control group - experimental varnish without active ingredient (CG); experimental varnish containing 20% nHAP (nHG); experimental varnish containing 5% SnCl2 (24.800 ppm Sn2+) (SnG); experimental varnish containing 20% nHAP associated with 5% SnCl2 (18.300 ppm Sn2+) (nHSnG). After applying the materials, the erosive-abrasive challenges were performed for five days. Erosive dentin loss and analysis of the pattern of dentinal obliteration were performed by 3D confocal laser microscopy. A one-way ANOVA/Bonferroni test was performed to analyze the data (α=0.05). The SnG and nHSnG experimental groups presented more effectiveness in preventing erosive wear when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the SnG and nHSnG groups (p = 0.731) in tooth structure dentin loss. Regarding the amount of open dentinal tubules, the highest amount of obstructed dentinal tubules was demonstrated in SnG and nHSnG (p < 0.05) when compared to the others. Between SnG and nHSnG there was no significant difference (p = 0.952) in the amount of closed dentinal tubules in the dentin. Experimental varnishes containing 5% SnCl2 associated or not with 20% nHAP showed to be a promising strategy in preventing erosive-abrasive wear of dentin. In addition, nHSnG was able to obliterate dentinal tubules.

Anti-erosion effect of an experimental varnish on eroded dentin

Abstract This in vitro study evaluated the effect of an experimental varnish containing 20% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) associated with 5% stannous chloride (SnCl2) against erosive-abrasive wear on bovine dentin. Samples of bovine cervical dentin were pre-eroded (0.3% citric acid, pH 2.6 for 10 minutes) and randomized into 4 groups (n=10): Control group - experimental varnish without active ingredient (CG); experimental varnish containing 20% nHAP (nHG); experimental varnish containing 5% SnCl2 (24.800 ppm Sn2+) (SnG); experimental varnish containing 20% nHAP associated with 5% SnCl2 (18.300 ppm Sn2+) (nHSnG). After applying the materials, the erosive-abrasive challenges were performed for five days. Erosive dentin loss and analysis of the pattern of dentinal obliteration were performed by 3D confocal laser microscopy. A one-way ANOVA/Bonferroni test was performed to analyze the data (α=0.05). The SnG and nHSnG experimental groups presented more effectiveness in preventing erosive wear when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the SnG and nHSnG groups (p = 0.731) in tooth structure dentin loss. Regarding the amount of open dentinal tubules, the highest amount of obstructed dentinal tubules was demonstrated in SnG and nHSnG (p < 0.05) when compared to the others. Between SnG and nHSnG there was no significant difference (p = 0.952) in the amount of closed dentinal tubules in the dentin. Experimental varnishes containing 5% SnCl2 associated or not with 20% nHAP showed to be a promising strategy in preventing erosive-abrasive wear of dentin. In addition, nHSnG was able to obliterate dentinal tubules.

Resumo Este estudo in vitro avaliou o efeito de um verniz experimental contendo 20% de nano-hidroxiapatita (nHAP) associado a 5% de cloreto estanoso (SnCl2) contra o desgaste erosivo-abrasivo da dentina bovina. As amostras de dentina cervical bovina foram pré-erodificadas (0,3% de ácido cítrico, pH 2,6 durante 10 minutos) e aleatorizadas em 4 grupos (n=10): Grupo controle - verniz experimental sem ingrediente ativo (GC); verniz experimental contendo 20% nHAP (GnH); verniz experimental contendo 5% SnCl2 (24.800 ppm Sn2+) (GSn); verniz experimental contendo 20% nHAP associado a 5% SnCl2 (18.300 ppm Sn2+) (GnHSn). Após a aplicação dos materiais, os desafios erosivo-abrasivos foram realizados durante cinco dias. Perda de dentina erosiva e análise do padrão de obliteração dentinária foram realizadas por microscopia laser confocal 3D. Foi realizado o teste ANOVA/Bonferroni unidireccional para analisar os dados (α=0,05). Os grupos experimentais GSn e GnHSn apresentaram maior eficácia na prevenção do desgaste erosivo quando comparados com os outros grupos (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos GSn e GnHSn (p = 0,731) na perda de dentina da estrutura dentária. Relativamente à quantidade de túbulos dentinários abertos, a maior quantidade de túbulos dentinários obstruídos foi demonstrada em GSn e GnHSn (p < 0,05) quando comparada com os outros grupos. Entre GSn e GnHSn, não houve diferença significativa (p = 0,952) na quantidade de túbulos dentinários fechados na dentina. Os vernizes experimentais contendo 5% de SnCl2 associados ou não a 20% de nHAP mostraram ser uma estratégia promissora na prevenção do desgaste erosivo-abrasivo da dentina. Além disso, o GnHSn conseguiu obliterar os túbulos dentinários.

Perfil de componentes curriculares e docentes de Odontologia Legal e saúde coletiva de cursos de graduação em Odontologia da região norte do Brasil / Profile of curricular components and professors of Forensic Dentistry and Public Health in undergraduate dentistry courses in the northern region of Brazil

Introdução: Odontologia Legal (OL) e Saúde Coletiva (SC) contribuem na formação do cirurgião-dentista em aspectos relacionados à ética profissional, à cidadania e à atenção às necessidades de saúde da população. Objetivo: analisar o perfil de componentes curriculares e docentes de OL e SC de cursos de graduação em Odontologia. Material e método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal quantitativo desenvolvido por meio de formulário eletrônico aplicado a docentes de componentes curriculares de OL e SC de cursos da região norte do Brasil, em 2022. Para análise de dados, foi aplicada estatística descritiva e os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher. Resultados: Quarenta docentes participaram da pesquisa, sendo 12 de instituições públicas, 27 de particulares e 1 de ambas. Deles, 10 (25%) eram de OL, 22 (55%) de SC e 8 (23%) de ambos os componentes curriculares. Todos (100%) os componentes curriculares de OL eram obrigatórios e ministrados em 1 a 3 semestres do curso, a maioria com ensino presencial (94,4%) e 50% em aulas teóricas e práticas. Os componentes curriculares de SC possuíam grande variabilidade de distribuição de períodos no curso, a maioria com carga horária de até 200 horas. Pouco mais de 40% dos docentes de OL possuíam formação específica na área. Para SC, 63% dos docentes possuíam formação específica. A oportunidade de trabalho ou de inserção em uma instituição de ensino foi o motivo mais citado pelos docentes que não possuíam formação específica na área dos componentes curriculares que ministravam. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no perfil dos docentes. Conclusão: os componentes curriculares de OL não estavam alinhados às diretrizes da Associação Brasileira de Ética e Odontologia Legal e os componentes curriculares de SC seguiam as previsões das Diretrizes Nacionais Curriculares de 2002

Introduction: Forensic Dentistry (FD) and Public Health (PH) contribute to dentist's development in aspects related to professional ethics, citizenship and attention to the population health needs. Aim: to analyze the profile of FD and PH curricular components and professors in undergraduate courses of Dentistry. Material and methods: a quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out using an electronic questionnaire sent to professors who taught FD and PH in north Brazilian colleges in 2022. To data analysis, descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were applied. Results: Forty professors participated in the survey, 12 from public institutions, 27 from private institutions and 1 from both. Of them, 10 (25%) were professors of FD, 22 (55%) of PH and 8 (23%) of both curricular components. All (100%) FD curricular components were mandatory and taught in 1 to 3 semesters of the course, most with face-to-face teaching (94.4%) and 50% with theoretical and practical classes. PH curricular components had great variability in the distribution of periods in the course, most with a workload up to 200 hours. Just over 40% of FD professors had specific training in the area. In the PH area, 63% of professors had specific training. The opportunity for work or insertion in an educational institution was the reason most cited by professors who did not have specific training in the area of the curricular components they taught. There was no statistically significant difference in the professors' profile. Conclusion: the FD curricular components were not aligned with the guidelines of the Brazilian Association of Ethics and Forensic Dentistry and the PH curricular components followed the predictions of the 2002 National Curricular Guidelines

Effect of the several epoxy resin-based sealer compositions on adhesion interface in radicular dentin after calcium hydroxide intracanal medication removal.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of several epoxy resin-based sealer compositions (AHP, AH Plus; ADS, Adseal; SPL, Sealer Plus) on bond strength and intratubular dentin penetration of the endodontic obturation, in root canal previously treated with calcium hydroxide intracanal medication (CH) and removed by continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five maxillary canines were prepared up to F5 (ProTaper system), filled with CH, coronally sealed, and stored at 37ºC. After 1 week, CH was removed using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite energized by CUI. The specimens were randomly distributed in three groups (n=15) and root canal obturated, according to epoxy-based resin sealer composition (AHP, ADS or SPL). The roots were transversally sectioned in cervical, middle, and apical thirds. In each radicular third, push out bond strength using universal machine and intratubular dentin using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Image J Program were evaluated. Bond strength and intratubular dentin penetration were statistically evaluated by ANOVA one-way and Tukey tests and Kruskal Wallis test, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS: In middle and apical thirds, AHP showed higher bond strength values (p<0.05), and ADS and SPL were similar each other (p>0.05). All epoxy resin-based sealers presented similar intratubular dentin penetration, independently of the radicular thirds (p>0.05). Cohesive and mixed failures were predominant in the cervical thirds. In the middle and apical thirds, AHP showed more cohesive type failures, while ADS and SPL showed more adhesive-type failures. CONCLUSIONS: AHP has the highest bond strength in middle and apical radicular thirds, after calcium hydroxide intracanal medication removal using continuous ultrasonic irrigation, although intratubular dentin infiltration being similar among epoxy resin-based sealer with several chemical composition. Key words:Continuous ultrasonic irrigation, endodontic sealers, epoxy resin-based sealers, root canal obturation.

Effect of post-space irrigation with acid solutions on bond strength and dentin penetrability using a self-adhesive cementation system.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface treatments with 1% peracetic acid (PA), solution containing 17% EDTA (SmearClear, Kerr Endodontics), solution containing a combination of 17% EDTA with 2% chlorhexidine (QMix, Dentsply Sirona) on the post-space root dentin compared to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bond strength and resin tags length in dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty human-canine roots were endodontically treated and the post space was prepared. The specimens were randomised into four groups (n = 10): control - irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution, PA - irrigation with 1% PA, SmearClear - irrigation with SmearClear solution, and QMix - irrigation with QMix solution. The fibre posts were cemented using a self-adhesive resin system (Relyx U200, 3M ESPE). After six months, the specimens were cross-sectioned and subjected to push-out and confocal laser microscopy tests. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to analyse the data (α= 0.05). RESULTS: PA and QMix presented the highest bond strength values compared to the other groups (p< 0.05). There was no significant difference between the resin tags length in dentin by the groups (p = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Irrigation of the post space with 1% PA and QMix showed a positive clinical impact on the adhesion between the fiber post and root dentin. However, these materials had no influence on resin tags length in dentin by self-adhesive resin cement. Key words:Fiber post, adhesive cementation, self-adhesive resin cement, root dentin, irrigating solutions.

Evaluation of various methods of methylene blue removal from the post space after photodynamic therapy on the bonding interface using different resin cementation systems.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of three protocols for removing 0.01 % methylene blue from the post space after photodynamic therapy on bond strength and tag formation in the dentin of the fiber post space, using a conventional cementation system with an etch-and-rinse or universal adhesive system. METHODS: Sixty human canines were endodontically treated for fiber post cementation. The specimens were randomized into 6 groups (n = 10): G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6. The G1, G2, and G3 groups were irrigated with saline solution, 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and 2.5 % NaOCl, agitated by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), respectively. In these groups, a conventional cementation system with etch-and-rinse adhesive was used. The G4, G5, and G6 groups were irrigated with the respective solutions mentioned above and cemented using a conventional cementation system with universal adhesive. Tag formation in the dentin was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The push-out bond strength test was performed on three thirds of the specimens. RESULTS: In the cervical and middle thirds, the greatest extent of dentin tag formation occurred in the G1 (p = 0.023 and p = 0.033, respectively). In the apical third, G1, G2, and G3 demonstrated similar tag formation between themselves (p = 0.089). In the cervical and middle thirds, G4 demonstrated the highest bond strength when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The protocols for removing 0.01 % methylene blue with NaOCl, irrespective of the involvement of passive ultrasonic irrigation, negatively effects the bond strength and tag formation in the dentin of the post space.

Assessment of Marginal Adaptation Before and After Thermo-Mechanical Loading and Volumetric Shrinkage: Bulk Fill versus Conventional Composite / Evaluación de la Adaptación Marginal Antes y Después de la Carga Termomecánica y la Contracción Volumétrica: Relleno Bulk-Fill- versus Compuesto Convencional

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate marginal adaptation of Class II mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) restorations before and after thermo-mechanical loading and volumetric shrinkage of the bulk-fill vs conventional composite resin. For marginal adaptation assessment, 24 Class II MOD cavities with cervical margins extending 1.0 mm below (distal) and 1.0 mm beyond (mesial) the cement-enamel junction were prepared in extracted human molars. The teeth were filled as follows: Group A - bulk-fill with SureFil SDR flow (first increment, 4 mm; second increment, 2 mm); Group B - bulk-fill with SureFil SDR flow as a base (first increment, 4 mm) and covered with the conventional nanohybrid composite Esthet-X HD (second increment, 2 mm); and Group C - incrementally filled with Esthet-X HD. Marginal adaptation was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy before and after thermomechanical loading (240,000 loading cycles and simultaneous 600 thermal cycles). To evaluate volumetric polymerization shrinkage, a semi-spherical mold was filled with the tested composites and placed in an AccuVol device after light curing. Both before and after loading, marginal adaptation in cervical dentin was superior (p < 0.05) for Groups A and B compared with Group C. In cervical enamel, Group B showed better marginal adaptation than Group C, and Group A presented intermediary results, between Groups B and C. Furthermore, bulk-fill flow resulted in greater shrinkage than Esthet-X HD. A significant improvement of marginal adaptation was observed when bulkfill flow was used instead of conventional composite resin both before and after thermomechanical loading. However, the bulk-fill flow presented higher volumetric polymerization shrinkage than the conventional composite.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar la adaptación marginal de las restauraciones mesiales-oclusales-distales (MOD) de Clase II antes y después de la carga termo-mecánica y la contracción volumétrica de la carga compuesta de resina "bulk-fill" en comparación con resina convencional. Para la evaluación de adaptación, se prepararon 24 cavidades MOD de Clase II en molares humanos extraídos, los que se restauraron de la siguiente manera: Grupo A: restaurado con resina fluida Bulk-Fill SureFilSDR (primer incremento, 4 mm; segundo incremento, 2 mm); Grupo B: restaurado con resina fluida Bulk-Fill SureFil SDR (primer incremento, 4 mm) y cubierto con resina compuesta nanohíbrida Esthet-X HD (segundo incremento, 2 mm); y Grupo C - rellenado incrementalmente con Esthet-X HD. La adaptación marginal se evaluó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido antes y después de la carga termomecánica (240.000 ciclos de carga y 600 ciclos térmicos simultáneos). Para evaluar la contracción volumétrica de la polimerización, se llenó un molde semiesférico con los compuestos probados y se colocó en un dispositivo AccuVol después del fotopolimerización. Tanto antes como después de la carga, la adaptación marginal en la dentina cervical fue superior (p <0,05) para los grupos A y B en comparación con el grupo C. En el esmalte cervical, el grupo B mostró una mejor adaptación marginal que el grupo C, y el grupo A presentó resultados intermedios, entre Grupos B y C. Se observó una mejora significativa de la adaptación marginal al utilizar la resina fluida Bulk-Fill en lugar de resina compuesta convencional tanto antes como después de la carga termomecánica. Sin embargo, la resina fluida 'Bulk-Fill' presentó una mayor contracción volumétrica de polimerización que el compuesto convencional.

Restauração de dente posterior com resina Bulk Fill: relato de caso clínico / Posterior tooth restoration with a bulk fill composite: a case report

Objetivo: Demonstrar o uso da resina Bulk Fill como material de preenchimento em restaurações posteriores. Material e métodos: Paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, compareceu a clínica privada relatando incômodo nos dentes da região postero inferior esquerda. Após realização dos exames clínicos e radiográficos foi observada que havia restauração ocluso distal (OD) em resina composta com fratura da margem estendendo para face proximal e ausência de cárie no dente 35. Presença de cárie secundária sob a restauração de amálgama mesio ocluso distal (MOD) no dente 36 e restauração satisfatória em resina composta no dente 37. Como plano de tratamento foi proposta a substituição das restaurações dos dentes 35 e 36. Resultados: As restaurações dos dentes 35 e 36 foram removidas e após limpeza da cavidade, foi realizado tratamento dentinário com sistema adesivo autocondicionante e adaptação de matriz metálica. Inicialmente, o dente 35 foi restaurado com resina micro-híbrida e em seguida a restauração do dente 36 com a inserção da resina Bulk Fill com auxílio de um dispensador. A ponta do compule foi posicionada na parte mais profunda da cavidade e a resina injetada até o preenchimento de 4 mm. A restauração foi finalizada com incrementos de 2 mm da resina micro-híbrida na oclusal e polida após o período de 24 horas. Conclusões: A resina Bulk Fill pode ser utilizada como material de preenchimento em restaurações de dentes posteriores, permitindo a confecção de restaurações com maior praticidade e menor tempo clínico.

Objective: To demonstrate the use of a Bulk Fill composite as a fill material in posterior restoration. Material and Methods: Female patient, 28 years old, was presented to a private clinic with complaints of her lower left teeth region. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed: (i) an occlusal-distal composite resin restoration on tooth 35 (lower left second premolar) with fractured margin extending to the proximal face, but no signs of carie; (ii) presence of secondary caries under a mesialocclusal- distal (MOD) amalgam restoration on tooth 36 (lower left first molar), and (iii) satisfactory composite resin restoration on tooth 37 (lower left second molar). As a treatment plan it was proposed the replacement of the restoration on teeth 35 and 36. Results: The restoration on the teeth 35 and 36 were removed and after cleaning the cavity, dentin treatment with a self-etching adhesive system and metal matrix adaptation were performed. The tooth 35 was initially restored with a micro-hybrid resin and then restoration of the tooth 36 was carried out using a Bulk fill resin with the aid of a dispenser. The tip of the dispenser was placed in the deepest part of the cavity and the resin injected to a 4-mm filling. The restoration was completed by adding 2-mm increments of micro-hybrid resin on the occlusal face of the tooth, followed by polishing after 24h. Conclusion: Bulk Fill resin can be used as a fill material in posterior tooth restoration, thereby allowing restoration to be made with greater convenience and shorter clinical time.