Pharmacists' clinical roles and activities in inpatient hospice and palliative care: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists contribute to medication safety by providing their services in various settings. However, standardized definitions of the role of pharmacists in hospice and palliative care (HPC) are lacking. AIM: The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the evidence on the role of pharmacists and to map clinical activities in inpatient HPC. METHOD: We performed a scoping review according to the PRISMA-ScR extension in CINAHL, Embase, and PubMed. We used the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) Guidelines on the Pharmacist's Role in Palliative and Hospice Care as a framework for standardized categorization of the identified roles and clinical activities. RESULTS: After screening 635 records (published after January 1st, 2000), the scoping review yielded 23 publications reporting various pharmacy services in HPC. The articles addressed the five main categories in the following descending order: 'Medication order review and reconciliation', 'Medication counseling, education and training', 'Administrative Roles', 'Direct patient care', and 'Education and scholarship'. A total of 172 entries were mapped to the subcategories that were added to the main categories. CONCLUSION: This scoping review identified a variety of pharmacists' roles and clinical activities. The gathered evidence will help to establish and define the role of pharmacists in inpatient hospice and palliative care.

Prescription Trends in Hospice Care: A Longitudinal Retrospective and Descriptive Medication Analysis.

BACKGROUND: In hospice and palliative care, drug therapy is essential for symptom control. However, drug regimens are complex and prone to drug-related problems. Drug regimens must be simplified to improve quality of life and reduce risks associated with drug-related problems, particularly at end-of-life. To support clinical guidance towards a safe and effective drug therapy in hospice care, it is important to understand prescription trends. OBJECTIVES: To explore prescription trends and describe changes to drug regimens in inpatient hospice care. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective longitudinal and descriptive analysis of prescriptions for regular and as-needed (PRN) medication at three timepoints in deceased patients of one Swiss hospice. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Prescription records of all patients (≥ 18 years) with an inpatient stay of three days and longer (admission and time of death in 2020) were considered eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Prescription records of 58 inpatients (average age 71.7 ± 12.8 [37-95] years) were analyzed. The medication analysis showed that polypharmacy prevalence decreased from 74.1% at admission to 13.8% on the day of death. For regular medication, overall numbers of prescriptions decreased over the patient stay while PRN medication decreased after the first consultation by the attending physician and increased slightly towards death. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription records at admission revealed high initial rates of polypharmacy that were reduced steadily until time of death. These findings emphasize the importance of deprescribing at end-of-life and suggest pursuing further research on the contribution of clinical guidance towards optimizing drug therapy and deprescribing in inpatient hospice care.

Subcutaneous Drugs and Off-label Use in Hospice and Palliative Care: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous drug administration is an interesting approach for symptom control in hospice and palliative care. However, most drugs have no marketing authorization for subcutaneous administration and are therefore used off-label. In order to meet the requirements of a safe and effective drug therapy, especially in highly vulnerable patients, it is essential to investigate the scope of evidence of these common practices. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of available data on the tolerability and/or effectiveness of subcutaneously administered and off-label used drugs. METHOD: We performed a scoping review according to the PRISMA extension to identify data available on the tolerability and/or effectiveness of 17 predefined drugs that are commonly administered subcutaneously in Swiss hospices and hospice-like institutions and that have no marketing authorization (off-label use). RESULTS: The scoping review identified 57 studies with most data available on their tolerability (68% local, 54% systemic), clinical effects (82%), details on dosage (96%) and routes of application (100%). Information on pharmacokinetic properties was mostly missing and only available for fentanyl, levetiracetam, midazolam, and ondansetron. For seven drugs, less than five articles were identified and no studies on codeine or clonazepam were available. CONCLUSION: This work provides an overview of current evidence on subcutaneous and off-label used drugs in hospice and palliative care. Although both are common practices, evidence on tolerability and effectiveness, particularly pharmacokinetic data, is limited and the identified information gaps need to be closed. This work establishes a basis for further research in this area.