Spotlight on the real-world treatment of CML pts in Germany: a retrospective survey in private oncology practices.

Clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are usually carried out in specialized centers whereas primary care for patients (pts) with CML is mainly provided by local oncology practices. The aim of this study was to assess treatment practices in pts with CML in the setting of private oncology practices in Germany. We collected data of 819 pts with a confirmed diagnosis (dx) of CML in 2013 or later from 43 practices. At dx, 84.2% (n=690) and 9.4% (n=77) of pts were in chronic or accelerated phase, 0.7% (n=6) had a blast crisis. Molecular monitoring was provided by EUTOS certified laboratories in 87.7% of pts. Typical BCR::ABL1 transcripts were detected in 86.6% (n=709). Molecular response was assessed after 2.8, 6.0, 9.4 and 12.9 m (mean) after start of treatment. Of the pts with available data, 11.1% did not achieve early molecular response and at 18 m, 83.7% had at least a major molecular response. 288 (35.2%) of pts switched to 2nd line (2L) treatment after a mean of 21.0 months. Reasons for 2L treatment were side effects in 43.4% and suboptimal response or failure in 31.4% of pts. 106 pts went on to third line (3L) treatment. 36.8 % of pts switched to and 92.8 % of pts still on 3L treatment achieved BCR::ABL1IS ≤1% at 12 m. In conclusion, in Germany pts with CML are routinely monitored by qPCR and good responses are achieved in the majority. Treatment changes are mainly due to adverse events rather than suboptimal responses.

Addendum to the German Consensus Recommendations on Ponatinib in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Based on the new data from the primary analysis of the OPTIC (Optimizing Ponatinib Treatment in CP-CML) trial on dose optimization of ponatinib in patients with chronic phase (CP)-CML, the German consensus paper on ponatinib published in 2020 (Saussele S et al., Acta Haematol. 2020) has been updated in this addendum. SUMMARY: Focus is on the update of efficacy and safety of ponatinib, reflecting the new data set, as well as the update of the benefit-risk assessment and recommendations for ponatinib starting dose in CP-CML - provided that the decision to use ponatinib has already been made. Furthermore, based on OPTIC and additional empirical data, the expert panel collaborated to develop a decision tree for ponatinib dosing, specifically for intolerant and resistant patients. The recommendations on cardiovascular management have also been updated based on the most recent 2021 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. KEY MESSAGES: The OPTIC data confirm the high efficacy of ponatinib in patients with CP-CML and provide the basis for individualized dose adjustment during the course of treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment of MPN in real life: exploratory and retrospective chart review including 960 MPN patients diagnosed with ET or MF in Germany.

PURPOSE: The WHO 2016 re-classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms resulted in a separation of essential thrombocythemia (ET) from the pre-fibrotic and fibrotic (overt) phases of primary myelofibrosis (MF). This study reports on a chart review conducted to evaluate the real life approach regarding clinical characteristics, diagnostic assessment, risk stratification and treatment decisions for MPN patients classified as ET or MF after implementation of the WHO 2016 classification. METHODS: In this retrospective chart review, 31 office-based hematologists/oncologists and primary care centers in Germany participated between April 2021 and May 2022. Physicians reported available data obtained from patient charts via paper-pencil based survey (secondary use of data). Patient features were evaluated using descriptive analysis, also including diagnostic assessment, therapeutic strategies and risk stratification. RESULTS: Data of 960 MPN patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia (ET) (n = 495) or myelofibrosis (MF) (n = 465) after implementation of the revised 2016 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms was collected from the patient charts. While they met at least one minor WHO-criteria for primary myelofibrosis, 39.8% of those diagnosed with ET did not have histological BM testing at diagnosis. 63.4% of patients who were classified as having MF, however, did not obtain an early prognostic risk assessment. More than 50% of MF patients showed characteristics consistent with the pre-fibrotic phase, which was emphasized by the frequent use of cytoreductive therapy. Hydroxyurea was the most frequently used cytoreductive medication in 84.7% of ET and 53.1% of MF patients. While both ET and MF cohorts showed cardiovascular risk factors in more than 2/3 of the cases, the use of platelet inhibitors or anticoagulants varied between 56.8% in ET and 38.1% in MF patients. CONCLUSIONS: Improved histopathologic diagnostics, dynamic risk stratification including genetic risk factors for cases of suspected ET and MF are recommended for precise risk assessment and therapeutic stratification according to WHO criteria.

Treatment-Free Remission in Real-World Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients: Insights from German Hematology Practices.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment-free remission (TFR) is increasingly considered as treatment goal for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but information on the disposition and outcome of TFR in clinical practice is scarce. Here, we report the characteristics of patients with CML in deep molecular remission (DMR) and/or after an attempt of TFR reported by 33 German hematologists. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively by means of a questionnaire. Patients were eligible if they had either discontinued tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy or had achieved DMR of at least MR4 (BCR-ABL ≤0.01%) prior to the time-point of data collection. RESULTS: 797 patients were included in the analysis, out of which 281 patients had been discontinued from TKI treatment. TKI discontinuation rates among practices were variable, ranging from 0 to 36 patients. Mean time from TKI initiation to discontinuation was 7.2 years; mean duration of MR4 before TFR was 3.5 years. At the time of entering TFR, most patients (90.8%) had achieved a deep molecular response (≥MR4). BCR-ABL monitoring during TFR was performed heterogeneously: Within the first 6 months of TFR, 58.6% of the practices reported mean monitoring intervals of <6 weeks, while 20.7% employed intervals >8 weeks. After entering TFR, 53.2% of patients remained in MR4 or better. TKI treatment was reinitiated in 108 patients, mainly for loss of major molecular remission. CONCLUSIONS: These clinical data from a German real-life population show that TKI discontinuation is feasible in clinical practice. Outcomes appear to be comparable to those reported in clinical trials, but molecular monitoring in TFR is rather variable.

Randomized Trial of a Supportive Psychotherapy for Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults With Hematologic Malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Cancer regularly disrupts health and developmental trajectories in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Parents have been shown to have a substantial impact on the health and cancer survivorship activities of AYA patients in the form of symptom management. However, no randomized controlled trial has evaluated a coping support intervention (CSI) program for parents of AYAs with cancer aged 18 to 40 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From November 30, 2012, to August 29, 2016, parents of AYAs with hematologic malignancies were randomized in a phase III controlled trial (1:1 ratio, stratified sampling) to either the research-based CSI AYA-Parents group (CSI group; n=82) or the standard care (SC) group (n=70). CSI consisted of 5 sessions to achieve the enhancement of parental adaptive coping as the primary outcome (per the adaptive coping scale of the 28-item Brief COPE, a validated multidimensional self-assessment-questionnaire recommended for clinical cancer research). Measures of adaptive coping, depression, and mental health were collected at pre-CSI (measurement date T1), at the end of the intervention sessions (measurement date T2), and at follow-up (3 months). We calculated mean change scores in outcomes and estimated intervention effect sizes (Cohen's d) for changes from T1 to T2/T3, with 0.2 indicating a small effect, 0.5 a medium effect, and 0.8 a large effect. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat analysis, the CSI group significantly improved their adaptive coping compared with the SC group (95% CI, 0.30-2.54; P=.013; d=0.405), whereas adaptive coping in the SC group deteriorated. The CSI group also experienced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms and improved mental health with clinical significance (95% CI, -1.98 to -0.30; P=.008; d=0.433, and 95% CI, -0.19 to 3.97; P=.074; d=0.292, respectively). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the main intention-to-treat analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CSI improved effectively adaptive coping and depression in parents of AYAs with hematologic malignancies. It may represent a novel family-based approach in AYA oncology care.

Cytoreductive treatment in real life: a chart review analysis on 1440 patients with polycythemia vera.

PURPOSE: Patients with polycythemia vera (PV) show an elevated incidence of thromboembolic complications and decreased survival when compared to age-matched healthy individuals. Hypercellularity as indicated by elevated hematocrit, pathophysiological changes induced by the JAK2 driver mutation and cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the increased incidence of thromboembolic events. Higher age and a history of thromboembolic events define a high-risk population of PV patients. Depending on the individual risk profile, phlebotomy or pharmacologic cytoreduction is recommended in combination with low-dose acetylsalicylic acid. Stringent cytoreduction is required for effective risk reduction. However, in recent reports, the rate of thromboembolic complications in PV patients under cytoreductive therapy appears still elevated compared to healthy individuals. This study reports on a chart review to assess for cytoreductive therapy of 1440 PV patients in real life. METHODS: Forty-two eligible hematologists/oncologists in private practice treating patients with MPN were recruited to participate in a paper-pencil-based survey conducted between January 2019 and March 2020 in Germany. Physicians were asked to report primary documented data obtained from patient charts. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess for patient characteristics, treatment modalities, risk factors and thromboembolic complications. RESULTS: Data were collected from the patient charts of 1440 individuals diagnosed with PV. The patient population was older than those reported in multicenter trials with a median age of 72.2 years at the time of reporting and 63.5 years at diagnosis. Age was the main factor accounting for high-risk status with 84.7% of patients being above the age of 60 followed by thromboembolic complications reported in 21.3% of patients. The use of pharmacologic cytoreduction was highly variable between participating centers with an average of 60.7% and a range of 10.1-100%. Hydroxyurea was the most frequently used drug followed by ruxolitinib, while interferons were reported for a minority of patients. For 35.4% of patients a persistent need for phlebotomy in addition to cytoreductive treatment was reported. Although presence of high-risk criteria and insufficient disease control were reported as main triggers to initiate pharmacologic cytoreduction, 28.1% had elevated hematocrit values (> 45%) and 38.6% showed persistence of elevated leukocyte count (> 109/l) while on cytoreductive treatment. In contrast, physician-reported symptom burden was lower than published in clinical trials and patient-reported outcomes. The rate of patients experiencing thromboembolic complications was 32.2% at any time and 14.3% after diagnosis with most patients receiving acetylsalicylic acid and 10.8% remaining on oral anticoagulants or heparin. CONCLUSIONS: Cytoreductive treatment of high-risk PV in real life is highly variable regarding indication for cytoreduction and definition of therapy resistance. This study highlights the need for (i) improved risk stratification for thromboembolic events, (ii) consequent indication of pharmacologic cytoreduction in high-risk PV and (iii) attention to signs of therapy resistance that can trigger an earlier and stringent switch to second line agents.

Correction: Frequency of infections in 948 MPN patients: a prospective multicenter patient-reported pilot study.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

No advantage of Imatinib in combination with hydroxyurea over Imatinib monotherapy: a study of the East German Study Group (OSHO) and the German CML study group.

INTRODUCTION: The combination of Imatinib (IM) and hydroxyurea (HU) was explored for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). METHOD: After in vitro testing and a phase I study (n = 20), 59 patients were randomized in the IM/HU and 29 in the IM arm. According to protocol, 49 propensity-score matched IM patients were included from the CML-IV study. RESULTS: Additive specific inhibition of CML cells by IM/HU was detected in vitro. HU 500 mg qd in combination with IM 400 mg qd proved feasible in the phase I study. Overall, no significant difference with respect to major molecular response (MMR) at 18 months (IM/HU and IM 66%; primary endpoint) was observed. Significant differences were noted for MMR at 6 months (p = 0.04) and for cumulative incidences of adverse events (p = 0.03) in favor of IM monotherapy (secondary endpoints). CONCLUSION: IM/HU combination was more potent in selectively inhibiting CML cells in vitro, but not superior to IM in vivo. (NCT02480608).

Ponatinib in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Leukemia: Recommendations of a German Expert Consensus Panel with Focus on Cardiovascular Management.

Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia (Ph+ ALL) has been revolutionized with the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Most patients with CML achieve long-term survival similar to individuals without CML due to treatment with TKIs not only in frontline but also in further lines of therapy. The third-generation TKI ponatinib has demonstrated efficacy in patients with refractory CML and Ph+ ALL. Ponatinib is currently the most potent TKI in this setting demonstrating activity against T315I mutant clones. However, ponatinib's safety data revealed a dose-dependent, increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) events. Guidance is needed to evaluate the benefit-risk profile of TKIs, such as ponatinib, and safety measures to prevent treatment-associated CV events. An expert panel of German hematologists and cardiologists summarize current evidence regarding ponatinib's efficacy and CV safety profile. We propose CV management strategies for patients who are candidates for ponatinib.

Is bendamustine-rituximab a reasonable treatment in selected older patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma? Results from a multicentre, retrospective study.

Despite bendamustine-rituximab (BR) showed disappointing efficacy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), it is still occasionally used as first-line treatment in older DLBCL patients instead of recommended R-CHOP. This multicentre, retrospective study was aimed to clarify circumstances in which BR may be justified in this setting. Patients ≥ 65 years with ECOG performance status (PS) ≥ 2 or ≥ 75 years regardless of PS were included. A total of 140 patients were analysed (BR, 68; R-CHOP, 72). BR patients were older (p < 0.001) and were diagnosed more often with high-risk disease (p = 0.03); no difference regarding comorbidities or PS was seen. Compared with R-CHOP, BR was associated with marked inferior overall survival (OS) (16.3 vs. 75.4 months; p = 0.006) and progression-free survival (PFS) (11.0 vs. 62.3 months; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only high age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (aaCCI) was associated with inferior PFS in R-CHOP patients (hazard ratio 2.67; p = 0.012). Comparing the subgroup of BR and R-CHOP patients with high aaCCI, there was no difference in OS (p = 0.73) or PFS (p = 0.75). Due to the observed non-superiority of R-CHOP in older DLBCL patients with comorbidities, we propose that this subgroup may be treated alternatively with BR, whereas all other older patients are clearly R-CHOP candidates.

Rituximab maintenance therapy of follicular lymphoma in clinical practice.

Standard of care for patients with symptomatic, advanced-stage follicular lymphoma (FL) is rituximab-containing chemoimmunotherapy followed by rituximab maintenance. This prospective, multicenter, noninterventional study analyzed how efficacy and safety data from randomized controlled trials translate into clinical practice in Germany. Both treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory patients with FL, who responded to rituximab-containing induction and were scheduled for rituximab maintenance, were observed for 24 months. Effectiveness was measured by response and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. In addition, treatment patterns of induction and maintenance, as well as adverse events, were documented. The evaluable study population consisted of 310 first-line patients and 173 relapsed/refractory patients, including 116 patients with initial Ann-Arbor stage I/II and 20 patients with FL grade 3B. Regarding first-line induction, a shift from R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) to R-bendamustine was observed over time, as well as a decline in radiotherapy. 2-year progression-free survival rates were 88.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 84.0-92.6) for first-line patients and 76.0% (95% CI: 68.8-83.3) for relapsed/refractory patients. Conversion from partial to complete remission (PR, CR) occurred in 53.4% of analyzed first-line patients with PR, resulting in 69.4% CRs at study end (relapsed/refractory: conversion in 42.9%, final CRs 57.9%). Safety results were consistent with the known safety profile of rituximab in this setting. Both treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory patients with FL show favorable 2-year PFS rates and improvements in the remission status with postinduction rituximab monotherapy as maintenance and consolidation therapy.

Rituximab in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the real-world effectiveness and tolerability of rituximab-containing chemoimmunotherapies, which have become the standard of care for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), particularly for physically fit patients. Furthermore, current treatment patterns in clinical practice were documented, and an unselected real-life population was compared with older, comorbid patients. METHODS: Prospective, multicentre, observational study with rituximab-containing chemoimmunotherapy in CLL patients. RESULTS: Of 681 patients in total, 485 were enroled in cohort 1 (unselected) and 196 in cohort 2 (comorbid "slow-go" patients). The median patient age was higher than in most randomised controlled trials (cohort 1: 70 years and cohort 2: 75 years). The most common treatment regimen in both first-line and relapsed patients was rituximab-bendamustine. Two-year progression-free survival rate for first-line therapy was 84.1% for cohort 1 and 69.8% for cohort 2 (with best overall response rate 81.8% for cohort 1 and 76.6% for cohort 2). General and B-symptoms declined during treatment and remained at low level or decreased further until study end. The safety profile observed in randomised clinical trials was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Chemoimmunotherapy with rituximab is feasible and safe in a wide variety of clinical settings in CLL, including the treatment of older patients with comorbidities (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01178086).

Lenalidomide maintenance after first-line therapy for high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLLM1): final results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study.

BACKGROUND: The combined use of genetic markers and detectable minimal residual disease identifies patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with poor outcome after first-line chemoimmunotherapy. We aimed to assess lenalidomide maintenance therapy in these high-risk patients. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study (CLLM1; CLL Maintenance 1 of the German CLL Study Group), patients older than 18 years and diagnosed with immunophenotypically confirmed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with active disease, who responded to chemoimmunotherapy 2-5 months after completion of first-line therapy and who were assessed as having a high risk for an early progression with at least a partial response after four or more cycles of first-line chemoimmunotherapy, were eligible if they had high minimal residual disease levels or intermediate levels combined with an unmutated IGHV gene status or TP53 alterations. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either lenalidomide (5 mg) or placebo. Randomisation was done with a fixed block size of three, and was stratified according to the minimal residual disease level achieved after first-line therapy. Maintenance was started with 5 mg daily, and was escalated to the target dose of 15 mg. If tolerated, medication was administered until disease progression. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival according to an independent review. The pre-planned interim analysis done by intention to treat was done after 20% of the calculated progression-free survival events. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01556776; treatment in the lenalidomide group is still ongoing. FINDINGS: Between July 5, 2012, and March 15, 2016, 468 previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were screened for the study; 379 (81%) were not eligible. Recruitment was closed prematurely due to poor accrual after 89 of 200 planned patients were randomly assigned: 60 (67%) enrolled patients were assigned to the lenalidomide group and 29 (33%) to the placebo group, of whom 56 (63%) received lenalidomide and 29 (33%) placebo, with a median of 11·0 (IQR 4·5-20·5) treatment cycles at data cutoff. After a median observation time of 17·9 months (IQR 9·1-28·1), the hazard ratio for progression-free survival assessed by an independent review was 0·168 (95% CI 0·074-0·379). Median progression-free survival was 13·3 months (95% CI 9·9-19·7) in the placebo group and not reached (95% CI 32·3-not evaluable) in the lenalidomide group. The most frequent adverse events were skin disorders (35 patients [63%] in the lenalidomide group vs eight patients [28%] in the placebo group), gastrointestinal disorders (34 [61%] vs eight [28%]), infections (30 [54%] vs 19 [66%]), haematological toxicity (28 [50%] vs five [17%]), and general disorders (28 [50%] vs nine [31%]). One fatal adverse event was reported in each of the treatment groups (one [2%] patient with fatal acute lymphocytic leukaemia in the lenalidomide group and one patient (3%) with fatal multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the placebo group). INTERPRETATION: Lenalidomide is an efficacious maintenance therapy reducing the relative risk of progression in first-line patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia who do not achieve minimal residual disease negative disease state following chemoimmunotherapy approaches. The toxicity seems to be acceptable considering the poor prognosis of the eligible patients. The trial independently confirms the clinical significance of a novel, minimal residual disease-based algorithm to predict short progression-free survival, which might be incorporated in future clinical trials to identify candidates for additional maintenance treatment. FUNDING: Celgene Corporation.

Response to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibodies in men treated for platinum refractory germ cell cancer relapsed after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment options for patients with platinum refractory metastatic germ cell tumours (GCT) relapsing after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation are limited and survival is poor. Antibodies directed against programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) are currently assessed within clinical trials. We present updated data on our experience with checkpoint inhibitors as a compassionate use off-label treatment attempt for highly-pretreated patients with GCT and provide an overview of the current literature on PD-L1 expression in this rare tumour entity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed all patients with platinum refractory GCT treated with checkpoint inhibitors at our institutions between 2015 and 2017. Data were retrieved retrospectively from the patient charts. RESULTS: Seven patients were treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab. Four patients received single-dose treatment and died shortly afterwards due to tumour progression; the remaining three patients received treatment for at least 6 months. No significant treatment toxicity was observed. Long-term tumour response was achieved in two of the three patients, both of them highly positive for PD-L1 staining. INTERPRETATION: We consider checkpoint inhibition to be efficient in carefully selected patients with platinum refractory GCT. However, predictive markers associated with tumour response are not yet known and larger prospective clinical trials are warranted.

Characteristics and treatment of polycythemia vera patients in clinical practice: a multicenter chart review on 1476 individuals in Germany.

PURPOSE: Treatment recommendations for patients with polycythemia vera (PV) are well established. Most multicenter trials investigating novel therapeutic strategies for PV are developed and conducted at university hospitals and specialized academic centers. The majority of patients in Germany, however, are treated in an outpatient (ambulatory) setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 'real-life' situation in a cohort of 1467 patients by analyzing data from a survey conducted at private practices and primary care centers. METHODS: Eligible private practices and primary care centers treating patients with MPN were recruited to participate in a paper-pencil-based survey conducted from March 2015 until March 2016 in Germany. Hematologists were asked to report from patient charts. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess for outcomes examined by reported prognostic risk scores, symptom scores and clinical response criteria. RESULTS: In total, 34 centers participated in our retrospective survey and provided data on 1476 patients. Most patients were of older age (66.7 % older than 66 years of age), which was the main risk factor according to the criteria published by Tefferi and colleagues. Molecular status at diagnosis was not evaluated in 23 % of patients. Low rates of constitutional symptoms were reported in this physician-based survey with concentration problems, fatigue and itching being the main PV-related symptoms. Phlebotomy and hydroxyurea were the main cytoreductive measures for hematocrit control. The majority of patients were responsive (67.8 %) and tolerant (77.3 %) to hydroxyurea therapy. Interferon and JAK inhibitor therapy were used in <10 % of patients, respectively. Overall, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hematocrit could be effectively controlled by any therapy applied. Lack of efficacy was reported on reduction of constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: The patient population investigated was older than participants in published large multicenter trials. The majority of patients were categorized as 'high risk.' Age was the main risk factor. Molecular status was unavailable in the majority of patients diagnosed prior to 2008. The physician-based survey reported on significantly lower rates of constitutional symptoms than patient-based surveys in the literature. Consistent with previously published reports, hydroxyurea is the main agent used for PV therapy in an outpatient setting resulting in efficient control of hematopoietic parameters. Constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly, however, may not be reduced efficiently, which could be improved by the use of JAK inhibitor treatment for high-risk patients in the future.

High coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor in patients with lymphoma and leukemia.

The risk of venous thromboembolism is increased in patients with lymphoma and leukemia; however, little is known about the potential underlying hereditary or acquired thrombophilia. We prospectively analyzed procoagulant markers and gene mutations in patients with lymphoma (n = 35) and leukemia (n = 10) at diagnosis and over the course of treatment. Global coagulation tests were normal in all patients, as were antithrombin and protein S. Activated protein C resistance caused by the factor V Leiden mutation was found in four patients, one patient had the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene, and one patient had protein C deficiency. The most striking findings were sustained very high levels of factor VIII (>150 %) in 30 patients (68 %), which correlated with high von Willebrand factor. An acute phase response in these patients was ruled out by absence of fever and normal IL-6 and -α. Elevated factor VIII is an independent thrombophilic risk factor and may play an etiologic role in thromboembolic complications in patients with malignant lymphoma. Since high von Willebrand factor is most likely caused by endothelial cell injury, an additional, unknown pathophysiological association with malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia is possible.