RESUMO
Six previously undescribed meroterpenoids, penicianstinoids F-K (1-6), together with four known analogues, dehydroaustinol (7), dehydroaustin (8), penicianstinoid A (9), and furanoaustinol (10), were isolated from the cultures of the algicolous fungus Penicillium sp. RR-DL-1-7, derived from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Their structures and relative configuration were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis of NMR and HR-MS experiments, and the absolute configurations were assigned by X-ray diffraction and ECD spectral analysis. None of the isolates showed obvious growth inhibitory effects against five plankton and four bacteria species tested.
Assuntos
Penicillium , Rodófitas , Terpenos , Penicillium/química , Estrutura Molecular , Terpenos/farmacologia , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Rodófitas/química , China , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
RESUMO
Five new lipids, tricholixins A-E (1-5), and two known terpenoids, brasilane A (6) and harzianone A (7), were discovered from a deep-sea strain (R22) of the fungus Trichoderma lixii isolated from the cold seep sediments of the South China Sea. Their structures and relative configurations were identified by meticulous analysis of MS and IR as well as NMR data. The absolute configuration of 5 was ascertained by dimolybdenum-induced ECD data in particular. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the only two new butenolides from marine-derived Trichoderma, and they further add to the structural diversity of these molecules. Although 6 has been reported from a basidiomycete previously, it is the first brasilane aminoglycoside of Trichoderma origin. During the assay against wheat-pathogenic fungi, both 1 and 2 inhibited Fusarium graminearum with an MIC value of 25.0 µg/mL, and 6 suppressed Gaeumannomyces graminis with an MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL. Moreover, the three isolates also showed low toxicity to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
Assuntos
Hypocreales , Trichoderma , Animais , Terpenos/farmacologia , Artemia , LipídeosRESUMO
One new diterpene, harziaketal A (1), and one new highly degraded sterol, trichosterol A (2), along with three known compounds, including one diterpene, harzianone (3), and two steroids, (22E,24R)-5α,6α-epoxy-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3ß,7α-diol (4) and isoergokonin B (5), were isolated from the culture of the marine-alga-epiphytic fungus Trichoderma sp. Z43 by silica gel column chromatography (CC), Sephadex LH-20 CC, and preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Their structures and relative configurations were assigned by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 features a hemiketal unit situated at the four-membered ring of harziane-type diterpenes for the first time, while 2 represents the rare occurrence of sterols with rings A and B being degraded. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed weak inhibition against the tested phytoplankton (Amphidinium carterae, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) ranging from 14 to 53â µg/mL.
RESUMO
Six new lipids, trichoderols B-G (1-6), along with a known one, triharzianin B (7), were isolated from the culture of Trichoderma sp. Z43 obtained from the surface of the marine brown alga Dictyopteris divaricata. Their structures and relative configurations were identified by interpretation of 1D/2D NMR and MS data. Compounds 1-7 were assayed for inhibiting the growth of three phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, and Glomerella cingulata), four marine phytoplankton species (Amphidinium carterae, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense), and one marine zooplankton (Artemia salina). Compounds 1, 4, and 7 exhibited weak antifungal activities against three phytopathogenic fungi tested with MIC ≥ 64 µg/mL. All compounds displayed moderate antimicroalgal activity with IC50 ≥ 15 µg/mL and low toxicity to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida , Trichoderma , Animais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Artemia , Bioensaio , LipídeosRESUMO
Further investigation of secondary metabolites of a marine-alga-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. RR-YLW-12 led to isolate one new ophiobolin-type sesterterpenoid (1), four new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids (2-5) and one natural occurring compound (6), together with seven known compounds (7-13). Their structures and stereochemistry were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis of NMR and HRMS experiments, and by comparison with the literature data. All isolates were evaluated for growth inhibition of five marine harmful microalgae. The new compounds exhibited significant to moderate inhibitory effects towards all tested microalgae species with IC50 values ranging from 5.8 to 54.5 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Sesquiterpenos , Estrutura Molecular , Aspergillus/química , Fungos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
Two new compounds, cladospolides I (1) and J (2), together with two new naturally occurring ones, methyl 11-hydroxy-4-oxododecanoate (3) and 11-hydroxy-4-oxododecanoic acid (4), were isolated from the culture extract of the cold-seep sediment-derived fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides 8-1. Their structures and configurations were established by analysis of 1D/2D NMR, MS, ECD, and specific optical rotation data. Compound 3 was possibly formed by methyl esterification of 4 during the purification process due to the utilization of methanol. All compounds were evaluated for inhibition of four marine phytoplankton species and five marine-derived bacteria.
RESUMO
Eight myrochromanol analogues, including three pairs of epimers at C-2 with the myrochromanol scaffold and two examples of myrochromanol with sugar moiety linked at C-4, together with twelve trichothecene derivatives were isolated from the cultures of a shellfish-derived fungus Albifimbria verrucaria CD1-4. Among them, eight compounds named 2-epi-myrochromanol, ent-myrochromanol B, 4-epi-myrochromanol B, 2-epi-myrochromanol A, myrochromanosides A and B, 6',7'-erythro-(2'E,4'Z)-trichoverrol B, 3R,8S-dihyroxyroridin H were previously undescribed fungal metabolites. Their planar structures and relative configurations were established by 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-MS data analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined using the modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichrosim calculations. Almost all isolates were evaluated for growth rate inhibition of three marine harmful microalgae Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense, and lethal activity to one marine zooplankton, Artemia salina. Myrochromanosides A and B exhibited obvious inhibitory against three tested microalgae with IC50 values in the range of 9.2-108.9 µM. 8α-Hydroxyroridin H, roridin A and verrucarin A exhibited significant inhibition against P. donghaiense with IC50 values of 6.1, 5.8, and 6.0 µM and toxicity against brine shrimp larvae with LC50 values of 1.4, 2.8, and 0.26 µM, respectively.
Assuntos
Tricotecenos , Tricotecenos/farmacologia , Tricotecenos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Frutos do Mar , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
A new cyclopentenone derivative, 4-hydroxyhypocrenone A, and a new naturally-occurring wickerol derivative, 8-acetoxywickerol A, as well as two known compounds, hypocrenone A and wickerol B, were purified from Trichoderma atroviride A-YMD-9-4, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine red alga Gracilaria verrucosa. The structures and relative configurations of two new isolates were established by a combination of 1 D/2D NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned on the basis of ECD data analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak inhibition of one or two marine phytoplankton species.
Assuntos
Trichoderma , Estrutura Molecular , Trichoderma/química , FitoplânctonRESUMO
A new highly transformed sorbicillinoid derivative, trichoreesin A (1), and four known monomeric sorbicillinoids, sorbicillin (2), 2',3'-dihydrosorbicillin (3), 3-demethylsorbicillin (4), and sohirnone A (5), were discovered from Trichoderma reesei Z56-8, an epiphyte from the marine brown alga Sargassum sp. The structure and relative configuration of 1 were determined by interpretation of UV, IR, NMR, and MS signals, and its absolute configuration was assigned by analysis of ECD data aided by quantum chemical calculations. This is the first survey of metabolites from marine algicolous T. reesei. Compound 1 represents the first bicyclic vertinolide derivative, and it possesses inhibition of several marine phytoplankton species.
Assuntos
Hypocreales , Trichoderma , Fitoplâncton , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Trichoderma/química , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
One new lanostane-type triterpenoid, 3ß-acetoxy-7,11-dioxolanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (1), together with six known analogues (2-7), were isolated from the cultures of a marine fungus Ceriporia lacerata CD7-5, which was derived from the shellfish Ostrea denselamellosa. Their structures were determined by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature reported. The biological activities of these lanostane triterpenoids against marine-derived microalgae, zooplankton, and pathogenic bacteria were also evaluated in this study.
RESUMO
Four new carotane sesquiterpenoids, byssocarotins A-D (1-4), two new nor-sesquiterpenoids, byssofarnesin (5) and byssosesquicarin (6), and three new polyketides, byssoketides A and B (7 and 8) and (8R)-paecilocin A (9a), were obtained from a macroalga-associated strain (RR-dl-2-13) of the fungus Byssochlamys spectabilis. These isolates were identified by a combination of spectroscopic methods, including mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, electronic circular dichroism, and X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-4 greatly contribute to the diversity of rarely occurring 2,15-epoxycarotane sesquiterpenoids, while 5 and 6 are degradation products of farnesane and sesquicarane precursors, respectively. Compound 7 is a structurally unique furan fatty acid derivative that possesses an aldehyde group and a large conjugated unit, and 8 features a hemiketal group. During antimicrobial assays, 8 showed antagonism against the phytopathogenic fungi Glomerella cingulata, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium, and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense and the marine-derived bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi with MIC values of 13 to 50 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Policetídeos , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Byssochlamys , Fungos , Estrutura Molecular , Policetídeos/química , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Ten new bisabolane derivatives, trichobisabolins Q-Z (1-10), one new cadinane derivative, cadin-4-en-11-ol (11), and three new cyclonerane derivatives, cycloner-3-en-7,11-diol (12), isoepicyclonerodiol oxide (13), and norepicyclonerodiol oxide (14), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain RR-dl-6-11 of Trichoderma asperelloides that was obtained from a marine alga. Their structures along with relative configurations were established mainly by NMR and IR as well as MS techniques, and the absolute configurations of 10 and 11 were assigned by ECD and X-ray diffraction data, respectively. Sesquiterpenes from the fungus T. asperelloides are reported for the first time. It is interesting that half of the bisabolane derivatives are demethylated. Compound 12 represents the first the occurrence of cyclopentenyl-bearing cycloneranes, and 14 seems a cyclopentyl-degrading cyclonerane derivative. Several isolates feature potent inhibition of marine phytoplankton species.
Assuntos
Hypocreales/química , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos/farmacologia , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos/química , Sesquiterpenos Monocíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Six new sesquiterpenoids including three bisabolane derivatives, trichobisabolins O1, O2, and P (1-3), two nerolidol derivatives, trichonerolins A and B (4 and 5), one acorane, trichoacorin A (6), along with one new steroid, isoergokonin B (7), were isolated from the culture of Trichoderma brevicompactum A-DL-9-2 obtained from the inner tissue of the red alga Chondria tenuissima. Their structures and relative configurations were assigned by interpretation of 1D/2D NMR and MS data. As acyclic sesquiterpenoids, compounds 4 and 5 were discovered from Trichoderma for the first time. Compounds 1-7 were evaluated for the inhibition of some marine-derived organisms, in which, 3 and 4/5 exhibited potent inhibition against Amphidinium carterae and Chattonella marina with IC50 of 1.8 µg/mL and 1.2 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, compound 7 could inhibit the growth of Pseudoalteromonas citrea with an MIC value of 64 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Rodófitas/microbiologia , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Trichoderma/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Hypocreales , Estrutura Molecular , Pseudoalteromonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Two new meroterpenoids, aspermeroterpenes D and E (1 and 2), two new ophiobolin-type sesterterpenoids, the C-18 epimers of 18,19-dihydro-18-methoxy-19-hydroxyophiobolin P (6 and 7), and two new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids, 3S-hydroxystrobilactone A (8) and 6-epi-strobilactone A (9), along with 11 known terpenoids (3-5 and 10-17) were isolated from the cultures of the algicolous fungus Aspergillus sp. RR-YLW-12, derived from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. The structures and relative configurations of new compounds were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis of NMR and HRMS experiments, and the absolute configurations were assigned by X-ray diffraction experiments and comparison of their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compound 1 features a rare 6/6/6/6/5 pentacyclic system with a meroterpenoid skeleton, and the structure of terretonin E (3) was revised in this study. Compound 4 showed significant inhibitory activities against three microalgae, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Chattonella marina, with IC50 values of 10.5, 5.2, and 3.1 µg/mL, respectively.
Assuntos
Aspergillus/química , Microalgas/efeitos dos fármacos , Rodófitas/microbiologia , Terpenos/farmacologia , China , Estrutura Molecular , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacologia , Terpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
One new proharziane and three new harziane derivatives (1-4) together with six known ones (5-10) were isolated from the marine-alga-derived ascomycete Trichoderma asperelloides RR-dl-6-11. Their structures and relative configurations were determined via spectroscopic techniques, and the absolute configurations were ascertained by analysis of ECD curves. This is the first report on the secondary metabolites of T. asperelloides, and the new isolates (1-4), especially seco-harziane 4, greatly add to the structural diversity of harziane diterpenes as well as their precursors and catabolites. Compounds 1-5 inhibited four marine phytoplankton species, and the structure-activity relationship of harziane derivatives is analyzed.
Assuntos
Diterpenos/farmacologia , Hypocreales/química , Organismos Aquáticos/química , China , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Estrutura Molecular , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Rodófitas/microbiologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Carotane sesquiterpenes are commonly found in plants but are infrequently reported in the fungal kingdom. Chemical investigation of Trichoderma virens QA-8, an endophytic fungus associated with the inner root tissue of the grown medicinal herb Artemisia argyi H. Lév. and Vaniot, resulted in the isolation and characterization of five new carotane sesquiterpenes trichocarotins I-M (1-5), which have diverse substitution patterns, and seven known related analogues (6-12). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of a detailed interpretation of their NMR and mass spectroscopic data, and the structures including the relative and absolute configurations of compounds 1-3, 5, 9, and 10 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In the antibacterial assays, all isolates exhibited potent activity against Escherichia coli EMBLC-1, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 32 µg/mL, while 7ß-hydroxy CAF-603 (7) strongly inhibited Micrococcus luteus QDIO-3 (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL). Structure-activity relationships of these compounds were discussed. The results from this study demonstrate that the endophytic fungus T. virens QA-8 from the planted medicinal herb A. argyi is a rich source of antibacterial carotane sesquiterpenes, and some of them might be interesting for further study to be developed as novel antibacterial agents.
RESUMO
Three metabolites deoxytrichodermaerin (a new harziane lactone), harzianol A and harzianone were obtained from Trichoderma longibrachiatum A-WH-20-2, an endophyte from marine red alga Laurencia okamurai. Their structures and relative configurations were unequivocally assigned by spectroscopic techniques, and the absolute configuration of deoxytrichodermaerin was established by analysis of the ECD curve aided by quantum chemical calculations. Deoxytrichodermaerin represents the second harziane lactone with an ester linkage between C-10 and C-11. Harzianol A occurs as a natural product of Trichoderma for the first time. Harzianone has been previously discovered from T. longibrachiatum cf-11. These isolates exhibited potent inhibition of some marine plankton species.
Assuntos
Diterpenos/química , Hypocreales/química , Lactonas/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Endófitos/química , Lactonas/farmacologia , Laurencia/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Eight new trichothecene derivatives, trichodermarins G-N (1-8), and two new cuparene derivatives, trichocuparins A (9) and B (10), as well as six known trichothecenes (11-16) were isolated from the fungal strain Trichoderma brevicompactum A-DL-9-2 obtained from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Chondria tenuissima. The structures and relative configurations of 1-10 were assigned by NMR and MS data, and the absolute configurations of 1, 2, and 9 were established by X-ray diffraction. Compound 8 features an aminosugar unit bond to the trichothecene framework for the first time, while 9 and 10 represent the first occurrence of cuparene sesquiterpenes in Trichoderma. All the isolates were assayed for growth inhibition of five phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and Phomopsis asparagi) and four marine phytoplankton species (Amphidinium carterae, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense). Several of them exhibited significant inhibitory activities against the fungi and phytoplankton tested of which trichodermin (12) showed the highest antifungal and antimicroalgal activities with MIC and IC50 values being 4.0 and 0.82 µg/mL, respectively.
Assuntos
Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Hypocreales/química , Tricotecenos/farmacologia , Bipolaris/efeitos dos fármacos , Bipolaris/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Botrytis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Fusarium/efeitos dos fármacos , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herbicidas/química , Hypocreales/genética , Hypocreales/isolamento & purificação , Hypocreales/metabolismo , Microalgas/efeitos dos fármacos , Microalgas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrutura Molecular , Fitoplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoplâncton/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Tricotecenos/químicaRESUMO
Three new phenylhydrazones, penoxahydrazones A-C (compounds 1-3), and two new quinazolines, penoxazolones A (compound 4) and B (compound 5), with unique linkages were isolated from the fungus Penicillium oxalicum obtained from the deep sea cold seep. Their structures and relative configurations were assigned by analysis of 1D/2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of 1, 4, and 5 were established on the basis of X-ray crystallography or ECD calculations. Compound 1 represents the first natural phenylhydrazone-bearing steroid, while compounds 2 and 3 are rarely occurring phenylhydrazone tautomers. Compounds 4 and 5 are enantiomers that feature quinazoline and cinnamic acid units. Some isolates exhibited inhibition of several marine phytoplankton species and marine-derived bacteria.