Efficient and stabilized molecular doping of hole-transporting materials driven by a cyclic-anion strategy for perovskite solar cells.

Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI) is commonly used as an effective dopant to improve the performance of the hole-transporting material (HTM) in n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the ultra-hygroscopic and migratory nature of Li-TFSI leads to inferior stability of PSCs. Here, we report on a strategy to regulate the anion unit in Li-TFSI from linear to cyclic, constructing a new dopant, lithium 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane-1,3-disulfonimide (Li-CYCLIC), for the state-of-the-art poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA). Mechanistic and experimental results reveal that the cyclic anion CYCLIC- exhibits stronger interaction with Li+ and PTAA˙+ compared with the linear anion TFSI-, thus significantly restraining the moisture absorption and migration of Li+ and improving the thermodynamic stability of PTAA˙+CYCLIC-. With this molecular engineering, the resulting PSCs based on Li-CYCLIC obtained an improved efficiency, along with remarkably enhanced stability, retaining 96% of the initial efficiency after over 1150 hours under continuous 1 sun illumination in an N2 atmosphere, yielding an extrapolated T 80 of over 12 000 hours. In a broader context, the proposed strategy of linear-to-cyclic doping provides substantial guidance for the subsequent advancement in the development of effective dopants for photoelectric devices.

Dendrite-free Zn anode enabled by combining carbon nanoparticles hydrophobic layer with crystal face reconstruction toward high-performance Zn-ion battery.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been considered promising energy storage systems due to their excellent electrochemical performance, environmental toxicity, high safety and low cost. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions at the zinc anode have seriously hindered the development of ZIBs. Herein, we prepared the carbon nanoparticles layer coated zinc anode with (103) crystal plane preferential oriented crystal structure (denoted as C@RZn) by a facile one-step vapor deposition method. The preferential crystallographic orientation of (103) crystal plane promotes zinc deposition at a slight angle, effectively preventing the formation of Zn dendrites on the surface. In addition, the hydrophobic layer of carbon layer used as an inert physical barrier to prevent corrosion reaction and a buffer during volume changes, thus improving the reversibility of the zinc anode. As a result. the C@RZn anode achieves a stable cycle performance of more than 3000 h at 1 mA cm-2 with CE of 99.77 % at 5 mA cm-2. The full battery with C@RZn anode and Mn-doped V6O13 (MVO) cathode show stability for 5000 cycles at the current density of 5 A g-1. This work provides a new approach for the design of multifunctional interfaces for Zn anode.

[Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of a child with comorbid 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome and Rett syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic characteristics of a child with comorbid 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome and Rett syndrome (RTT). METHODS: A male infant who was admitted to Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in May 2020 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the infant was collected. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from the infant and his parents, and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The patient, a 4-day-old male infant, had presented with poor response, poor intake, feeding difficulties, and deceased at 8 months after birth. WES revealed that he has harbored a 0.643 Mb deletion in the 16p11.2 region, which encompassed key genes of the 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome such as ALDOA, CORO1A, KIFF22, PRRT2 and TBX6. His father has carried the same deletion, but was phenotypically normal. The deletion was predicted to be pathogenic. The child was also found to harbor a maternally derived c.763C>T (p.R255X) hemizygous variant of the MECP2 gene, which was also predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PS4+PM2_Supporting). CONCLUSION: The 16p11.2 deletion and the MECP2: c.763C>T (p.R255X) variant probably underlay the pathogenesis in this infant.

Polymer-acid-metal quasi-ohmic contact for stable perovskite solar cells beyond a 20,000-hour extrapolated lifetime.

The development of a robust quasi-ohmic contact with minimal resistance, good stability and cost-effectiveness is crucial for perovskite solar cells. We introduce a generic approach featuring a Lewis-acid layer sandwiched between dopant-free semicrystalline polymer and metal electrode in perovskite solar cells, resulting in an ideal quasi-ohmic contact even at elevated temperature up to 85 °C. The solubility of Lewis acid in alcohol facilitates nondestructive solution processing on top of polymer, which boosts hole injection from polymer into metal by two orders of magnitude. By integrating the polymer-acid-metal structure into solar cells, devices exhibit remarkable resilience, retaining 96% ± 3%, 96% ± 2% and 75% ± 7% of their initial efficiencies after continuous operation in nitrogen at 35 °C for 2212 h, 55 °C for 1650 h and 85 °C for 937 h, respectively. Leveraging the Arrhenius relation, we project an impressive T80 lifetime of 26,126 h at 30 °C.

Pre-Endcapping of Hyperbranched Polymers toward Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconductors with Good Ductility and Carrier Mobility.

The advancement of semiconducting polymers stands as a pivotal milestone in the quest to realize wearable electronics. Nonetheless, endowing semiconductor polymers with stretchability without compromising their carrier mobility remains a formidable challenge. This study proposes a "pre-endcapping" strategy for synthesizing hyperbranched semiconducting polymers (HBSPs), aiming to achieve the balance between carrier mobility and stretchability for organic electronics. The findings unveil that the aggregates formed by the endcapped hyperbranched network structure not only ensure efficient charge transport but also demonstrate superior tensile resistance. In comparison to linear conjugated polymers, HBSPs exhibit substantially larger crack onset strains and notably diminished tensile moduli. It is evident that the HBSPs surpass their linear counterparts in terms of both their semiconducting and mechanical properties. Among HBSPs, HBSP-72h-2.5 stands out as the preeminent candidate within the field of inherently stretchable semiconducting polymers, maintaining 93% of its initial mobility even when subjected to 100% strain (1.41 ± 0.206 cm2 V-1 s-1). Furthermore, thin film devices of HBSP-72h-2.5 remain stable after undergoing repeated stretching and releasing cycles. Notably, the mobilities are independent of the stretching directions, showing isotropic charge transport behavior. The preliminary study makes this "pre-endcapping" strategy a potential candidate for the future design of organic materials for flexible electronic devices.

3D hierarchically fractal structure stabilized anode for achieving long-term cycle life of aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

The cycling stability of aqueous Zn-ion battery (AZIB) is a serious issue for their successful application, mainly due to the considerable growth of Zn dendrites and the existence of side effects during operation. Herein, the hierarchically three-dimensional (3D) fractal structure of the ZnO/Zn/CuxO@Cu (ZZCC) anode is prepared by a two-step process, where CuxO nanowires are prepared on Cu foam by thermal oxidation method and Zn layer and ZnO surface are formed by plating. This fractal structure increases the electrodynamic surfaces and reduces the local current density, which can regulate Zn plating and inhibit dendritic growth and side effects. Apparently, the symmetric ZZCC-based cell shows a long-term operation time of 3000 h at 1 mA cm-2 with 1 mAh cm-2, and an operation time of more than 1000 h with a discharge depth of 15.94%. Compared with the bare Zn foil anode, the AZIB assembled with the composite of Mn-doped vanadium oxide and reduced graphene oxide cathode and ZZCC anode (MnVO@rGO//ZZCC) exhibits significantly improved cyclability (i.e. with 88.5% capacity retention) and achieves a Coulomb efficiency of 99.4% at 2 A g-1. This hierarchically 3D structure strategy to design anodes with superior cyclic stability contributes to the next generation of secure energy.

Approach to Significantly Enhancing the Electrochromic Performance of PANi by In Situ Electrodeposition of the PANi@MXene Composite Film.

Electrochromic materials (ECMs) are capable of reversibly adjusting their transmittance or reflectance properties in response to changes in the external biasing voltages. In this study, we enhanced the electrochromic and electrochemical properties of polyaniline (PANi) effectively through the incorporation of MXene Ti2CTx using an in situ composite strategy. This improvement in the electrochromic and electrochemical properties observed can be attributed to the intermolecular forces between the aniline group of PANi and the terminal groups of MXene Ti2CTx sheets. The presence of hydrogen bonds between the PANi monomers and the MXene sheets was confirmed through theoretical calculations and photoluminescence results, which effectively improved the composite interfaces. Additionally, the PANi@MXene composite films were successfully prepared through a simple one-step in situ polymerization process, as verified by SEM and XPS characterization. The electrochemical studies revealed enhanced electronic conductivity, a high ion diffusion coefficient, and a narrow energy redox gap, all contributing to the excellent electrochemical properties observed. Overall, our results demonstrate that the MXene Ti2CTx composition effectively enhances the electrochromic performance of PANi. The PANi@MXene composite films exhibited a high optical modulation range, rapid switching response time, good thermal radiation regulation, and excellent operational stability. This composite strategy significantly improves the performance and practical applicability of ECMs.

Effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy prior to oesophageal cancer surgery on postoperative wound complications in patients: A meta-analysis.

It is still a matter of controversy whether percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) should be used prior to the operation for the purpose of feeding the patient with resectable oesophageal carcinoma (EC). Comparison was made between EC and preoperatively treated PEG and non-preoperative PEG. An extensive literature review has been conducted to determine the results about PEG and No-PEG trials. In this paper, we chose 4 papers out of 407 of them through a strict selection process. In this trial, there were 1027 surgical cases of oesophagus carcinoma, 152 with PEG pre-surgery and 875 without PEG. The total sample size ranged from 14 to 657. Two studies showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of postoperative wound infection among PEG and No-PEG(OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.38, 2.80 p = 0.96), there was no statistical significance in the likelihood of anastomotic leak among PEG after surgery compared to No-PEG in 4 trials (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.62-2.07 p = 0.69), and there were no statistical differences between PEG and No-PEG before operation on anastomotic stricture for esophagectomy(OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.31-1.56 p = 0.38). No wound or anastomosis complications were observed in the PEG group. Thus, PEG preoperatively is an effective and safe procedure without any harmful influence on gastrointestinal structure or anastomosing. It can be applied to patients with oesophagus carcinoma who have a high risk of undernutrition. Nevertheless, because of the limited number of randomized controlled trials in this meta-analysis, caution should be exercised in their treatment. More high-quality research involving a large sample is required to confirm the findings.

Trace Doping: Fluorine-Containing Hydrophobic Lewis Acid Enables Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

With the rapid development in perovskite solar cell (PSC), high efficiency has been achieved, but the long-term operational stability is still the most important challenges for the commercialization of this emerging photovoltaic technology. So far, bi-dopants lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide (Li-TFSI)/4-tert-butylpyridine (t-BP)-doped hole-transporting materials (HTM) have led to state-of-the art efficiency in PSCs. However, such dopants have several drawbacks in terms of stability, including the complex oxidation process, undesirable ion migration and ultra-hygroscopic nature. Herein, a fluorine-containing organic Lewis acid dopant bis(pentafluorophenyl)zinc (Zn-FP) with hydrophobic property and high migration barrier has been employed as a potential alternative to widely employed bi-dopants Li-TFSI/t-BP for poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA). The resulting Zn-FP-based PSCs achieve a maximum PCE of 20.34 % with hysteresis-free current density-voltage (J-V) scans. Specifically, the unencapsulated device exhibits a significantly advanced of operational stability under the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability protocols (ISOS-L-1), maintaining over 90 % of the original efficiency after operation for 1000 h under continuous 1-sun equivalent illumination in N2 atmosphere in both forward and reverse J-V scan.

High-temperature resistant electromagnetic protection bilayer structure based on the low-reflection metasurface and wave-absorbing material.

In this paper, we propose a high-temperature resistant bilayer structure for electromagnetic protection with low reflection, consisting of a metasurface and an absorbing layer. The bottom metasurface decreases the reflected energy by using a phase cancellation mechanism to make electromagnetic wave scattering in the 8-12 GHz range. While the upper absorbing layer assimilates the incident electromagnetic energy through electrical losses and simultaneously regulates the reflection amplitude and phase of the metasurface to enhance scattering and expand its operating bandwidth. Research shows that the bilayer structure achieves a low reflection of -10 dB in the range of 6.7-11.4 GHz due to the combined effect of the above two physical mechanisms. In addition, long-term high-temperature and thermal cycling tests verified the stability of the structure in the temperature range of 25-300°C. This strategy provides the feasibility of electromagnetic protection in high-temperature conditions.

Evaluation of the clinical effects of non-invasive prenatal screening for diseases associated with aneuploidy and copy number variation.

BACKGROUND: To explore and compare the clinical effects of high-resolution non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS-Plus) for common/uncommon chromosomal aneuploidy and microdeletion/microduplication syndromes (MMS). METHODS: The current prospective study included a total of 25,380 pregnant women who performed NIPS-Plus, and amniocentesis was performed on women with MMS with the screening results to diagnose patients with suspected MMS. RESULTS: There were 415 samples with positive results for NIPS-Plus, included 275 with aneuploidy and 140 with MMS. After diagnosis by amniocentesis, 188 cases were confirmed as true positive, included46 cases of T21, 9 cases of T18, 1 case of T13, 34 cases of SCA, 41 cases of other chromosomal euploidy and 57 cases of MMS. In addition, no false negative cases were found, MMS was classified with 5 Mb with the cutoff value, and the PPV of different fragment size was counted, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found that the corresponding PPV was 44.66% with the fragment of copy number variation (CNV) being less than or equal to 5 Mb, and when it was greater than 5 Mb, the PPV was 29.73%, which suggested that NIPS-Plus was more suitable for screening the PPV of small fragment abnormalities. NIPS-Plus has a good application effect in routine aneuploidy screening and had the best detection effect for T21; moreover, it performed well in screening of MMS and had better detection effect on MMS with CNV fragment length less than 5 Mb. Based on the current results, we suggested that NIPS-Plus should be used as a comprehensive elementary prenatal screening method for all pregnant women, but for MMS caused by abnormal large fragment CNV, the detection method and efficiency still need to be improved.

Self-Doping Naphthalene Diimide Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Unipolar n-Type OTFTs.

The development of high-performance organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) materials is vital for flexible electronics. Numerous OTFTs are so far reported but obtaining high-performance and reliable OTFTs simultaneously for flexible electronics is still challenging. Herein, it is reported that self-doping in conjugated polymer enables high unipolar n-type charge mobility in flexible OTFTs, as well as good operational/ambient stability and bending resistance. New naphthalene diimide (NDI)-conjugated polymers PNDI2T-NM17 and PNDI2T-NM50 with different contents of self-doping groups on their side chains are designed and synthesized. The effects of self-doping on the electronic properties of resulting flexible OTFTs are investigated. The results reveal that the flexible OTFTs based on self-doped PNDI2T-NM17 exhibit unipolar n-type charge-carrier properties and good operational/ambient stability thanks to the appropriate doping level and intermolecular interactions. The charge mobility and on/off ratio are fourfold and four orders of magnitude higher than those of undoped model polymer, respectively. Overall, the proposed self-doping strategy is useful for rationally designing OTFT materials with high semiconducting performance and reliability.

Interface engineering with porous graphene as deposition regulator of stable Zn metal anode for long-life Zn-ion capacitor.

The zinc (Zn) dendrite accumulation leads to poor Coulombic efficiency, continuously failing life and severe safety risks, which seriously impede the commercial application of Zn ion capacitors (ZICs). Herein, an interface engineering is proposed for the Zn metal anode to restrain the dendrite by using porous flame reduced graphene oxide (FRGO) as the ex-situ protective and regulated layer to induce the Zn crystal growth and restricts the side reactions. The FRGO possesses extensive nanoscale pores and zincophilic oxygen-containing functional groups, which can absorb Zn2+ and nucleate preferentially on the surface of FRGO, then induce the growth of Zn parallel to the graphene sheet by matching the basal (002) plane of metallic Zn to minimize lattice strain. As a result, it eliminates the tip effect and achieves the deposited Zn with a uniform and flat surface. Therefore, The FRGO on the Zn (FRGO@Zn) anode significantly reduces the nucleation overpotential and improves the cycling life during the plating/stripping process. Notably, FRGO@Zn based ZIC can achieve 91.0% capacity retention after more than 20,000 cycles at 5 A g-1, and its capacity and maximum energy density are 150.6 mAh g-1 and 118.8 Wh kg-1, respectively. This interface engineering of FRGO for the Zn metal anode has excellent application potential and theoretical guidance in the ZICs field.

A Synergistic Strategy of Organic Molecules Introduced a High Zn2+ Flux Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Stable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ARZIBs) are considered as attractive candidates for the next generation of high-safety and low-cost energy storage in large-scale power grids. However, challenges such as the dendrites and the corrosion on the zinc (Zn) surface result in short battery life and low reversibility of Zn plating/stripping. In this work, a method of preconditioning of a zinc anode in hybrid electrolytes (based on poly(ethylene glycol)-200 and H2O) to form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that prevents anode corrosion and dendrites is proposed. Though surface composition analysis and density functional theory calculation, this SEI has dense organic and inorganic components due to the induction of organic molecules and anions and has rapid kinetic and high-throughput properties for the transport of zinc ions. As a result, the SEI-modified Zn anode can maintain a low-voltage hysteresis stable cycle for more than 1600 h in aqueous electrolyte. The anode also exhibits impressive reversibility with a high Coulomobic efficiency of 99.23% over 1300 cycles. Furthermore, the ARZIB encapsulated by this anode and Mn-doped V6O13 cathode enables an outstanding electrochemical stability (181.8 mAh g-1 after 800 cycles at room temperature, 102.2 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at -15 °C). This work provides an intriguing idea for the stability maintenance of the anode for ARZIBs or other metal-ion batteries.

Suppressing Thermal Negative Effect and Maintaining High-Temperature Steady Electrical Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Employing Phase Change Material.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are newly developed energy-harvesting mechanisms, which can efficiently transmute irregular mechanical energy into scarce electrical energy. However, the electrical performance of TENGs shows a decreasing tendency with the increase in temperature, and the negative effect caused by friction heat and operating environmental thermal stresses for the output performance, durability, and reliability are still a bottleneck, restricting the practical application of TENG electronic devices. Especially for wearable TENG devices, the heat-induced temperature rise evokes extreme discomfort and even hazards to human health. To effectively suppress the thermal negative effect and maintain the high-temperature steady electrical performance of TENGs, a novel thermo-regulating TENG (Tr-TENG) based on phase change materials (PCMs) is designed. The results state clearly that the Tr-TENG can maintain steady output performance without deterioration by the introduction of PCMs, during continuous heating and natural cooling, while the output performance of conventional TENG is decayed by 18.33%. More importantly, the Tr-TENG possesses high-efficiency thermal management ability, resulting in its improved durability, reliability, and thermal comfort. This study creates new possibilities for the development of advanced multifunctional TENGs with attractive characteristics and desirable performances and promotes the application of TENG electronic devices in harsh environments.

A new strategy for constructing a dispiro-based dopant-free hole-transporting material: spatial configuration of spiro-bifluorene changes from a perpendicular to parallel arrangement.

Due to the low intrinsic hole mobility caused by the orthogonal conformation of two fluorene units in Spiro-OMeTAD which is a classic hole-transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), Spiro-OMeTAD based PSCs generally can only obtain high performances through a sophisticated doping process with dopants/additives, which adds to the cost and complicacy of device fabrication, and also adversely affects the stability of PSC devices. Herein, a novel dispiro-based HTM, WH-1, is designed by cleverly replacing the central carbon atom of Spiro-OMeTAD with cyclohexane, and the spatial configuration of the HTM is changed from vertical orthogonality of the two fluorene units to a parallel arrangement, which is beneficial for the formation of a homogeneous and compact HTM film on the surface of the perovskite film, improvement of intermolecular electronic coupling and intrinsic hole mobility. WH-1 is obtained by two-step facile synthesis with a high yield from commercially available materials. WH-1 is used in PSCs as a dopant-free HTM, which is the first time that the dispiro-based molecule has been applied as a dopant-free HTM, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.57% is obtained, rivaling Li-TFSI/t-BP doped Spiro-OMeTAD in PCE (20.29%), and showing obvious superior long-term stability.

Catalyst-Assisted Large-Area Growth of Single-Crystal ß-Ga2O3 Nanowires on Sapphire Substrates by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition.

In this work, we have achieved synthesizing large-area high-density ß-Ga2O3 nanowires on c-plane sapphire substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition assisted with Au nanocrystal seeds as catalysts. These nanowires exhibit one-dimensional structures with Au nanoparticles on the top of the nanowires with lengths exceeding 6 µm and diameters ranging from ~50 to ~200 nm. The ß-Ga2O3 nanowires consist of a single-crystal monoclinic structure, which exhibits strong (201) orientation, confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The PL spectrum obtained from these ß-Ga2O3 nanowires exhibits strong emissions centered at ~360 and ~410 nm, respectively. The energy band gap of the ß-Ga2O3 nanowires is estimated to be ~4.7 eV based on an optical transmission test. A possible mechanism for the growth of ß-Ga2O3 nanowires is also presented.

Toward Easy-to-Assemble, Large-Area Smart Windows: All-in-One Cross-Linked Electrochromic Material and Device.

Conventional electrochromic devices with a sandwich structure consist of multiple interfaces, which enhance electron trapping on the interfaces. Furthermore, crack generation in the electrochromic layer is inevitable due to repeated ion insertion and extraction during the service process. These problems increase the fabrication complexity and lead to poor performance and stability, which are severely limiting and prime concerns for the future development of the electrochromism field. Here, a strategy of synthesizing an all-in-one self-healing electrochromic material, TAFPy-MA, is presented, which has been utilized for the fabrication of a high-reliability, large-scale, and easy-assembly smart electrochromic window. The all-in-one self-healing electrochromic material can undergo in situ redox reactions with Li+ ions to reduce resistance transfer and avoid interface obstacles, and the reversible Diels-Alder cross-linking network structure can heal the cracks to improve the reliability of the electrochromic layer. High ion diffusivity (1.13 × 10-5 cm2 s-1), rapid color switching (3.9/3.7 s), high coloration efficiency (413 cm2 C-1), excellent stability (sustains 88.7% after 1000 cycles) and reliability (crack can be healed in 110 s), and large-scale smart windows (30 × 35 cm2) are achieved using the all-in-one electrochromic material, which exhibits fascinating and promising features for a wide range of applications in buildings, airplanes, etc.

Achieved RGBY Four Colors Changeable Electrochromic Pixel by Coelectrodeposition of Iron Hexacyanoferrate and Molybdate Hexacyanoferrate.

Although multicolor electrochromic materials and devices have been studied by many researchers, there is still none an inorganic single-layer film that has red, blue, and green three typical color states, while red, green, and blue (RGB) are indispensably for multicolor display. Iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) is a kind of well-studied inorganic electrochromic material with relatively colorful properties and a great family of analogues. In this Research Article, the RGBY film with red, green, blue and yellow four typical color states are obtained successfully by coelectrodeposition of FeHCF and molybdate hexacyanoferrate (MoOHCF). This film contains the electrochromic properties of both components. Moreover, benefiting from its high A+ (alkali cation ions that can insert/extract into/from the framework, such as Li+ and K+) content, the redox process of RGBY film can be fully completed to achieve rich color variation. The absorptivity adjustment range of RGBY film at 730 and 440 nm are 0.81 and 0.43, respectively. The response time of RGBY films varies from 3 to 30 s between states and maintains its optical properties without significant decay during 1000 cycles. Finally, a pixelated electrode and a facile electrochromic device based on RGBY film have been developed to exhibit its high application potential in nonemission display field.