Changes in food consumption and nutrition intake of rural residents in central China.

Food security and diet diversity is essential to sustainable food system all over the world. As the income of rural residents achieves great increase, the structure of food consumption and food diversification face significant change. Rural residents' food consumption and nutrients intake worth more attention. Chinese government has been striving to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. We conducted this study to explore area-level practices aiming at achieving food and nutrition security in rural China. In order to search for the change principle and main influencing factors of residents' food consumption, three rural areas in Henan Province were selected. According to the data obtained from the Henan Province Bureau of Statistics, changes in food consumption from 2012 to 2021 in three rural areas were analyzed in this study. This study led to the following remarkable results: (1) The per capita consumption of poultry, meat, sugar, and eggs of the three rural residents has increased much more than that of other food items. (2) In the three rural areas, the proportions of grains, vegetables, liquor, and edible oils have decreased overall. The proportions of other categories, such as poultry, meat, and fruits, have increased. (3) The rural residents' per capita nutrition intake has increased remarkably. The results provide some empirical foundation for local government who need suggest that rural residents should control their intake of high-energy food, such as poultry, meat, and sugar. This study has significant policy implication for achieving sustainable goals in rural areas of China.

Simulation of Novel Nano Low-Dimensional FETs at the Scaling Limit.

The scaling of bulk Si-based transistors has reached its limits, while novel architectures such as FinFETs and GAAFETs face challenges in sub-10 nm nodes due to complex fabrication processes and severe drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effects. An effective strategy to avoid short-channel effects (SCEs) is the integration of low-dimensional materials into novel device architectures, leveraging the coupling between multiple gates to achieve efficient electrostatic control of the channel. We employed TCAD simulations to model multi-gate FETs based on various dimensional systems and comprehensively investigated electric fields, potentials, current densities, and electron densities within the devices. Through continuous parameter scaling and extracting the sub-threshold swing (SS) and DIBL from the electrical outputs, we offered optimal MoS2 layer numbers and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) diameters, as well as designed structures for multi-gate FETs based on monolayer MoS2, identifying dual-gate transistors as suitable for high-speed switching applications. Comparing the switching performance of two device types at the same node revealed CNT's advantages as a channel material in mitigating SCEs at sub-3 nm nodes. We validated the performance enhancement of 2D materials in the novel device architecture and reduced the complexity of the related experimental processes. Consequently, our research provides crucial insights for designing next-generation high-performance transistors based on low-dimensional materials at the scaling limit.

Pathogen characteristics of respiratory infections in the season after the COVID-19 pandemic between August and December 2023: evidence from direct-to-consumer testing-based surveillance in Guangzhou and Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVES: In the fall-winter of 2023, China experienced its first epidemic season of respiratory diseases since the COVID-19 pandemic. Gathering timely data about pathogenetic characteristics of respiratory infections is crucial to complement current respiratory surveillance mechanisms in China. Data from direct-to-consumer (DTC) multi-respiratory pathogen (MRP) testing could serve as a novel source of multi-pathogen data for community-based surveillance. METHODS: A pioneering initiative was launched to detect multiple respiratory pathogens in Beijing and Guangzhou, China. DTC MRP tests were used to provide proactive surveillance ahead of medical services. RESULTS: A total of 28,018 participants were enrolled between 22 August and 10 December 2023. Positive findings for at least one respiratory pathogen were observed in 26,202 (93.5%) participants. Influenza virus A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human adenovirus are the three leading viral pathogens detected with proportions of 18.0%, 10.6%, and 8.8%. Viral-bacterial pathogens were co-detected in 9736 (34.7%) of participants, which reduced to 22.2% for bacterial-bacterial co-detection, and 22.0% for bacterial mono-detection. The epidemiological ecology of respiratory pathogens within both viral clusters and specific pathogens varied among cities. The peak of RSV epidemics in Guangzhou occurred in the fall of 2023, earlier than in Beijing. CONCLUSION: The innovative program offered enhanced surveillance capabilities beyond traditional methods, enabling prompt feedback about test results and mitigating the risk of cross-infection caused by waits in healthcare facilities.

Pyrrolopyrrole Cyanine J-Aggregate Nanoparticles with High Near-Infrared Fluorescence Brightness and Photothermal Performance for Efficient Phototheranostics.

Advanced photosensitizers for high-performance fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy demand excellent near-infrared (NIR) brightness [molar absorption coefficient (ε) × quantum yield (QY)] and exceptional photothermal performance [ε × photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE)]. However, integrating high brightness and potent photothermal performance within a single molecule faces a formidable challenge. This article proposes a method to address this issue by preparing J-aggregate nanoparticles (NPs) using molecules with high ε. J-aggregates effectively improve QY and induce molecular emission redshift, while high ε molecules play a crucial role in improving the brightness and photothermal performance. By optimizing the molecular structure based on the pyrrolopyrrole cyanine (PPCy), precise control over the QY and PCE of PPCy J-aggregates is achieved. Ultimately, PDDO NPs exhibiting superior brightness (ε × QY = 3.32 × 104 M-1 cm-1) and photothermal performance (ε × PCE = 1.21 × 105 M-1 cm-1) are identified as high-performance photosensitizers. Notably, each parameter represents one of the highest levels among the reported fluorescence or photothermal probes to date. The in vivo studies demonstrate that PDDO NPs possess exceptional NIR imaging capabilities and remarkable photothermal tumor inhibition rates. This study provides innovative insights into the development of high-performance multifunctional photosensitizers.

An effectiveness study of vaccination and quarantine combination strategies for containing mpox transmission on simulated college campuses.

The ongoing transmission of mpox in specific countries and regions necessitates urgent action. It is essential to implement targeted containment strategies that concentrate on high-risk populations and critical locations, such as college campuses, to effectively curb the spread of mpox. This study is dedicated to evaluating the performance of various vaccination and quarantine strategies in curbing the spread of mpox and estimating the outbreak risk. To accomplish this, we constructed a stochastic, agent-based, discrete-time susceptible-latent-infectious-recovered (SLIR) model, to examine mpox transmission on a simulated college campus. Our findings reveal that relying solely on PEP is insufficient in containing mpox effectively. To bolster the population immunity and protect the vulnerable, pre-exposure vaccination among high-risk populations prior to an outbreak is imperative. Our study demonstrates that a pre-exposure vaccination rate of 50% in high-risk populations can led to a remarkable 74.2% reduction of infections. This translated to a mere 1.0% cumulative infection incidence in the overall population. In cases where the desired vaccination coverage is not attainable, enhancing case detection and isolation measures can serve as an effective emergency response to contain mpox outbreaks. For pre-exposure vaccination coverage of 20% or lower, a 40% isolation ratio is necessary to keep the cumulative number of infections in check. However, when the coverage exceeds 30%, a reduced isolation ratio of 20% becomes sufficient to manage the outbreak effectively. These insights underscore the importance of strategic pre-exposure vaccination in conjunction with robust surveillance and isolation protocols to safeguard public health and prevent the escalation of mpox outbreaks.

Acute puerperal uterine inversion with successful manual transvaginal repositioning: A case report.

RATIONALE: Uterine inversion is a rare medical condition that is categorized as puerperal and nonpuerperal. Repositioning of uterine involution can be done manually or surgically, the latter of which involves abdominal manipulation and disruption of the integrity of the uterine wall, which can lead to complications for the patient in subsequent pregnancies, such as uterine rupture. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a case of acute puerperal uterine inversion that was manually repositioned transvaginally. An ultrasonogram and reset schematic were also presented. A 23-year-old woman (gravida 1 para 0) was admitted to the hospital with a full-term pregnancy. DIAGNOSES: In the postpartum period, we found placental adhesions and uterine inversion into the uterine cavity, which was confirmed by bedside ultrasound. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: We administered analgesic, relieving uterine spasms, and antishock therapy along with manual stripping of the placenta and ultrasound-guided uterine repositioning. After successful repositioning the patient vaginal bleeding decreased rapidly and she was discharged 3 days after delivery. LESSONS: Early recognition, antishock therapy and prompt repositioning are key in the management of puerperal uterine inversion. We hope that this case will enable clinicians to better visualize the ultrasound imaging of uterine inversion and the process of manual repositioning.

Healthcare-seeking behaviours of patients with acute respiratory infection: a cross-sectional survey in a rural area of southwest China.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the healthcare-seeking behaviour and related factors of people with acute respiratory symptoms in the rural areas of central and western China to estimate the disease burden of influenza more accurately. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTINGS: Fifty-two communities/villages in the Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China, a rural area in southwest China, from May 2022 to July 2022. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were those who had been living in Wanzhou District continuously for more than 6 months and consented to participate. OUTCOME MEASURES: A semistructured questionnaire was used to determine the healthcare-seeking behaviour of participants, and the dichotomous response of 'yes' or 'no' was used to assess whether participants had acute respiratory symptoms and their healthcare-seeking behaviour. RESULTS: Only 50.92% (360 of 707) of the patients with acute respiratory infection visited medical and health institutions for treatment, whereas 49.08% (347 of 707) avoided treatment or opted for self-medication. The primary reason for not seeing a doctor was that patients felt their condition was not serious and visiting a medical facility for treatment was unnecessary. Short distance (87.54%) and reasonable charges (49.48%) were ranked as the most important reasons for choosing treatment at primary medical and health facilities (80.27%). The primary reasons for which patients visited secondary and tertiary hospitals (7.78% and 8.61%, respectively) were that doctors in such facilities were better at diagnosis (57.14%) and at treatment (87.10%). CONCLUSION: The findings provided in this study indicated that regular healthcare-seeking behaviour investigations should be conducted. The disease burden of influenza can be calculated more accurately when healthcare-seeking behaviour investigations are combined with surveillance in the hospitals.

Construction of an indicator framework for vaccine inclusion in public health programs: A Delphi-entropy method study.

Governments must decide which vaccine priority to include in their public health programs. Using the modified Delphi and entropy method, we developed an indicator framework for vaccine inclusion at the national, provincial, municipal, and district/county levels, each containing three dimensions. In total, 4 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 45 tertiary indicators were selected, covering vaccine-preventable diseases, candidate vaccines, and social drivers of the supply and demand sides. From a subjective perspective, there was no significant weighting difference in the primary and secondary indicators at all administrative levels. "Vaccine-preventable diseases" as a primary indicator had the greatest weight in the peer group, of which "Health burden" had the highest weight among the secondary indicators. From the objective perspective, the social drivers on the supply and demand sides of the primary indicators accounted for 65% and higher. Among the secondary indicators, "the characteristics of the candidate vaccine" and "vaccine-related policies on the supply side" held 8% of weights or more at both national and provincial levels. "Demographic characteristics" held the highest weight at the municipal (13.50) and district/county (15.45) level. This study indicates that China needs different considerations when using WHO-recommended vaccines at the national, provincial, municipal, and district/county levels. In addition, this study highlights that behavioral and social drivers are important indicators that need to be considered for decision-making. This framework provides a tool for policymakers to determine the inclusion priority of candidate vaccines.

Breast cancer risk factors and mammographic density among 12518 average-risk women in rural China.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate the association between MD and breast cancer related risk factors among average-risk women in rural China. METHODS: This is a population-based screening study. 12518 women aged 45-64 years with complete MD data from three maternal and childcare hospitals in China were included in the final analysis. ORs and 95%CIs were estimated using generalized logit model by comparing each higher MD (BI-RADS b, c, d) to the lowest group (BI-RADS a). The cumulative logistic regression model was used to estimate the ORtrend (95%CI) and Ptrend by treating MD as an ordinal variable. RESULTS: Older age (ORtrend = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.79-0.81, per 2-year increase), higher BMI (ORtrend = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.71-0.75, per 2 kg/m2), more births (ORtrend = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.41-0.54, 3 + vs. 0-1), postmenopausal status (ORtrend = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.38-0.46) were associated with lower MD. For parous women, longer duration of breastfeeding was found to be associated with higher MD when adjusting for study site, age, BMI, and age of first full-term birth (ORtrend = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.27-1.85, 25 + months vs. no breastfeeding; ORtrend = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.20-1.75, 19-24 months vs. no breastfeeding), however, the association became non-significant when adjusting all covariates. Associations between examined risk factors and MD were similar in premenopausal and postmenopausal women except for level of education and oral hormone drug usage. Higher education was only found to be associated with an increased proportion of dense breasts in postmenopausal women (ORtrend = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.15). Premenopausal women who ever used oral hormone drug were less likely to have dense breasts, though the difference was marginally significant (OR = 0.54, P = 0.045). In postmenopausal women, we also found the proportion of dense breasts increased with age at menopause (ORtrend = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.21-1.43). CONCLUSIONS: In Chinese women with average risk for breast cancer, we found MD was associated with age, BMI, menopausal status, lactation, and age at menopausal. This finding may help to understand the etiology of breast cancer and have implications for breast cancer prevention in China.

Increased population susceptibility to seasonal influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic in China and the United States.

To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has quantitatively estimated the dynamics and cumulative susceptibility to influenza infections after the widespread lifting of COVID-19 public health measures. We constructed an imitated stochastic susceptible-infected-removed model using particle-filtered Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling to estimate the time-dependent reproduction number of influenza based on influenza surveillance data in southern China, northern China, and the United States during the 2022-2023 season. We compared these estimates to those from 2011 to 2019 seasons without strong social distancing interventions to determine cumulative susceptibility during COVID-19 restrictions. Compared to the 2011-2019 seasons without a strong intervention with social measures, the 2022-2023 influenza season length was 45.0%, 47.1%, and 57.1% shorter in southern China, northern China, and the United States, respectively, corresponding to an 140.1%, 74.8%, and 50.9% increase in scale of influenza infections, and a 60.3%, 72.9%, and 45.1% increase in population susceptibility to influenza. Large and high-intensity influenza epidemics occurred in China and the United States in 2022-2023. Population susceptibility increased in 2019-2022, especially in China. We recommend promoting influenza vaccination, taking personal prevention actions on at-risk populations, and monitoring changes in the dynamic levels of influenza and other respiratory infections to prevent potential outbreaks in the coming influenza season.

Clinical manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus infection and the risk of wheezing and recurrent wheezing illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants is a global health priority. We aimed to investigate the common manifestations of RSV infection by age group and human development index (HDI) level and to assess its association with the development of wheezing and recurrent wheezing illness. METHODS: We searched the literature published between January 1, 2010 and June 2, 2022 in seven databases. Outcomes included common manifestations and long-term respiratory outcomes of RSV infection in children. Random- and fixed-effect models were used to estimate the effect size and their 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analysis was conducted by age and HDI levels. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022379401). RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 47 studies. The top five manifestations were cough (92%), nasal congestion (58%), rhinorrhea (53%), shortness of breath (50%), and dyspnea (47%). The clinical symptoms were most severe in infants. In our analysis, compared to very high and high HDI countries, fewer studies in medium HDI countries reported related manifestations, and no study in low HDI countries reported that. The RSV-infected infants were more likely to develop wheezing than the non-infected infants [odds ratio (OR), 3.12; 95% CI, 2.59-3.76] and had a higher risk of developing wheezing illnesses after recovery (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.51-2.70). CONCLUSIONS: Cough and shortness of breath are common manifestations of RSV infection. More attention should be given to infants and areas with low HDI levels. The current findings confirm an association between RSV infection and wheezing or recurrent wheezing illness.

Prevalence and risk for symptoms of PTSD among survivors of a COVID-19 infection.

COVID-19 pandemic has profound psychological effects worldwide and the psychological sequelae will persist for a long time among COVID-19 survivors. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the prevalence of PTSD and its associated risk factors in COVID-19 survivors of the first wave pandemic. Demographics questionnaire, the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Fatigue Scale-14, the Resilience Style Questionnaire, the Short Version of COVID-19 Stigma Scale, the Peace of Mind Scale, and the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire were used to collect relevant information of the participants. The propensity score-matching (PSM) method was employed to adjust covariate or confounding variables in order to derive more accurate conclusions. After PSM, adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined by binary conditional logistic regression. A total of 1541 COVID-19 survivors were included firstly and 15.2% reported PTSD symptoms, 1108 participants left after PSM. Four risk factors were identified: higher severity of COVID-19 infection, fatigue, COVID-19 related stigma and poor sleep quality. When designing psychological interventions to alleviate PTSD symptoms of COVID-19 survivors, reducing stigma and fatigue, and improve their sleep quality are suggested.

High activity levels of avian influenza upwards 2018-2022: A global epidemiological overview of fowl and human infections.

Due to growing activities of avian influenza, more attention should be paid to avian influenza virus infections. Global summaries or national reports lack data on epidemiological patterns of avian influenza. A descriptive epidemiological analysis of avian influenza outbreaks from 2018 to 2022 was conducted, particularly fowl infections, human infections, and sequence alterations. The number of fowl infection outbreaks in the first half of 2022 was the highest level in the five-year period. Countries or regions could reliably be classified into three clusters according to fowl infection activity scores, with 60.0% of countries or regions in C1 in Europe. Additionally, two host infection patterns of countries were noted, led by the Taiwan (China) region and Germany. Human infections also increased, with 88.1% of cases being in China with an increasing risk of cases in northern China. Sequences that were furin cleavage motif present spread from Asia to Europe and North America over the five-year period. Continuous changes in the global activities of avian influenza highlight the need for sustained global surveillance, including strengthening monitoring capacity for vulnerable population and dynamically detecting new cases or genetic variations of the avian influenza virus under the One Health framework.

Seesaw Effect Between COVID-19 and Influenza From 2020 to 2023 in World Health Organization Regions: Correlation Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal influenza activity showed a sharp decline in activity at the beginning of the emergence of COVID-19. Whether there is an epidemiological correlation between the dynamic of these 2 respiratory infectious diseases and their future trends needs to be explored. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the correlation between COVID-19 and influenza activity and estimate later epidemiological trends. METHODS: We retrospectively described the dynamics of COVID-19 and influenza in 6 World Health Organization (WHO) regions from January 2020 to March 2023 and used the long short-term memory machine learning model to learn potential patterns in previously observed activity and predict trends for the following 16 weeks. Finally, we used Spearman correlation coefficients to assess the past and future epidemiological correlation between these 2 respiratory infectious diseases. RESULTS: With the emergence of the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 and other variants, influenza activity stayed below 10% for more than 1 year in the 6 WHO regions. Subsequently, it gradually rose as Delta activity dropped, but still peaked below Delta. During the Omicron pandemic and the following period, the activity of each disease increased as the other decreased, alternating in dominance more than once, with each alternation lasting for 3 to 4 months. Correlation analysis showed that COVID-19 and influenza activity presented a predominantly negative correlation, with coefficients above -0.3 in WHO regions, especially during the Omicron pandemic and the following estimated period. The diseases had a transient positive correlation in the European region of the WHO and the Western Pacific region of the WHO when multiple dominant strains created a mixed pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza activity and past seasonal epidemiological patterns were shaken by the COVID-19 pandemic. The activity of these diseases was moderately or greater than moderately inversely correlated, and they suppressed and competed with each other, showing a seesaw effect. In the postpandemic era, this seesaw trend may be more prominent, suggesting the possibility of using one disease as an early warning signal for the other when making future estimates and conducting optimized annual vaccine campaigns.

Incidence, hospitalization, and mortality in children aged 5 years and younger with respiratory syncytial virus-related diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. We aimed to analyze the factors affecting the estimation of RSV-related disease burden, and to provide evidence to help establish a surveillance system. Methods: We searched the English- and Chinese-language databases for articles published between January 1, 2010 and June 2, 2022. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality scale. Random-effects models were used for data synthesis and subgroup analyses. This review was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42022372972). Results: We included 44 studies (149,321,171 participants), all of which were of medium or high quality. The pooled RSV-related disease incidence, hospitalization rate, in-hospital mortality, and overall mortality rates in children aged 5 years and younger were 9.0 per 100 children per year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.0-11.0), 1.7 per 100 children per year (95% CI: 1.3-2.1), 0.5 per 100 children per year (95% CI: 0.4-0.5), and 0.05 per 100 children per year (95% CI: 0.04-0.06), respectively. Age, economics, surveillance types, case definition, and data source were all recognized as influencing factors. Conclusions: A standardized and unified RSV surveillance system is required. Case definition and surveillance types should be fully considered for surveillance of different age groups.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Patients Recovered From COVID-19 Infection in Wuhan, China: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study.

BACKGROUND: Although patients recovered from COVID-19 already have immunity gained from natural infection, they are still at risk of reinfection due to the emergence of new variants of COVID-19 and the diminishing of naturally acquired immunity over time. Vaccination is associated with efficacious protection against COVID-19 infection and could boost infection-acquired immunity; however, various COVID-19 survivors have not been vaccinated due to vaccine hesitancy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related factors among COVID-19 survivors. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among patients who recovered from COVID-19 infection in Wuhan, China, between June 10 and July 25, 2021. The questionnaire included sociodemographic information, items on COVID-19 infection, the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale based on the 3Cs (complacency, convenience, and confidence) model, trust in vaccine manufacturers and health facilities, and reasons for the decision to accept COVID-19 vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: Among the 1422 participants, 538 (37.8%) were not vaccinated against COVID-19. The COVID-19-recovered patients who self-reported having a current unhealthy status expressed more hesitancy about the COVID-19 vaccine than those who perceived themselves to be healthy (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.71). Compared to the asymptomatic patients, patients with mild symptoms were more likely to receive a COVID-19 vaccine (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02-2.82). Regarding the 3Cs model, high complacency (P=.005) and low convenience (P=.004) were significant negative factors for COVID-19 vaccination. Trust in vaccine manufacturers and health facilities was a significant positive factor for COVID-19 vaccination (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.19). "Self-needs" was the main reason for patients to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, whereas "already have antibodies and do not need vaccination" was the main reason for patients to not receive the COVID-19 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: Among the three major factors of vaccine hesitancy, complacency proved to be the most notable among COVID-19-recovered patients. Therefore, educational campaigns can focus on raising the awareness of risk of infection and the benefits of vaccination to reduce complacency toward vaccination among this population. In particular, for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19, improving factors related to convenience such as transportation, the environment of vaccination, and providing door-to-door service was also deemed necessary to facilitate their vaccination. In addition, addressing the concerns about vaccination of COVID-19-recovered patients could foster trust and promote their uptake of vaccination.

Carbon dots induce pathological damage to the intestine via causing intestinal flora dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dots (CDs), as excellent antibacterial nanomaterials, have gained great attention in treating infection-induced diseases such as periodontitis and stomatitis. Given the eventual exposure of CDs to the intestine, elucidating the effect of CDs on intestinal health is required for the safety evaluation of CDs. RESULTS: Herein, CDs extracted from ε-poly-L-lysine (PL) were chosen to explore the modulation effect of CDs on probiotic behavior in vitro and intestinal remodeling in vivo. Results verify that PL-CDs negatively regulate Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) growth via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing the antioxidant activity, which subsequently destroys membrane permeability and integrity. PL-CDs are also inclined to inhibit cell viability and accelerate cell apoptosis. In vivo, the gavage of PL-CDs is verified to induce inflammatory infiltration and barrier damage in mice. Moreover, PL-CDs are found to increase the Firmicutes to Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio and the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae while decreasing that of Muribaculaceae. CONCLUSION: Overall, these evidences indicate that PL-CDs may inevitably result in intestinal flora dysbiosis via inhibiting probiotic growth and simultaneously activating intestinal inflammation, thus causing pathological damage to the intestine, which provides an effective and insightful reference for the potential risk of CDs from the perspective of intestinal remodeling.

Driving more WHO-recommended vaccines in the National Immunization Program: Issues and challenges in China.

WHO-recommended vaccines substantially prevent and control vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), but their inclusion differs among countries and regions. We reviewed the application for WHO-recommended vaccines in China and described the concerns and obstacles in driving the inclusion of more vaccines into China's NIP, including immunization strategies, financial barriers, vaccination services, and behavioral and social supply-side and demand-side factors. China has made significant efforts, however, they may not be sufficient until the inclusion of more WHO-recommended vaccines in the National Immunization Program (NIP), ensuring that the vaccination encompasses the whole life course of individuals, establishment of more trustworthy vaccination finance and procurement, increasing vaccine development, optimizing vaccine demand forecasts, improving the accessibility and equity of vaccination services, capturing the key points of behavioral and social drivers of vaccination on the demand side, and establishing holistic prevention and control from a public health perspective.

Integration of Handheld Ultrasound or Automated Breast Ultrasound among Women with Negative Mammographic Screening Findings: A Multi-center Population-based Study in China.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the role of second-look automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) adjunct to mammography (MAM) versus MAM alone in asymptomatic women and compared it with supplementing handheld ultrasound (HHUS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women aged 45 to 64 underwent HHUS, ABUS, and MAM among six hospitals in China from 2018 to 2022. We compared the screening performance of three strategies (MAM alone, MAM plus HHUS, and MAM plus ABUS) stratified by age groups and breast density. McNemar's test was used to assess differences in the cancer detection rate (CDR), the false-positive biopsy rate, sensitivity, and specificity of different strategies. RESULTS: Of 19,171 women analyzed (mean [SD] age, 51.54 [4.61] years), 72 cases of breast cancer (3.76 per 1000) were detected. The detection rates for both HHUS and ABUS combined with MAM were statistically higher than those for MAM alone (all p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in cancer yields between the two integration strategies. The increase in CRD of the integrated strategies was higher in women aged 45-54 years with denser breasts compared with MAM alone (all p < 0.0167). In addition, the false-positive biopsy rate of MAM plus ABUS was lower than that of MAM plus HHUS (p = 0.025). Moreover, the retraction in ABUS was more frequent in cases detected among MAM-negative results. CONCLUSION: Integrated ABUS or HHUS into MAM provided similar CDRs that were significantly higher than those for MAM alone in younger women (45-54 years) with denser breasts. ABUS has the potential to avoid unnecessary biopsies and provides specific image features to distinguish malignant tumors from HHUS.

Perceived stigma among discharged patients of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A latent profile analysis.

Background: Perceived stigma has greatly influenced the life quality of the COVID-19 patients who recovered and were discharged (RD hereafter). It is essential to understand COVID-19 stigma of RD and its related risk factors. The current study aims to identify the characteristics of perceived COVID-19 stigma in RD using latent profile analysis (LPA), to explore its psycho-social influencing factors, and to determine the cut-off point of the stigma scale using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 RD in 13 communities in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China from June 10 to July 25, 2021, enrolling total 1,297 participants. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, COVID-19 perceived stigma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, fatigue, resilience, social support, and peace of mind. LPA was performed to identify different profiles of perceived COVID-19 stigma level. Univariate analysis and multinominal logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the influencing factors in different profiles. ROC analyses was carried out to identify the cut-off value of perceived stigma. Results: Among the participants, three profiles of perceived stigma were identified: "low perceived COVID-19 stigma" (12.8%), "moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma" (51.1%), and "severe perceived COVID-19 stigma" (36.1%). Multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level was negatively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma. Female, older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level, social support, and peace of mind were negatively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma. ROC curve of the Short Version of COVID-19 Stigma Scale (CSS-S) for screening perceived COVID-19 stigma showed that the optimal cut-off value was ≥ 20. Conclusion: The study focuses on the issue of perceived COVID-19 stigma and its psycho-socio influencing factors. It provides evidence for implementing relevant psychological interventions to COVID-19 RD.