Climate suitability division of solar greenhouse in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.

To resolve the issue of scientific planning and rational layout of different vegetable greenhouses in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, we selected the days of low temperature in winter, sunshine hours, overcast days, extreme minimum temperature, days of monsoon disaster, days of snow cover in production season of greenhouse as the climate zoning indicators, based on ground-based observation data from 119 meteorological stations (1991 to 2020) and the growing demand of leafy and fruity vegetables in greenhouse, combined with the analysis of key meteorological factors in production season and the study of meteorological disaster indicators such as low temperature and cold damage, wind disaster, snow disaster. We analyzed the indices, classification and division of comprehensive climate suitability zoning of leafy and fruity vegetables at various slopes (35°, 40°) of solar greenhouse by the weighted sum method. The results showed that the climatic suitability zoning grades of leafy and fruity vegetables at 35° and 40° slope of greenhouse was highly consistent, and that the greenhouse climate suitability of leafy vegetables was higher than that of fruity vegetables in the same region. As the slope increased, wind disaster index decreased and snow disaster index increased. Climate suitability was different in areas affected by wind and snow disasters. The northeast of the study area was mainly affected by snow disasters, and the climate suitability of 40° slope was higher than 35°. The southeast of the study area was mainly affected by wind disasters, and the climate suitability of 35° slope was higher than 40°. Alxa League, Hetao Irrigation District, Tumochuan Plain, most parts of Ordos, southeast of Yanshan foothills and the south of West Liaohe Plain were the most suitable area for the solar greenhouse, because they had the suitable solar and hot resources and the low risks of wind and snow damage, which were also the key development areas of current and future facility agriculture. Due to the deficiency of solar and hot resources, high energy consumption in greenhouse production and frequent snow storms, the area around Khingan range in the northeast of Inner Mongolia was unsuitable for greenhouse.

[Spectral Analysis on the Decolorization of Dyeing Wastewater with PAC-PDMDAAC Hybrid Flocculant].

The new hybrid flocculant polyaluminum chloride-poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PAC-PDMDAAC) was used to treat disperse violet and reactive brilliant red dye wastewater. The experimental results indicated that the decolorization effect of hybrid PAC-PDMDAAC was better than that of PAC and composite PAC-PDMDAAC. The decolorization rates of disperse violet and reactive brilliant red dye wastewater were 99% and 86.8% respectively when the dosages of hybrid flocculant were 400 and 450 mg·L-1. When the pH of disperse violet wastewater was 7～12, the hybrid flocculant had the best decolorization effect. When the pH of reactive brilliant red wastewater was 7～9, the hybrid flocculant had the best decolorization effect. Each of the two dyes and their flocs were characterized with FTIR. Results showed that the hybrid flocculant had a complex reaction with the dye wastewater, and the main decolorization mechanism was charge neutralization and adsorption bridging capacity. The UV scanning results indicated an adsorption peaks shift and an absorbance decreases, which further explained the main mechanism above. At the same time, it also indicated the ether linkage and ­NH2 of disperse violet were destroyed and replaced by hybrid flocculant, and the -SO3 , Cl- of reactive brilliant red were also replaced. The study will provide a new method in decolorization effiency and decolorization mechanism for the new inorganic-organic hybrid polymer flocculant. And it has significant practical meaning and application value.

[Determination of cationic degree in PDA with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy].

Cationic degree has been investigated as an important factor in polyacrylamide materials. Diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide (PDA) was grafted by free radical polymerisation of acrylamide monomer (AM) onto the cationic monomer dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC). In the present study, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a rapid and accurate method to determine the cationic degree in the PDA. In this experiment, the near infrared spectra of 37 PDA samples that were self-prepared in the laboratory from 900.00 to 1 700.00 were collected. The characteristic peaks and the entire spectrum segment as the input layer neurons in radical basis function (RBF) were investigated for establishing the mathematical conversion NIRS calibration mode. For reduction of the NIR spectrum noise, the wavelet analysis was used as pretreatment process. The measured value was determined by using precipitation titration and a comparison between the simulated value and measured value was made. It was found that the external validation determination coefficient was more than 0.9, and the simulation value is in good agreement with the measured value. The statistics analysis showed that there was no significant difference between simulated value and measured value. Therefore, the calibration model (RBF neural network) established in this paper exhibited a remarkable feasibility for predicting the cationic degree of PDA based on the near infrared spectroscopy.

[Preparation and structural analysis of diatomite-supported SPFS flocculant].

In the presetn study, polymerized ferric sulphate (PFS) flocculant was prepared and tested. In the preparation of PFS flocculant, industrial by-product ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) was reused as the main material. By composition with diatomite and drying up at certain temperature in vacuum drying oven, solid PFS flocculant was produced. Structural characteristics of the new flocculant product were examined through infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that by compositing with diatomite, new group bridging emerged in the structure of PFS, which made the bond of groups stronger. In addition, part of the metalic contents in diatomite was polymerized with PFS, the product of which was polymerized ferric complex. Furthermore, the absorbing and agglomerating capacity of the diatomite carrier was significant. Considering the factors listed above, the new solid polymerized ferric sulphate (SPFS) flocculant was characterized with a larger molecule structure and enhanced absorbing, bridging and rolling sweep capacities. Through orthogonal experiment, optimum conditions of synthesis were as follows: the ratio of FeSO4.7H2O/diatomite in weight was 43/1, the reaction time is 1 h and the reaction temperature is 55 degrees C. By wastewater treatment experiment, it was found that the synthetic products showed good flocculation performance in the treatment of domestic sewage, the removal of COD was 80.00% and the removal of turbidity was 99.98%.

[Topography structure and flocculation mechanism of polymeric phosphate ferric sulfate (PPFS)].

Characteristics of polymeric phosphate ferric sulfate (PPFS) were investigated using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in the present study. The formed PPFS structure and morphology were stereo meshwork, which was clustered and close to coral reef, synthesis of high charge density, bioactive polyhydroxy and mixed polynuclear complex PPFS. The results showed that charge neutralization of PPFS had not played a decisive role in the coagulation beaker test and the zeta potential proved that PPFS was largely affected by bridging and netting sweep. Therefore, the coagulation mechanisms of PPFS were mainly composed of charge neutralization, adsorption bridging and netting sweep mechanisms.

[Determination of acrylamide in PDA with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy].

In the present study, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS) was used as a rapid and accurate method to determine the residual of acrylamide monomer in the product of diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide. In this experiment 38 products were used which were self-prepared in the laboratory, then near infrared spectra of the product were scanned, seven bands were selected, the characteristic peaks of each band were used as the independent variables, and the absorption peak was used as the dependent variable, using partial least squares (PLS) method to establish the mathematical conversion near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration model. In the analysis of the spectrum, using wavelet analysis as the method of reducing the noise of spectrum, and with comparison of the simulated value and measured value, the measured value was determined by using UV spectrum, the external validation determination coefficient was found to be 0.99, and the distribution trend forecast was good. Statistics showed that there was no significant difference between simulated value and measured value. The results show that using the calibration model established by the data of near infrared spectroscopy to predict the residual AM monomer in PDA is of high feasibility.

[A new method for the preparation of potassium ferrate and spectroscopic characterization].

Calcium hypochlorite was used as the raw material for preparation of the high purity potassium ferrate. The study includes the effects of reaction temperature, recrystallization temperature, reaction time, Ca(ClO)2 dosage, and the amount of calcium hypochlorite on the yield. It was determined that when the reaction temperature was 25 degrees C, recrystallization temperature 0 degree C and reaction time 40 min, the yield was more than 75%. The purity was detected by direct spectrophotometric method to be more than 92%. The product was characterized by infrated spectrum(IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet spectrum (UV) methods and proved to be potassium ferrate that was prepared by calcium hypochlorite as the raw material.

[Study on the determination of permanganate index by UV-Vis spectrometry].

Permanganate index is an important parameter to evaluate the organic pollution for water sources, and the current national standard method is titration analysis which needs large sample and is complicated. A new analytical method of measuring permanganate index in surface water using UV-Vis spectrometry has thus been studied. In the laboratory work, analytical wave-length of UV-Vis spectrometry was chosen. The effect of sulfuric acid dosage, concentration and dosage of KMnO4 together with heating temperature and time was identified. In order to evaluate this new method, the linear relationship of this method was tested and the analysis results were compared with those by titration method. The selected optimum analysis parameters were: 525 nm wavelength, 25% H2SO4 dosage of 5.00 mL, 0.012 50 mol x L(-1) KMnO4 dosage of 2.00 mL, 30 min heating time at the temperature of 100 degrees C. This UV-Vis spectrometry method was successfully applied to measuring the permanganate index of the samples collected from the Jialing River and the Yangtze River. Compared with the current national standard method, this method is time and cost efficient, sensitive and precise, with low reagent usage; and is also easy to be manipulated and can be employed for online monitor, thus making it an environmental friendly analysing method.

[Preparation and catalysis capability of single crystal Co(C3H6NS2)3 x C6H12N2S3].

A novel heterogeneous Fenton catalyst Co(C3H6NS2)3 x C6H12N2S3 was synthesized in an in-situ reaction with tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide and cobalt (II) slowly evaporating at room temperature. Its structure was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Infrared spectrum (IR) and CNH elemental analysis. The catalyst crystallizes in P-1 space group with one cobalt (III) ion, three new ligands and one dissociated TMTM molecule in the asymmetric unit, presenting a distorted octahedral geometry. Using the single crystal, the results of photocatalytic degradation of direct orchid 6 and direct green 28, as a model reaction, show that when adding between 1600 and 1200 mg x L(-1) of photocatalys, the degradation rate of direct orchid 6 and direct green 28 reach 94.39% and 94.78%. The single crystal by filtered after the Fenton reaction can be used repeatedly. Thus the cost of water treatment was reduced. The photocatalytic degradation of direct orchid 6 and direct green 28 have been experimentally demonstrated to follow the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, meanwhile the reaction rate constants [3.03 x 10(2) and 6.25 x 10(2) mg x (L x min)(-1)] and the adsorption constants (1.52 x 10(-4) and 7.23 x 10(-5) L x mg(-1)) have been determined, respectively.