Micropatterned Polymer Nanoarrays with Distinct Superwettability for a Highly Efficient Sweat Collection and Sensing Patch.

Wearable sweat sensor offers a promising means for noninvasive real-time health monitoring, but the efficient collection and accurate analysis of sweat remains challenging. One of the obstacles is to precisely modulate the surface wettability of the microfluidics to achieve efficient sweat collection. Here a facile initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) method is presented to grow and pattern polymer nanocone arrays with distinct superwettability on polydimethylsiloxane microfluidics, which facilitate highly efficient sweat transportation and collection. The nanoarray is synthesized by manipulating monomer supersaturation during iCVD to induce controlled nucleation and preferential vertical growth of fluorinated polymer. Subsequent selective vapor deposition of a conformal hydrogel nanolayer results in superhydrophilic nanoarray floor and walls within the microchannel that provide a large capillary force and a superhydrophobic ceiling that drastically reduces flow friction, enabling rapid sweat transport along varied flow directions. A carbon/hydrogel/enzyme nanocomposite electrode is then fabricated by sequential deposition of highly porous carbon nanoparticles and hydrogel nanocoating to achieve sensitive and stable sweat detection. Further encapsulation of the assembled sweatsensing patch with superhydrophobic nanoarray imparts self-cleaning and water-proof capability. Finally, the sweat sensing patch demonstrates selective and sensitive glucose and lactate detection during the on-body test.

Population genomics of Agrotis segetum provide insights into the local adaptive evolution of agricultural pests.

BACKGROUND: The adaptive mechanisms of agricultural pests are the key to understanding the evolution of the pests and to developing new control strategies. However, there are few studies on the genetic basis of adaptations of agricultural pests. The turnip moth, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important underground pest that affects a wide range of host plants and has a strong capacity to adapt to new environments. It is thus a good model for studying the adaptive evolution of pest species. RESULTS: We assembled a high-quality reference genome of A. segetum using PacBio reads. Then, we constructed a variation map of A. segetum by resequencing 98 individuals collected from six natural populations in China. The analysis of the population structure showed that all individuals were divided into four well-differentiated populations, corresponding to their geographical distribution. Selective sweep analysis and environmental association studies showed that candidate genes associated with local adaptation were functionally correlated with detoxification metabolism and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Our study of A. segetum has provided insights into the genetic mechanisms of local adaptation and evolution; it has also produced genetic resources for developing new pest management strategies.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of Sesamia inferens.

The pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), is a significant polyphagous pest historically restricted to regions south of N34° latitude. However, with changes in global climate and farming practices, the distribution of this moth has progressively exceeded its traditional limit of 34° N and encompassed most regions in North China. The genetic adaptations of S. inferens remain incompletely understood due to the lack of high-quality genome resources. Here, we sequenced the genome of S. inferens using PacBio and Hi-C technology, yielding a genome assembly of 865.04 Mb with contig N50 of 1.23 Mb. BUSCO analysis demonstrated this genome assembly has a high-level completeness of 96.1% gene coverage. In total, 459.72 Mb repeat sequences (53.14% of the assembled genome) and 20858 protein-coding genes were identified. We used the Hi-C technique to anchor 1135 contigs to 31 chromosomes, yielding a chromosome-level genome assembly with a scaffold N50 of 29.99 Mb. In conclusion, our high-quality genome assembly provided valuable resource that exploring the genetic characteristics of local adaptation and developing an efficient control strategy.

Rhesus monkeys exhibiting spontaneous ritualistic behaviors resembling obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects ∼2%-3% of the population globally. Studying spontaneous OCD-like behaviors in non-human primates may improve our understanding of the disorder. In large rhesus monkey colonies, we found 10 monkeys spontaneously exhibiting persistent sequential motor behaviors (SMBs) in individual-specific sequences that were repetitive, time-consuming and stable over prolonged periods. Genetic analysis revealed severely damaging mutations in genes associated with OCD risk in humans. Brain imaging showed that monkeys with SMBs had larger gray matter (GM) volumes in the left caudate nucleus and lower fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum. The GM volume of the left caudate nucleus correlated positively with the daily duration of SMBs. Notably, exposure to a stressor (human presence) significantly increased SMBs. In addition, fluoxetine, a serotonergic medication commonly used for OCD, decreased SMBs in these monkeys. These findings provide a novel foundation for developing better understanding and treatment of OCD.

Chromosome genome assembly and whole genome sequencing of 110 individuals of Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée).

The yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis, is a highly polyphagous pest widespread in eastern and southern Asia. It demonstrates a unique ability to adapt to rotten host fruits and displays resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi. However, the lack of available genomic resources presents a challenge in comprehensively understanding the evolution of its innate immune genes. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for C. punctiferalis utilizing PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C technology. The genome assembly was 494 Mb in length with a contig N50 of 3.25 Mb. We successfully anchored 1,226 contigs to 31 pseudochromosomes. Our BUSCO analysis further demonstrated a gene coverage completeness of 96.3% in the genome assembly. Approximately 43% repeat sequences and 21,663 protein-coding genes were identified. In addition, we resequenced 110 C. punctiferalis individuals from east China, achieving an average coverage of 18.4 × and identifying 5.8 million high-quality SNPs. This work provides a crucial resource for understanding the evolutionary mechanism of C. punctiferalis' innate immune system and will help in developing new antibacterial drugs.

Transcriptional regulation and overexpression of GST cluster enhances pesticide resistance in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

The rapid evolution of resistance in agricultural pest poses a serious threat to global food security. However, the mechanisms of resistance through metabolic regulation are largely unknown. Here, we found that a GST gene cluster was strongly selected in North China (NTC) population, and it was significantly genetically-linked to lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. Knockout of the GST cluster using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly increased the sensitivity of the knockout strain to lambda-cyhalothrin. Haplotype analysis revealed no non-synonymous mutations or structural variations in the GST cluster, whereas GST_119 and GST_121 were significantly overexpressed in the NTC population. Silencing of GST_119 or co-silencing of GST_119 and GST_121 with RNAi significantly increased larval sensitivity to lambda-cyhalothrin. We also identified additional GATAe transcription factor binding sites in the promoter of NTC_GST_119. Transient expression of GATAe in Hi5 cells activated NTC_GST_119 and Xinjiang (XJ)_GST_119 transcription, but the transcriptional activity of NTC_GST_119 was significantly higher than that of XJ_GST_119. These results demonstrate that variations in the regulatory region result in complex expression changes in the GST cluster, which enhances lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in field-populations. This study deepens our knowledge of the evolutionary mechanism of pest adaptation under environmental stress and provides potential targets for monitoring pest resistance and integrated management.

Downregulation of a transcription factor associated with resistance to Bt toxin Vip3Aa in the invasive fall armyworm.

Transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have revolutionized control of some major pests. However, more than 25 cases of field-evolved practical resistance have reduced the efficacy of transgenic crops producing crystalline (Cry) Bt proteins, spurring adoption of alternatives including crops producing the Bt vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa. Although practical resistance to Vip3Aa has not been reported yet, better understanding of the genetic basis of resistance to Vip3Aa is urgently needed to proactively monitor, delay, and counter pest resistance. This is especially important for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), which has evolved practical resistance to Cry proteins and is one of the world's most damaging pests. Here, we report the identification of an association between downregulation of the transcription factor gene SfMyb and resistance to Vip3Aa in S. frugiperda. Results from a genome-wide association study, fine-scale mapping, and RNA-Seq identified this gene as a compelling candidate for contributing to the 206-fold resistance to Vip3Aa in a laboratory-selected strain. Experimental reduction of SfMyb expression in a susceptible strain using RNA interference (RNAi) or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased susceptibility to Vip3Aa, confirming that reduced expression of this gene can cause resistance to Vip3Aa. Relative to the wild-type promoter for SfMyb, the promoter in the resistant strain has deletions and lower activity. Data from yeast one-hybrid assays, genomics, RNA-Seq, RNAi, and proteomics identified genes that are strong candidates for mediating the effects of SfMyb on Vip3Aa resistance. The results reported here may facilitate progress in understanding and managing pest resistance to Vip3Aa.

Ultrathin hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite for highly stretchable fast-response water-proof wearable humidity sensors.

Wearable humidity sensors play an important role in human health monitoring. However, challenges persist in realizing high performance wearable humidity sensors with fast response and good stretchability and durability. Here we report wearable humidity sensors employing an ultrathin micro-nano hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is synthesized on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films via a facile two-step solvent-free approach, which creates a hierarchical architecture consisting of periodic microscale wrinkles and vapor-deposited nanoporous hydrogel-candle-soot nanocoating. The hierarchical surface topography results in a significantly enlarged specific surface area (>107 times that of planar hydrogel), which along with the ultrathin hydrogel endow the sensor with high sensitivity and a fast response/recovery (13/0.48 s) over a wide humidity range (11-96%). Owing to the wrinkle structure and interpenetrating network between the hydrogel and PDMS, the sensor is stable and durable against repeated 180° bending, 100% strain, and even scratching. Furthermore, encapsulation of the sensor imparts excellent resistance to water, sweat, and bacteria without influencing its performance. The sensor is then successfully used to monitor different human respiratory behaviors and skin humidity in real time. The reported method is convenient and cost-effective, which could bring exciting new opportunities in the fabrication of next-generation wearable humidity sensors.

Rapid test to detect insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Introduction: The development of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective monitoring should be accelerated, and the development of diagnostic tools for rapid and accurate assessments of insecticide resistance is essential. Methods: First, the discriminating dose and diagnostic time of the kit were determined by the glass vial method based on a susceptible strain. Then, pests that were collected from field populations were used to determine their susceptibility to seven insecticides by using the diagnostic kit. Finally, the accuracy of the kit was verified based on correlation analyses and the likelihood of insecticide control failure was assessed. Results: Here, we describe a diagnostic kit that enables the rapid detection of resistance to chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr within 1-2 h in S. frugiperda at diagnostic doses of 0.98, 0.84, 0.38, 1.64, 0.0082, 1.75 and 0.65 µg/cm2, respectively. The linear equation between mortalities under diagnostic doses and actual resistance ratios measured by the diet-overlay bioassay was determined. The high correlation indicates that the insecticide resistance levels diagnosed by the kit were consistent with the results of the diet-overlay bioassay. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between diagnostic mortality and the likelihood of control failure for bifenthrin (r = -0.899, p = 0.001), deltamethrin (r = -0.737, p = 0.024) and lambda-cyhalothrin (r = -0.871, p = 0.002). Discussion: The insecticide resistance diagnostic kit for S. frugiperda is a user-friendly tool (portable, short detection time). Its excellent performance qualifies the kit as a reliable screening tool for identifying effective insecticides in sustainable resistance management.

A novel Cry1A resistance allele of fall armyworm in the new invaded region.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a devastating pest in its native range Western Hemisphere and has become a major invasive pest around the globe. Transgenic crops producing Bt toxins have been widely used to control S. frugiperda. However, the evolution of resistance threatens the sustainability of Bt crops. Field-evolved S. frugiperda resistance to Bt crops was observed in America, whereas, no case of field-resistance was reported in its newly invaded East Hemisphere. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of a Cry1Ab-resistant LZ-R strain of S. frugiperda, which selected 27-generations using Cry1Ab after being collected in corn fields from China. Complementation tests between LZ-R strain and SfABCC2-KO strain, which have been knockout SfABCC2 gene and confer 174-fold resistance to Cry1Ab, showed a similar level of resistance in the F1-progeny as their parent stains, indicating that a common locus of SfABCC2 mutation in LZ-R stain. Sequencing of the full length of SfABCC2 cDNA from LZ-R strain, we characterize a novel mutation allele of SfABCC2. Cross-resistance results showed that Cry1Ab-resistance strain also confers >260-fold resistance to Cry1F, with no cross-resistance to Vip3A. These results provided evidence of a novel SfABCC2 mutation allele in the newly invaded East Hemisphere of S. frugiperda.

Adaptive evolution to the natural and anthropogenic environment in a global invasive crop pest, the cotton bollworm.

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is set to become the most economically devastating crop pest in the world, threatening food security and biosafety as its range expands across the globe. Key to understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of H. armigera, and thus its management, is an understanding of population connectivity and the adaptations that allow the pest to establish in unique environments. We assembled a chromosome-scale reference genome and re-sequenced 503 individuals spanning the species range to delineate global patterns of connectivity, uncovering a previously cryptic population structure. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and cell line expression of major effect loci, we show that adaptive changes in a temperature- and light-sensitive developmental pathway enable facultative diapause and that adaptation of trehalose synthesis and transport underlies cold tolerance in extreme environments. Incorporating extensive pesticide resistance monitoring, we also characterize a suite of novel pesticide and Bt resistance alleles under selection in East China. These findings offer avenues for more effective management strategies and provide insight into how insects adapt to variable climatic conditions and newly colonized environments.

Population Genomics Provide Insights into the Evolution and Adaptation of the Asia Corn Borer.

Understanding the genetic basis of pest adaptive evolution and the risk of adaptation in response to climate change is essential for the development of sustainable agricultural practices. However, the genetic basis of climatic adaptation for the Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis, the main pest of corn in Asia and Oceania, is poorly understood. Here, we revealed the genomic loci underlying the climatic adaptation and evolution in ACB by integrating population genomic and environmental factors. We assembled a 471-Mb chromosome-scale reference genome of ACB and resequenced 423 individuals covering 27 representative geographic areas. We inferred that the ACB effective population size changes tracked with the global temperature and followed by a recent decline. Based on an integrated analysis of whole-genome selection scans and genome-wide genotype-environment association studies, we revealed the genetic basis of ACB adaption to diverse climates. For diapause traits, we identified a major effect association locus containing a circadian clock gene (period) by analyzing a diapause-segregating population. Moreover, our predictions indicated that the northern populations were more ecologically resilient to climate change than the southern populations. Together, our results revealed the genomic basis for ACB environmental adaptation and provided potential candidate genes for future evolutionary studies and genetic adaptation to climate change, intending to maintain the efficacy and sustainability of novel control techniques.

Filtration columns containing waste iron shavings, loofah, and plastic shavings for further removal of nitrate and phosphate from wastewater effluent.

A novel pilot-scale advanced treatment system combining waste products as fillers is proposed and established to enhance the removal of nitrate (NO3--N) and phosphate (PO43--P) from secondary treated effluent. The system consists of four modular filter columns, one containing iron shavings (R1), two containing loofahs (R2 and R3), and one containing plastic shavings (R4). The monthly average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased from 8.87 to 2.52 mg/L and 0.607 to 0.299 mg/L, respectively. Micro-electrolysis of iron shavings produces Fe2+ and Fe3+ to remove PO43--P, while oxygen (O2) consumption creates anoxic conditions for subsequent denitrification. Gallionellaceae, iron-autotrophic Microorganisms, enriched the surface of iron shavings. The loofah served as a carbon source to remove NO3--N, and its porous mesh structure facilitated the attachment of biofilm. The plastic shavings intercepted suspended solids and degraded excess carbon sources. This system can be scaled up and installed at wastewater plants to improve the water quality of effluent cost-effectively.

Maltol attenuates polystyrene nanoplastic-induced enterotoxicity by promoting AMPK/mTOR/TFEB-mediated autophagy and modulating gut microbiota.

The production and application of nanoplastics has been increased during decades, and the enterotoxicity caused by their bioaccumulation has attracted vast attention. Maltol was proved to exert a protective effect on gut damage induced by carbon tetrachloride and cisplatin, indicating its confrontation with nanoplastics-induced intestinal toxicity. To explore the ameliorative effects of maltol on polystyrene nanoplastics (PS)-mediated enterotoxicity and the underlying mechanism, the mice were exposed to PS (100 mg/kg), combining with or without the treatment of maltol treatment at 50 and 100 mg/kg. We found PS exposure caused intestinal barrier damage and enterocyte apoptosis, while lysosomal dysfunction and autophagic substrate degradation arrest in enterocytes of mice were also observed. In addition, PS exacerbated the disturbance of the intestinal microbial community, affected the abundance of lysosome and apoptosis-related bacterial genes, and decreased the number of known short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria. However, those alterations were improved by the maltol treatment. Maltol also protected the human intestinal Caco-2 cells from PS-induce damages. Mechanistic studies showed maltol promoted TFEB nuclear translocation through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway to restore lysosomal function and reduce autophagy dependent apoptosis. The findings in the present work might help to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms of PS-induced enterotoxicity. For the first time to our knowledge, the protective effect of maltol on PS-induced intestinal injury was studied from multiple perspectives, which provided a potential therapeutic approach for diseases caused by environmental pollution.

Exploring the mechanism of active components from ginseng to manage diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

A large body of literature has shown that ginseng had a role in diabetes mellitus management. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. But what ginsenosides can manage in diabetic are not systematic. The targets of these ginsenosides are still incomplete. Our aim was to identify which ginsenosides can manage diabetes mellitus through network pharmacology and molecular docking. To identify the targets of these ginsenosides. In this work, we retrieved and screened ginsenosides and corresponding diabetes mellitus targets across multiple databases. PPI networks of the genes were constructed using STRING, and the core targets were screened out through topological analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed by using the R language. Finally, molecular docking was performed after bioinformatics analysis for verification. Our research results showed that 28 ginsenosides in ginseng might be against diabetes mellitus by modulating related proteins such as VEGFA, Caspase 3, and TNF-α. Among the 28 ginsenosides, 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol, 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol, and Ginsenoside Rg1 might play a significant role. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the management of diabetes mellitus by ginsenosides may be related to the positive regulation of reactive oxygen metabolic processes, associated with the insulin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking results and molecular dynamics simulation showed that most ginsenosides could stably bind to the core target, mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bond. This study suggests the management of ginseng on diabetes mellitus. We believe that our results can contribute to the systematic study of the mechanism of ginsenosides for the management of diabetes mellitus. At the same time, it can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the management of ginsenosides in diabetes mellitus.

Chromosome-level genome of black cutworm provides novel insights into polyphagy and seasonal migration in insects.

BACKGROUND: The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is a serious global underground pest. Its distinct phenotypic traits, especially its polyphagy and ability to migrate long distances, contribute to its widening distribution and increasing difficulty of control. However, knowledge about these traits is still limited. RESULTS: We generated a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of A. ipsilon using PacBio and Hi-C technology with a contig N50 length of ~ 6.7 Mb. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that detoxification-associated gene families were highly expanded and induced after insects fed on specific host plants. Knockout of genes that encoded two induced ABC transporters using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced larval growth rate, consistent with their contribution to host adaptation. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between tethered-flight moths and migrating moths showed expression changes in the circadian rhythm gene AiCry2 involved in sensing photoperiod variations and may receipt magnetic fields accompanied by MagR and in genes that regulate the juvenile hormone pathway and energy metabolism, all involved in migration processes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable genomic resources for elucidating the mechanisms involved in moth migration and developing innovative control strategies.

Sf-FGFR and Sf-SR-C Are Not the Receptors for Vip3Aa to Exert Insecticidal Toxicity in Spodoptera frugiperda.

Vip3Aa is a novel insecticidal protein secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during its vegetative growth stages. It has high insecticidal activity against lepidopteran pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda, and has no cross-resistance with Cry insecticidal proteins. As a new type of insecticide, it plays an important role in controlling agricultural pests. However, the insecticidal mechanism of the Vip3Aa toxin, especially its definite receptors, have not been fully revealed. In this study, the previously reported Vip3Aa receptor genes Sf-FGFR and Sf-SR-C were knocked out separately using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Bioassay results showed that the sensitivity of these two knockout strains to Vip3Aa were not significantly changed compared to that of the normal strain. The current results are not consistent with the previously reports that Sf-SR-C and Sf-FGFR were the receptors of Vip3Aa in vitro. This suggests that the Sf-SR-C and Sf-FGFR genes we tested may not be critical in the mode of action of Vip3Aa in vivo in Spodoptera frugiperda.

Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated miR-1228 Downregulation Suppresses Tumor Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Cervical-Cancer Cells.

OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) is an effective technology for microRNA (miRNA) delivery. miR-1228 plays a crucial role and acts as an oncogenic role in several types of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the functional effect of UTMD-mediated miR-1228 knockdown in cervical-cancer cells. DESIGN: A total of 131 patients who were diagnosed with cervical cancer by histopathological examination were enrolled in this study at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University from February 2018 to January 2021. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: miR-1228 expression was tested by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR assay. miR-1228 inhibitors were transfected into cervical-cancer cells using the UTMD method. Then, Cell Counting Kit-8 and transwell assays were carried out to explore the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion potentials, respectively. RESULTS: The results revealed that miR-1228 expression was high in human cervical-cancer tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of miR-1228 suppressed tumor cell proliferation abilities, migration, and invasion capacities. Moreover, UTMD-mediated mIR-1228 inhibitor delivery enhanced the transfection efficiency of miR-1228 inhibitor alone. The UTMD-mediated miR-1228 inhibition enhanced the suppressive role of miR-1228 downregulation on cell proliferation capacity, migration, and invasion abilities in tumor cells, compared to miR-1228 knockdown alone. LIMITATIONS: The experiments were carried out only in SiHa and HeLa cells in vitro, and the results were not verified in animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the delivery of the UTMD-mediated miR-1228 inhibitor might be a potential therapeutic method for the treatment of cervical cancer through suppressing cellular activities.

Genomic features of the polyphagous cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis.

BACKGROUND: The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, is a highly polyphagous pest of many cultivated plants and crops in Africa and Europe. The genome of this pest will help us to further understand the molecular mechanisms of polyphagy. RESULTS: Herein, the high-quality genome of S. littoralis was obtained by Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) sequencing. The assembled genome size of S. littoralis is 436.55 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 6.09 Mb, consisting of 17,207 annotated protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that S. littoralis and its sibling species S. litura diverged about 5.44 million years ago. Expanded gene families were mainly involved in metabolic detoxification and tolerance to toxic xenobiotics based on GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis. Comparative genomics analysis showed that gene families involved in detoxification and chemosensation were significantly expanded in S. littoralis, representing genetic characteristics related to polyphagy and an extensive host range. CONCLUSIONS: We assembled and annotated the reference genome of S. littoralis, and revealed that this pest has the genetic features of strong detoxification capacity, consistent with it being a significant risk to a wide range of host crops. These data resources will provide support for risk assessment and early warning monitoring of major polyphagous agricultural pests.