Contemporary Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux.

The past 30 years have seen broad changes in the diagnosis and management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Recently, a clinical debate has generated an open discussion in academic circles. New evidence has shifted treatment patterns away from widespread surgical management and recently brought into question some pharmacologic treatments. VUR is usually not hazardous by itself but is a significant risk factor for urinary tract infection (UTI) and less commonly, renal scarring and insufficiency. Given the costs and morbidity of UTI as well as the potential for significant renal injury, our approach remains conservative. Careful follow-up, parental education about pathophysiology and management of VUR and UTI, and management of bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) when present, are the foundation of treatment. Additionally, though we recognize the limitation of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP), we believe the benefits outweigh the risks and costs for many patients. Careful observation can be considered in patients with a single medical home, parental understanding of what UTI signs and symptoms are, low grade VUR, no history of complicated UTIs and close follow-up. Surgical management remains a relevant option for select patients who fail conservative measures with breakthrough UTIs or failure to resolve. Minimally invasive surgical options are available with acceptable outcomes though open ureteroneocystostomy still carries the highest success rate.

Subsequent Neoplasms in Adult Survivors of Childhood Genitourinary Tumors.

Treatment for childhood genitourinary tumors such as Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and germ cell tumors has progressed to the point that cure can be expected in many cases. However, survivorship is often coupled with a variety of late effects, of which subsequent neoplasms may be the most concerning if not the most life threatening. Here, we review current literature to assess and report issues relating to subsequent neoplasms in patients with a history of childhood genitourinary tumors, including causative factors, overall risks, the most prevalent subsequent neoplasms, and current recommendations for surveillance and screening.