Titania Mixed with Silica: A Low Thermal-Noise Coating Material for Gravitational-Wave Detectors.

Coating thermal noise is one of the dominant noise sources in current gravitational wave detectors and ultimately limits their ability to observe weaker or more distant astronomical sources. This Letter presents investigations of TiO_{2} mixed with SiO_{2} (TiO_{2}:SiO_{2}) as a coating material. We find that, after heat treatment for 100 h at 850 °C, thermal noise of a highly reflective coating comprising of TiO_{2}:SiO_{2} and SiO_{2} reduces to 76% of the current levels in the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors-with potential for reaching 45%, if we assume the mechanical loss of state-of-the-art SiO_{2} layers. Furthermore, those coatings show low optical absorption of <1 ppm and optical scattering of ≲5 ppm. Notably, we still observe excellent optical and thermal noise performance following crystallization in the coatings. These results show the potential to meet the parameters required for the next upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors.

Corrigendum: The Immediate Effect of Therapeutic Touch and Deep Touch Pressure on Range of Motion, Interoceptive Accuracy and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Moderation Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00041.].

Immediate biomechanical, systemic, and interoceptive effects of myofascial release on the thoracic spine: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Myofascial release (MFR) is used to restore tissue extensibility of the fascia tissue and is considered to be useful in a number of clinical settings such as low back pain, ankle injuries, fibromyalgia, and headaches. There is, however, despite the popularity of MFR in manual therapy, little consensus on whether it leads to biomechanical, systemic or interoceptive outcomes. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the immediate biomechanical (increased elasticity for increased range of motion), systemic (local vs. distal areas of pain threshold) and bodily awareness effects (interoception) of a myofascial release technique on the thoracic spine. METHOD: Twelve healthy participants took part in this triple-bind, repeated measures, cross-over design study, and were randomised into counterbalanced sequences of three conditions; a control, a sham, and the MFR condition. The outcome measures used were; range of motion (ROM), pain pressure thresholds (PPT), and interoceptive sensitivity (IS) to assess biomechanical, systemic, and interoceptive effects of MFR. RESULTS: There were significant increases in ROM and PPT (both local and distal) post MFR intervention. There was also a positive correlation between baseline interoceptive sensitivity and post-MFR ROM and a negative correlation for baseline interoceptive sensitivity and post-MRF PPT. Interoceptive sensitivity did increase post-MFR but this was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in ROM suggests that the MFR may have caused a biomechanical change in tissue elasticity creating an increase in tissue flexibility. The increase in both local and distal sites of the PPT suggest an overall systemic response to the therapy. The correlation between baseline IS and post-MFR ROM and PPT suggest that IS may be usefully applied as a predictor for ROM and PPT post-MFR.

The Immediate Effect of Therapeutic Touch and Deep Touch Pressure on Range of Motion, Interoceptive Accuracy and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Moderation Analysis.

Background: There is paucity in the literature regarding the role of the interoceptive pathway through the insular cortex (IC), as well as heart rate variability (HRV) in relation to Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy (OMT) and deep-touch. Aims: The present study investigated whether both OMT treatment and deep-touch (a newly hypothesized treatment option) was effective at altering the interoceptive pathway and HRV, whilst OMT was only expected to be effective for increasing Range of Motion (ROM). Methods: Thirty-five healthy volunteers were randomly allocated into three conditions in a repeated measures crossover design; a control (laying supine on a plinth); deep-touch (head cradling); and an osteopathic mobilization therapeutic technique on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Interoceptive accuracy (IAc), HRV, as well as range of motion (ROM) for the TMJ area as well as the cervical spine (Csp) right and left measures were taken pre and post each condition setting. Results: Significant condition effects emerged from the deep-touch and mobilization interventions for IAc where increases were identified through planned comparisons. For the HRV measure (RMSSD), a significant effect emerged in the deep-touch condition (increase) but not in the mobilization or control conditions. ROM did not increase for any condition. IAc correlated with post-ROM outcomes in many cases and HRV moderated some of these relations. Conclusion: These results are discussed in the context of clinical practice, where cranial deep-touch maybe an effective treatment and modulator of the parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as the interoceptive system.

The immediate effect of osteopathic cervical spine mobilization on median nerve mechanosensitivity: A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Neurodynamics is a clinical medium for testing the mechanical sensitivity of peripheral nerves which innervate the tissues of both the upper and lower limb. Currently, there is paucity in the literature of neurodynamic testing in osteopathic research, and where there is research, these are often methodologically flawed, without the appropriate comparators, blinding and reliability testing. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the physiological effects (measured through Range of Motion; ROM), of a commonly utilized cervical mobilization treatment during a neurodynamic test, with the appropriate methodology, i.e., compared against a control and sham. Specifically, this was to test whether cervical mobilization could reduce upper limb neural mechanical sensitivity. METHODOLOGY: Thirty asymptomatic participants were assessed and randomly allocated to either a control, sham or mobilization group, where they were all given a neurodynamic test and ROM was assessed. RESULTS: The results showed that the mobilization group had the greatest and most significant increase in ROM with Change-Left p < 0.05 and Change-Right p < 0.05 compared against the control group, and Change-Left p < 0.01 and Change-Right p < 0.05 compared against the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: This study has highlighted that, as expected, cervical mobilization has an effect at reducing upper limb neural mechanical sensitivity. However, there may be other factors interacting with neural mechanosensitivity outside of somatic influences such as psychological expectation bias. Further research could utilize the methodology employed here, but with other treatment areas to help develop neural tissue research. In addition to this, further exploration of psychological factors should be made such as utilizing complex top-down cognitive processing theories such as the neuromatrix or categorization theories to help further understand cognitive biases such as the placebo effect, which is commonly ignored in osteopathic research, as well as other areas of science, and which would further complete a holistic perspective.

Preliminary evidence of Regional Interdependent Inhibition, using a 'Diaphragm Release' to specifically induce an immediate hypoalgesic effect in the cervical spine.

In clinical practice, Osteopaths and Manual Therapists commonly direct treatment towards the diaphragm by the use of a 'Diaphragm Release'. Currently, there is paucity within the literature to support the use of this technique, specifically in pain outcomes. This research aims to support a neurophysiological mechanism based upon the osteopathic principle "The body is a unit". Demonstrating that directing treatment to distal tissue which is neurologically related can reduce pain in the originating spinal segments. This study investigated the immediate hypoalgesic effects of a 'Diaphragm Release' on pain pressure thresholds in the cervical spine. A single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled, repeated measures within subject, crossover design was conducted on 17 asymptomatic subjects. Pain pressure thresholds were measured bilaterally in the C4 paraspinal musculature, lateral end of the clavicle and upper third of the tibialis anterior before and after a 'Diaphragm Release'. Results demonstrated a statistically significant hypoalgesic effect was only found in the spinal segment C4 in both the right (p = 0.016) and left (p = 0.004) sides. Averaging the hypoalgesic effect from both sides equates to a 17.17% change which is considered clinically significant, the effect magnitude was calculated to be small but educationally significant for the right (d = 0.26) and left (d = 0.40) sides. This study supports a novel neurophysiological mechanism, Regional Interdependent Inhibition, to induce a hypoalgesic state at segmentally related spinal segments, specifically C4. Suggesting that directing treatment towards the diaphragm, using a 'Diaphragm Release', could induce an immediate clinically and statistically significant hypoalgesic effect local to the fourth cervical segment due to its relationship with the phrenic nerve.

Mathematical formulae to estimate chronic subdural haematoma volume. Flawed assumption regarding ellipsoid morphology.

Mathematical formulae are commonly used to estimate intra-cranial haematoma volume. Such formulae tacitly assume an ellipsoid geometrical morphology. Recently, the 'XYZ/2' formula has been validated and recommended for chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) volumetric estimation. We aimed to assess the precision and accuracy of mathematical formulae specifically in estimating CSDH volume, and to determine typical CSDH 3-D morphology. Three extant formulae ('XYZ/2', 'π/6·XYZ' and '2/3S·h') were compared against computer-assisted 3D volumetric analysis as Gold standard in CTs where CSDH sufficiently contrasted with brain. Scatter-plots (n=45) indicated that, in contrast to prior reports, all formulae most commonly over-estimated CSDH volume against 3-D Gold standard ('2/3S·h': 44.4%, 'XYZ/2': 48.84% and 'π/6·XYZ': 55.6%). With all formulae, imprecision increased with increased CSDH volume: in particular, with clinically-relevant CSDH volumes (i.e. >50ml). Deviations >10% of equivalence were observed in 60% of estimates for 2/3S·h, 77.8% for 'XYZ/2' and 84.4% for 'π/6·XYZ'. The maximum error for 'XYZ/2' was 142.3% of a clinically-relevant volume. Three-D simulations revealed that only 4/45 (9%) CSDH remotely conformed to ellipsoid geometrical morphology. Most (41/45, 91%) demonstrated highly irregular morphology neither recognisable as ellipsoid, nor as any other regular/non-regular geometric solid. CONCLUSIONS: Mathematical formulae, including 'XYZ/2', most commonly proved inaccurate and imprecise when applied to CSDH. In contrast to prior studies, all most commonly over-estimated CSDH volume. Imprecision increased with CSDH volume, and was maximal with clinically-relevant CSDH volumes. Errors most commonly related to a flawed assumption regarding ellipsoid 3-D CSDH morphology. The validity of mean comparisons, or correlation analyses, used in prior studies is questioned.

Membrane Surface Area to Volume Ratio in Chronic Subdural Hematomas: Critical Size and Potential Postoperative Target.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown why some chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) grow and require surgery, whereas others spontaneously resolve. Although a relatively small CSDH volume (V) reduction may induce resolution, V percent reduction is often unreliable in predicting resolution. Although CSDHs evolve distinctive inner neomembranes and outer neomembranes (OMs), the OM likely dominates the dynamic growth-resorption equilibrium. If other factors remain constant, one previous hypothesis is that resorption could fail as the surface area (SA) to V ratio decreases when CSDHs exceed a critical size. We aimed to identify a critical size and an ideal target, which implies resolution without recurrence. METHODS: Three-dimensional computed tomography CSDH SA to V ratios were obtained using computer software to compare CSDH SA to V between cases requiring surgery (surgical) and cases managed conservatively with spontaneous resolution (nonsurgical). RESULTS: Data were obtained in 45 patients (surgical: n = 28; nonsurgical: n = 17). CSDH risk factors did not significantly differ between surgical and nonsurgical cases. Surgical V was 2.5× the nonsurgical V (119.9 ± 33.1 mL vs. 48.4 ± 27.4 mL, respectively; P < 0.0001). Surgical total SA was 1.4× nonsurgical SA (256.63 ± 70.65 cm2 vs. 187.67 ± 77.72 cm2, respectively; P = 0.004). Surgical total SA to V ratio was approximately one half that of nonsurgical SA to V ratio (2.14 ± 0.90 mL-1 vs. 3.88±1.22 mL-1, respectively; P < 0.0001). Surgical OM SA (SAOM) was 120.63 ± 52 cm2, and nonsurgical SAOM was 94.10 ± 41 cm2 (P < 0.0001). Nonsurgical SAOM to V ratio was 1.94 mL-1, whereas surgical SAOM to V ratio was 1.005 mL-1 (i.e., surgical SAOM ≈ V). CONCLUSIONS: Because surgical total SA to V ratio was ≈2:1, one neomembrane may indeed dominate the dynamic growth-resorption equilibrium. CSDH critical size therefore appears to be when SAOM ≈ V, which is intuitive. Practically, subtotal CSDH evacuation which approximately doubles total SA to V ratio or SAOM to V ratio implies CSDH resolution without recurrence. This could guide subdural drain removal timing, discharge, or transfer. Prospective validation studies are required.

Long-term survival after chronic subdural haematoma.

Outcome after chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is invariably assumed favourable: however, little data regarding long term survival (LTS) exists. One study reported excess mortality restricted to year 1, but with expected actuarial rates thereafter. We aimed to determine LTS after CSDH in a retrospective analysis relative to actuarial data from age-matched controls. Data was obtained in n=155, (M:F 97:58, 69.3±2.3years). Follow-up maxima was 14.19years (mean: 4.02±3.07years, median: 5.2years). Mortality in-hospital, at 6months, 1year, 2years and 5years was n=13 (8.39%), n=22 (14.19%), n=31 (20.35%), n=42 (27.1%) and n=54 (34.84%). LTS was significantly worse than controls (5.29±0.59years vs. 17.74±1.8years, hazard ratio [HR]: 3.52, P<0.0001). Death most frequently related to pneumonia/sepsis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Median modified Rankin score (mRS) in those discharged home (n=94, 60.65%) was 2 [IQR: 1-3]. Discharge mRS in those who died at 6months, 1year, 2years and 5years was 5 [IQR: 3-6], 5 [IQR: 4-6], 3 [IQR: 1-3], 4 [IQR: 2-5]. Discharge mRS was significantly worse with year 1 mortality (P=0.014). LTS related to discharge mRS (HR: 37.006, P<0.001), post-operative motor-score (HR: 0.581, P=0.0026), IHD (HR: 5.186, P=0.005), warfarin-use (HR: 5.93, P=0.036) and dementia (HR: 5.39, P=0.031). No long term recurrences (LTR) were recorded. Although most were discharged home with mRS=2, LTS was markedly less than previously reported: peers lived 12.4years longer. Although greater in year 1, excess mortality was not restricted to year 1, but continued throughout prolonged follow-up. LTS related to discharge disability and dependence, and co-morbid risk factors for cerebral atrophy. No LTR suggests that, once ultimately closed, the 'subdural space' remains closed. CSDH patients represent a vulnerable group who require continued long-term medical surveillance.

Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in visual inspection for xanthochromia: implications for subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis, computed tomography validation studies, and the Walton rule.

BACKGROUND: Visual inspection for xanthochromia is used to diagnose subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), to validate computed tomography subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis and was used to determine the Walton rule. No study has assessed the reliability of xanthochromia. OBJECTIVE: To determine intraobserver and interobserver xanthochromia agreement. METHODS: Mock cerebrospinal fluid samples contained increasing concentrations of human oxyhemoglobin, bilirubin, and albumin. Non-color-blind observers randomly assessed samples against a white background twice under significantly differing illumination. Specimens were recorded as red, orange, yellow, or clear. RESULTS: Results were obtained for 26 observers (11 male, 15 female observers). We found that 19.2% of samples were misclassified: red, 11.7%; orange, 28.5%; yellow, 29.6%; and clear, 22.1% (χ = 213.2; P < .001). Of the yellow misclassifications, 88% were misclassified as clear. Female observers correctly classified samples significantly more frequently than male observers (P = .03). Intraobserver agreement differed significantly from expected for both male (χ = 105.6; P < .001) and female (χ = 99.9; P < .001) observers regardless of illumination. Interobserver agreement was poor regardless of sex (χ for male observers = 176.96, P < .001; χ for female observers = 182.69, P < .001) or illumination (χ for bright = 125.64, P < .001; χ for dark = 148.48, P < .001). Overall, there was 75% agreement in 46% of the tests and 90% agreement in only 36% of the tests. CONCLUSION: This simple laboratory study would be expected to maximize agreement relative to clinical practice. Although non-color-blind female observers significantly outperformed non-color-blind male observers, both intraobserver agreement and interobserver agreement for xanthochromia were prohibitively poor regardless of sex or illumination. Yellow was most frequently misclassified, 88% as clear (ie, true positives were commuted to false negatives). Xanthochromia is therefore highly unreliable for subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosis and computed tomography validation. The Walton rule requires urgent clinical revalidation.

The effects of experience on the inter-reliability of osteopaths to detect changes in posterior superior iliac spine levels using a hidden heel wedge.

BACKGROUND: The use of palpation to diagnose musculoskeletal dysfunction is commonly taught within osteopathy and other manual therapies. However the clinical tests used to detect sacroiliac joint dysfunction have not shown good reliability. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the inter-examiner reliability of osteopaths to detect asymmetries of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), and to determine if inter-examiner reliability was affected by the level of practitioner experience. METHODS: Fifteen final year osteopathic students (n = 15), fifteen third year osteopathic students (n = 15) and ten experienced osteopaths (n = 10) manually palpated the levels of the PSIS in one model nine consecutive times. A hidden 5 mm heel wedge was used to alter the height of the PSIS which was hidden from the examiners. Scores were analysed using Fleiss Kappa (Fκ) statistics and one way analysis of variance on ranks (ANOVA). RESULTS: All three groups produced Fκ results below 0.4 (0.025-0.065), indicating poor inter-examiner reliability. Fκ values less than 0.4 are considered to be clinically unreliable. ANOVA testing did not show any significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed 'poor' inter-examiner reliability in detecting asymmetries of the PSIS. This is in accordance with other studies in the field. It is suggested that the inclusion of this osteopathic model within osteopathic education should be reviewed.

The suitability of sham treatments for use as placebo controls in trials of spinal manipulative therapy: a pilot study.

Despite the augmented use and dependence on manual therapy (MT), there are still calls from both within and outside the MT professions to provide robust evidence that spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) induces therapeutic effects beyond placebo. To facilitate this, placebo or 'sham' treatments, the development of which is notoriously difficult, must be used in rigorously controlled trials. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of different shams as controls in SMT trials. A repeated measures, single-blind, randomised trial was conducted on 10 asymptomatic subjects. Pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) were measured at 2 sites, local and systemic, before and after the application of either high-velocity low-amplitude thrust (HVLAT), sham functional technique (SFT), sham ultrasound (SUS) or no intervention control (NIC) to the cervico-thoracic (CT) junctional area. Treatment credibility was then assessed using a 4-point Likert Scale in response to 4 statements. Results demonstrated no significant change in PPT following any of the interventions, irrespective of site tested. The effect sizes for all interventions were considered small (d = <0.2). There were significant differences in Likert Scale responses for each statement (P < 0.001), with SUS eliciting significantly different responses as compared to SFT and NIC but not, predominantly, with HVLAT. SUS is implicated as being the most effective sham, having high fidelity to subjects' perceptions of a 'real' treatment, whilst being therapeutically inert i.e. results in no significant change in clinical status.

Fish utilisation of wetland nurseries with complex hydrological connectivity.

The physical and faunal characteristics of coastal wetlands are driven by dynamics of hydrological connectivity to adjacent habitats. Wetlands on estuary floodplains are particularly dynamic, driven by a complex interplay of tidal marine connections and seasonal freshwater flooding, often with unknown consequences for fish using these habitats. To understand the patterns and subsequent processes driving fish assemblage structure in such wetlands, we examined the nature and diversity of temporal utilisation patterns at a species or genus level over three annual cycles in a tropical Australian estuarine wetland system. Four general patterns of utilisation were apparent based on CPUE and size-structure dynamics: (i) classic nursery utlisation (use by recently settled recruits for their first year) (ii) interrupted peristence (iii) delayed recruitment (iv) facultative wetland residence. Despite the small self-recruiting 'facultative wetland resident' group, wetland occupancy seems largely driven by connectivity to the subtidal estuary channel. Variable connection regimes (i.e. frequency and timing of connections) within and between different wetland units (e.g. individual pools, lagoons, swamps) will therefore interact with the diversity of species recruitment schedules to generate variable wetland assemblages in time and space. In addition, the assemblage structure is heavily modified by freshwater flow, through simultaneously curtailing persistence of the 'interrupted persistence' group, establishing connectivity for freshwater spawned members of both the 'facultative wetland resident' and 'delayed recruitment group', and apparently mediating use of intermediate nursery habitats for marine-spawned members of the 'delayed recruitment' group. The diversity of utilisation pattern and the complexity of associated drivers means assemblage compositions, and therefore ecosystem functioning, is likely to vary among years depending on variations in hydrological connectivity. Consequently, there is a need to incorporate this diversity into understandings of habitat function, conservation and management.

The immediate effects of sigmoid colon manipulation on pressure pain thresholds in the lumbar spine.

Visceral manual therapy is increasingly used by UK osteopaths and manual therapists, but there is a paucity of research investigating its underlying mechanisms, and in particular in relation to hypoalgesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of osteopathic visceral mobilisation on pressure pain thresholds. A single-blinded, randomised, within subjects, repeated measures design was conducted on 15 asymptomatic subjects. Pressure pain thresholds were measured at the L1 paraspinal musculature and 1st dorsal interossei before and after osteopathic visceral mobilisation of the sigmoid colon. The results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in pressure pain thresholds immediately after the intervention (P<0.001). This effect was not observed to be systemic, affecting only the L1 paraspinal musculature. This novel study provides new experimental evidence that visceral manual therapy can produce immediate hypoalgesia in somatic structures segmentally related to the organ being mobilised, in asymptomatic subjects.

Long-term effects of cerebellar retraction in the microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannomas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term effects, if any, of the greater cerebellar retraction that is required for retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma versus resection as compared with the minimal, if any, cerebellar retraction required for translabyrinthine versus resection. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case control. METHODS: All patients who underwent retrosigmoid versus resection between 1988 to 2000 by one surgeon were identified. These patients were contacted and asked to complete the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). These patients were then matched to patients who underwent translabyrinthine versus resection according to age at surgery, age at time of study, sex, and size of tumor. Total DHI and subcategory DHI scores were compared using the Student t test. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients underwent the retrosigmoid approach, and 27 were contacted for completion of the survey, with a 81.3% response rate. Forty-six patients who underwent translabyrinthine versus resection were matched to the retrosigmoid group. Thirty-six were contacted and completed the survey for a 75% response rate. Twenty-seven patients that most closely matched the retrosigmoid group comprised the translabyrinthine group used for comparison. Minimal differences were seen between the two groups. Mean total DHI score for the retrosigmoid group was 17.6, which was not significantly different from the mean score of 16.8 seen in the translabyrinthine group (P =.888). When comparing small tumors (<1.5 cm), total DHI scores were not found to be significantly different (P =.859). We observed similar findings in those with intermediate-sized tumors (1.5-3 cm). CONCLUSION: The significantly greater cerebellar retraction that is necessary for retrosigmoid versus resection does not result in greater long-term balance and disability as compared with those patients who have undergone the translabyrinthine approach.

Intra-thyroid thyroglossal duct cyst as a differential diagnosis of thyroid nodule.

An intra-thyroid thyroglossal duct cyst (ITTDC) presented as a congenital anterior neck mass in a 10-year-old male. Diagnosis, work-up, management approach, and differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules are discussed, as well as distinguishing features between thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) and branchial cleft cyst (BCC). This is the fourth case of ITTDC reported in the pediatric population, and ITTDC should remain in the differential diagnosis of pediatric neck mass.