Buparlisib plus fulvestrant versus placebo plus fulvestrant for postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, advanced breast cancer: Overall survival results from BELLE-2.

BACKGROUND: Buparlisib, a pan-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, plus fulvestrant in the BELLE-2 study significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this phase III study, patients were randomised 1:1 to buparlisib (100 mg/day; continuously in 28-day cycles) or placebo, plus fulvestrant (500 mg on cycle 1 day 15, and day 1 of subsequent cycles). Overall survival (OS) was assessed in the overall population and patients with known PI3K pathway status (both had shown significant PFS improvements). OS by PIK3CA status in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) was an exploratory end-point. RESULTS: A total of 2025 patients were screened for eligibility between 7th September 2012 and 10th September 2014, and 1178 received fulvestrant (500 mg) during a run-in phase; 31 discontinued. Of 1147 patients (median age 62 years), 98% had the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1, and 59% had visceral disease. Median follow-up from randomisation to data cut-off (23rd December 2016) was 37.6 months. Median OS trended in favour of the buparlisib arm in the overall population (33.2 versus 30.4 months; P = 0.045) and among patients with known PI3K pathway status (30.9 versus 28.9 months; P = 0.144); neither outcome was statistically significant. Median OS also trended in favour of buparlisib among patients with PIK3CA-mutant ctDNA (26.0 versus 24.8 months). Grade III/IV adverse events with ≥10% difference between the buparlisib versus placebo arms were elevated alanine aminotransferase (26% versus 1%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (18% versus 3%) and hyperglycemia (15% versus <1%). CONCLUSIONS: OS results were in favour of buparlisib plus fulvestrant versus placebo plus fulvestrant; however, there is no statistical significance and more frequent grade III/IV adverse events were reported. Use of more selective PI3K inhibitors might provide the greatest clinical benefit and tolerable safety profile in this setting. Further evaluation of the predictive benefit of PIK3CA-mutant ctDNA is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01610284.

Influence of physical activity on the immune system in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Physical activity can impact the immune system in different ways, e.g. by alteration of the humoral and cellular immune response. Physical activity at medium intensity enhances numbers of cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages in healthy people. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of endurance and resistance training on the immune system in breast cancer patients during adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: In a prospective, controlled and randomized intervention exploratory trial, 12-week supervised endurance or resistance training were compared with usual care twice a week. Endpoints were the absolute numbers of the immune cells such as CD3+ T lymphocytes including CD4+- and CD8+, αß T cells, γδT cells, CD3-/CD16+/56+ NK cells and CD19+ B cells, before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Cell numbers were analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS: Despite different physical interventions in all groups immune cell count decreased in CD3 T cells including TCR αß and CD4 T cells, NK cells and CD19 B cells 12 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy and start of the physical intervention program, while the reduction of γδ T cells and CD8 T cells is less prominent in the RT and UC group. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy led to a decrease in nearly all measured immune cells. In this study, physical intervention with endurance or resistance training did not suppress cellular immunity any further. Larger multicenter trials are needed to evaluate the exact impact of sports intervention on immune cell subpopulations.

Reduced ovarian reserve in young early breast cancer patients: preliminary data from a prospective cohort trial.

BACKGROUND: The numerous side effects of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer are well known. However, the precise effects of chemotherapy on ovarian function in premenopausal women are poorly investigated. The patients are at risk of developing sexual hormone deficiency and impaired fertility. This prospective cohort study addresses predictive parameters of ovarian reserve after chemotherapy. METHODS: Fifty-one premenopausal women (28-46 years) with primary breast cancer were included in the trial. All of them received anthracycline-based chemotherapy (n = 18), or combinations with taxanes (n = 30), or anthracycline-free chemotherapy (n = 3). Changes in hormone levels (LH, FSH, E2 and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)), antral follicle count (AFC), and amenorrhea were determined before (V1), and 6, 12 and 24 months after the initiation of chemotherapy (V2-V4). Quality of life parameters were evaluated. The additional impact of parity, BMI, and smoking on ovarian reserve was also assessed. RESULTS: AFC and AMH fell very markedly after chemotherapy and did not return to pre-treatment levels until V4. A significant positive correlation was noted in AFC before and 1 year after chemotherapy. AMH levels at V2-V4 were significantly correlated with those registered at V1. AFC and AMH were negatively correlated with age. Continued smoking had a significant detrimental effect on AFC after 24 months. LH and FSH levels increased between V1 and V2 and fell at V3 and V4, but stayed above pre-chemotherapy values. Two years after the start of chemotherapy 31/51 patients were amenorrhoic while 17 resumed their menstrual cycle; this was not influenced by the type of chemotherapy or age. Non-smokers were 13 times more likely to resume their menstruation than smokers. Quality of life (QL) was significantly lower 6 months after the initiation of chemotherapy. QL at one and 2 years after chemotherapy did not differ significantly from pre-chemotherapy scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to a better understanding and prediction of ovarian reserve in young early breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The data suggest that personal counseling in regard of the preservation of fertility should be offered especially to patients of a higher age, with low AMH levels or low follicle counts. Patients should be advised to stop smoking in order to enhance the likelihood of preserving their fertility.

Buparlisib plus fulvestrant versus placebo plus fulvestrant in postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (BELLE-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation is a hallmark of endocrine therapy-resistant, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. This phase 3 study assessed the efficacy of the pan-PI3K inhibitor buparlisib plus fulvestrant in patients with advanced breast cancer, including an evaluation of the PI3K pathway activation status as a biomarker for clinical benefit. METHODS: The BELLE-2 trial was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Postmenopausal women aged 18 years or older with histologically confirmed, hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor (HER2)-negative inoperable locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer whose disease had progressed on or after aromatase inhibitor treatment and had received up to one previous line of chemotherapy for advanced disease were included. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using interactive voice response technology (block size of 6) on day 15 of cycle 1 to receive oral buparlisib (100 mg/day) or matching placebo, starting on day 15 of cycle 1, plus intramuscular fulvestrant (500 mg) on days 1 and 15 of cycle 1, and on day 1 of subsequent 28-day cycles. Patients were assigned randomisation numbers with a validated interactive response technology; these numbers were linked to different treatment groups which in turn were linked to treatment numbers. PI3K status in tumour tissue was determined via central laboratory during a 14-day run-in phase. Randomisation was stratified by PI3K pathway activation status (activated vs non-activated vs and unknown) and visceral disease status (present vs absent). Patients, investigators, local radiologists, study team, and anyone involved in the study were masked to the identity of the treatment until unblinding. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival by local investigator assessment per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (version 1.1) in the total population, in patients with known (activated or non-activated) PI3K pathway status, and in PI3K pathway-activated patients. Efficacy analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was analysed in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one post-baseline safety assessment according to the treatment they received. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01610284, and is currently ongoing but not recruiting participants. FINDINGS: Between Sept 7, 2012, and Sept 10, 2014, 1147 patients from 267 centres in 29 countries were randomly assigned to receive buparlisib (n=576) or placebo plus fulvestrant (n=571). In the total patient population (n=1147), median progression-free survival was 6·9 months (95% CI 6·8-7·8) in the buparlisib group versus 5·0 months (4·0-5·2) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·78 [95% CI 0·67-0·89]; one-sided p=0·00021). In patients with known PI3K status (n=851), median progression-free survival was 6·8 months (95% CI 5·0-7·0) in the buparlisib group vs 4·5 months (3·3-5·0) in the placebo group (HR 0·80 [95% CI 0·68-0·94]; one-sided p=0·0033). In PI3K pathway-activated patients (n=372), median progression-free survival was 6·8 months (95% CI 4·9-7·1) in the buparlisib group versus 4·0 months (3·1-5·2) in the placebo group (HR 0·76 [0·60-0·97], one-sided p=0·014). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events in the buparlisib group versus the placebo group were increased alanine aminotransferase (146 [25%] of 573 patients vs six [1%] of 570), increased aspartate aminotransferase (103 [18%] vs 16 [3%]), hyperglycaemia (88 [15%] vs one [<1%]), and rash (45 [8%] vs none). Serious adverse events were reported in 134 (23%) of 573 patients in the buparlisib group compared with 90 [16%] of 570 patients in the placebo group; the most common serious adverse events (affecting ≥2% of patients) were increased alanine aminotransferase (17 [3%] of 573 vs one [<1%] of 570) and increased aspartate aminotransferase (14 [2%] vs one [<1%]). No treatment-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION: The results from this study show that PI3K inhibition combined with endocrine therapy is effective in postmenopausal women with endocrine-resistant, hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Use of more selective PI3K inhibitors, such as α-specific PI3K inhibitor, is warranted to further improve safety and benefit in this setting. No further studies are being pursued because of the toxicity associated with this combination. FUNDING: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

Feasibility study to evaluate compliance of physical activity over a long time period and its influence on the total activity score, glucose metabolism and physical and psychological parameters following breast cancer.

Despite recommendations that patients with breast cancer ought to undertake physical exercise, a majority of breast cancer patients fail to change their lifestyle and to increase their physical activity following diagnosis. In this clinical intervention feasibility study, compliance and sustainability of a walking training program over 24 weeks in patients with breast cancer following treatment were examined. The endpoints were retention rates after 12 and 24 weeks (6 months) and serum levels of glucose metabolism, the total activity score, endurance, a subjectively perceived exertion-during-endurance stress test, quality of life and fatigue. A supervised walking training session for 60-75 min twice-weekly over 6 months in 35 patients with breast cancer following treatment was examined. The study retention at 12 weeks was 27/35 (77%), and at 24 weeks 24/35 (69%). After 24 weeks, the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) score was significantly lowered following the intervention (P=0.001). Insulin and glucose levels remained unchanged. Significant improvements were measured in the patients' body mass index (P=0.001), endurance (P=0.013) and in psychological parameters such as fatigue (P=0.008) and the quality of life (P=0.007). Furthermore, the patients exhibited significant improvements in their subjectively perceived exertion during an endurance-stress test (P=0.079) and in their total activity score (P=0.931). The present study demonstrated an increase in total activity resulting from the supervised walking training program twice-weekly over 6 months. Significant changes in long-term parameters of glucose metabolism, such as in the HbA1c score, also occurred. Furthermore, significant improvements in physical and psychological parameters were observed.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Adjuvant Letrozole Versus Anastrozole in Postmenopausal Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive, Node-Positive Early Breast Cancer: Final Results of the Randomized Phase III Femara Versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation (FACE) Trial.

Purpose The Letrozole (Femara) Versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation (FACE) study compared the efficacy and safety of adjuvant letrozole versus anastrozole in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor (HR) -positive and node-positive early breast cancer (eBC). Methods Postmenopausal women with HR-positive and node-positive eBC were randomly assigned to receive adjuvant therapy with either letrozole (2.5 mg) or anastrozole (1 mg) once per day for 5 years or until recurrence of disease. Patients were stratified on the basis of the number of lymph nodes and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. The primary end point was 5-year disease-free survival (DFS), and the key secondary end points were overall survival and safety. Results A total of 4,136 patients were randomly assigned to receive either letrozole (n = 2,061) or anastrozole (n = 2,075). The final analysis was done at 709 DFS events (letrozole, 341 [16.5%]; anastrozole, 368 [17.7%]). The 5-year estimated DFS rate was 84.9% for letrozole versus 82.9% for anastrozole arm (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.07; P = .3150). Exploratory analysis showed similar DFS with letrozole and anastrozole in all evaluated subgroups. The 5-year estimated overall survival rate was 89.9% for letrozole versus 89.2% for anastrozole arm (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.17; P = .7916). Most common grade 3 to 4 adverse events (> 5% of patients) reported for letrozole versus anastrozole were arthralgia (3.9% v 3.3%, and 48.2% v 47.9% for all adverse events), hypertension (1.2% v 1.0%), hot flushes (0.8% v 0.4%), myalgia (0.8% v 0.7%), dyspnea (0.8% v 0.5%), and depression (0.8% v 0.6%). Conclusion Letrozole did not demonstrate significantly superior efficacy or safety compared with anastrozole in postmenopausal patients with HR-positive, node-positive eBC.

Influence of arm crank ergometry on development of lymphedema in breast cancer patients after axillary dissection: A randomized controlled trail.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of arm crank ergometry in breast cancer patients after axillary lymph node dissection, with regard to changes in bioelectrical impedance analysis, arm circumference, muscular strength, quality of life and fatigue. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical intervention trial. SUBJECTS: Forty-nine patients with breast cancer after axillary lymph node dissection. METHODS: Arm crank ergometer training twice-weekly was compared with usual care over 12 weeks. RESULTS: The arm crank ergometer group improved significantly in terms of lean body mass and skeletal muscle mass, and showed a significant decrease in body fat. In the arm crank ergometer group, as well as the usual care group, a significant increase in armpit circumference was detected during the training period. The magnitude of the gain was higher in the usual care group. For all other measured regions of the arm a significant decrease in circumference was seen in both groups. Muscular strength of the upper extremity increased significantly in both groups, with a greater improvement in the arm crank ergometer group. In both groups a non-significant trend towards improvement in quality of life was observed. The arm crank ergometer group showed significant improvements in physical functioning, general fatigue and physical fatigue. CONCLUSION: These results confirm the feasibility of arm crank ergometer training after axillary lymph node dissection and highlight improvements in strength, quality of life and reduced arm symptoms with this training.

Stromal markers AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 are prognostic factors in primary human breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Stromal fibroblasts influence tumor growth and progression. We evaluated two aldo-keto reductases, AKR1C1 and AKR1C2, in stromal fibroblasts and carcinoma cells as prognostic factors in primary human breast cancer. They are involved in intratumoral progesterone metabolism. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays from 504 core biopsies from breast cancer patients. Primary endpoints were disease-free (DFS) and overall (OS) survival. RESULTS: AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 expression in fibroblasts and tumor cells correlated with favorable tumor characteristics, such as small tumor size and negative nodal status. In univariate analysis, AKR1C1 expression in carcinoma cells correlated positively with DFS und OS; AKR1C2 expression in both fibroblasts and tumor cells also showed a positive correlation with DFS and OS. In multivariate analysis, AKR1C1 expression in carcinoma cells was an independent prognostic marker. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that our observations are due to the independent regulatory function of AKR1C1/2 in progesterone metabolism and therefore provide a basis for new hormone-based therapy options for breast cancer patients, independent of classic hormone receptor status.

Comparing Endurance and Resistance Training with Standard Care during Chemotherapy for Patients with Primary Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Previous findings suggest that physical activity during breast cancer treatment can reduce side-effects and improve clinical outcome. In the present study, endurance (ET) and resistance training (RT) in 67 patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy were compared with standard-care (SC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study end-points were muscular strength, endurance and subjective perceived exertion during the endurance stress test (Borg scale) and quality of life (QoL) measured by standardized report form of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C30+BR23) before and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: The RT and ET groups improved significantly in muscular strength compared to the SC group. Endurance decreased in all groups after treatment (p>0.05 for all groups); the maximum endurance loss occurred in the SC group (p=0.001). The subjective perceived exertion at 100 W remained stable in the RT group (p=1.00) decreased most in the SC group (p=0.3) and to a lesser extent in the ET group (p=0.02). In the RT group, QoL improved significantly (p=0.011). There was also a trend for improvement of QoL in the ET group (p=0.09) whereas that of the SC group decreased (p=0.8). CONCLUSION: Results highlight improvements in strength, endurance and QoL from exercise training and support its implementation in standard of care during chemotherapy for patients with breast cancer.

Cut-Off Levels of Anti-Mullerian Hormone for The Prediction of Ovarian Response, In Vitro Fertilization Outcome and Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) cut-off levels in as- sisted reproductive technology (ART) as predictive factor for individualization of stimulation protocols and to avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, 177 infertile patients were as- sessed for AMH in serum and follicular fluid (FF) on the day of follicular puncture (FP), between 2012 and 2013 in Kiel, Germany. AMH levels and pregnancy rates were compared between low, moderate and high responders and cut-off levels of low and high responders. AMH cut-off levels in pathological cases were evaluated in analysis 1 (OHSS) and in analysis 2 [polycystic ovarian syndrome, (PCOS)] and compared in analysis 3 to normal endocrinological parameters. RESULTS: AMH levels in FF were higher than in serum (P<0.001). AMH levels in serum and FF increased from low through moderate to high responders (P<0.001). Pregnancy rates were 14.7, 23.3 and 44.9% (P=0.009), respectively. AMH cut-off level for poor responders was 0.61 ng/ml in serum with a pregnancy rate of 13.8 and 37.1% for below and above of this level, respectively. For FF, it was 1.43 ng/ml. AMH levels in analysis 1 and 2 were significantly higher than in analysis 3 (P=0.001). AMH cut-off level for OHSS was 1.5 ng/ml in serum with OHSS rates of 80.8 and 19.2 % for above and below of the level, respectively. For FF, it was 2.7 ng/ml. PCOS patients had an AMH cut-off level of 3.9 ng/ml in serum and 6.8 ng/ml in FF, resulting in a PCOS rate of 100% above this level. CONCLUSION: AMH levels can help to assess ovarian response potential and guide ovarian stimulation while avoiding OHSS.

TRAIL-R2 promotes skeletal metastasis in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model.

Despite improvements in detection, surgical approaches and systemic therapies, breast cancer remains typically incurable once distant metastases occur. High expression of TRAIL-R2 was found to be associated with poor prognostic parameters in breast cancer patients, suggesting an oncogenic function of this receptor. In the present study, we aimed to determine the impact of TRAIL-R2 on breast cancer metastasis. Using an osteotropic variant of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we examine the effects of TRAIL-R2 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, in addition to the reduced levels of the proliferation-promoting factor HMGA2 and corresponding inhibition of cell proliferation, knockdown of TRAIL-R2 increased the levels of E-Cadherin and decreased migration. In vivo, these cells were strongly impaired in their ability to form bone metastases after intracardiac injection. Evaluating possible underlying mechanisms revealed a strong downregulation of CXCR4, the receptor for the chemokine SDF-1 important for homing of cancers cells to the bone. In accordance, cell migration towards SDF-1 was significantly impaired by TRAIL-R2 knockdown. Conversely, overexpression of TRAIL-R2 upregulated CXCR4 levels and enhanced SDF-1-directed migration. We therefore postulate that inhibition of TRAIL-R2 expression could represent a promising therapeutic strategy leading to an effective impairment of breast cancer cell capability to form skeletal metastases.

Vulvar cancer: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management options.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Vulvar cancer can be classified into two groups according to predisposing factors: the first type correlates with a HPV infection and occurs mostly in younger patients. The second group is not HPV associated and occurs often in elderly women without neoplastic epithelial disorders. HISTOLOGY: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the vulva (95%). CLINICAL FEATURES: Pruritus is the most common and long-lasting reported symptom of vulvar cancer, followed by vulvar bleeding, discharge, dysuria, and pain. THERAPY: The gold standard for even a small invasive carcinoma of the vulva was historically radical vulvectomy with removal of the tumor with a wide margin followed by an en bloc resection of the inguinal and often the pelvic lymph nodes. Currently, a more individualized and less radical treatment is suggested: a radical wide local excision is possible in the case of localized lesions (T1). A sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy may be performed to reduce wound complications and lymphedema. PROGNOSIS: The survival of patients with vulvar cancer is good when convenient therapy is arranged quickly after initial diagnosis. Inguinal and/or femoral node involvement is the most significant prognostic factor for survival.

The incidence of complications by hysterectomy for benign disease in correlation to an assumed preoperative score.

BACKGROUND: Hysterectomies are preformed abdominally, vaginally, laparoscopic or with robotic assistance. When choosing the route of hysterectomy, the physician should take into consideration the safest and most cost-effective route to fulfill all needs of the patient. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from 953 patients who underwent hysterectomy between 2002 and 2010 for benign indications at UKSH, Germany. Preoperative risk scores were assigned to patients. The data were statistically evaluated to investigate relationship between the occurrence of the complication and the preoperative score at the time of the hysterectomy. For the preoperative score, patients who had undergone a previous laparoscopy were assigned 1 point; those who had undergone a previous Pfannenstiel laparotomy were assigned 2 points; those who had undergone 1 cesarean delivery were assigned 3 points; those who had undergone 2 cesarean deliveries were assigned 4 points; those who had undergone 3 cesarean deliveries were assigned 5 points; and those with no previous operations were assigned 0 points. The preoperative score was recorded for 785 patients. RESULTS: Of the 785 women with complete data, the mean preoperative score was 1.09 ± 1.51 for AH, 0.75 ± 0.96 for VH, 1.04 ± 1.30 for LSH, 1.0 ± 1.40 for LAVH, and 1.38 ± 1.52 for TLH. The prevalent scores in the VH were 0 and 1, the LASH and TLH showed a prevalence over VH in the preoperative scores 3 and 4 and AH showed a prevalence over the other methods in the preoperative score 3-8. Intraoperative complications were recorded in 28 of 953 (2.9 %) cases: 10 (35.7 %) cases of VH; 13 (46.4 %) cases of AH; 3 (10.7 %) cases of LSH; 1 (3.6 %) case of LAVH; and 1 (3.6 %) case of TLH. The intraoperative complications appeared to be more frequently with heavier uterine weight showing a significant statically correlation (P < 0,001). Major postoperative complications occurred in 17 of 953 (1.8 %) cases. Minor postoperative complications were recorded in 56 of 953 (5.9 %) hysterectomies. Operation duration, hospital stay and hemoglobin decline correlated significantly with preoperative score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The suggested preoperative score is apparently successful in screening out the high-risk patients, despite the low incidence of intra and postoperative complications. The usefulness of the preoperative scoring system is worthy of further development and evaluation. The AH was favored as the 'fallback option' with high preoperative score.

Clinical implications of first and multiple locoregional breast cancer recurrences.

PURPOSE: Often breast cancer can be treated by breast-conserving surgery (BCS), after which 10 % locoregional recurrences (LRR) occur within 10 years. After BCS mastectomy is recommended at first LRR, although another BCS could be possible. Changes in clinical parameters and in tumor biology from primary breast cancer to first and multiple LRR are described and correlated with further LRR and overall survival (OS). METHODS: 380 patients with ≥1 ≤3 LRR (1997-2007) were evaluated retrospectively and followed until 5/2009. Patients' age, tumor size, nodal involvement, distant metastases, histological subtype, hormone receptor (HR) and Her-2/neu status were assessed. LRR therapy options were evaluated. RESULTS: 247 patients had one LRR (94 two and 39 three). Mean OS was 10.1 years. Number of LRR was not correlated with OS. Positive HR status was significantly correlated with longer OS. Patients, who changed from primarily ER negative to positive at first LRR had a significantly longer OS compared to those, who remained or changed to ER negative (p < 0.01). Tumor size and grading correlated inversely with OS (both: p < 0.001). BCS at first LRR correlated with a significantly better OS than mastectomy (p < 0.001). LRR cases with chemotherapy had a shorter OS. Irradiation and/or endocrine therapy after LRR were not correlated with OS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with positive HR status had the best survival data. HR should always be determined. In positive cases, endocrine therapy is recommended. As clinical data are good, BCS at first LRR can be suggested for more patients.

Nilotinib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is a candidate for ovarian cancer treatment.

PURPOSE: Nilotinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of c-Kit, Abl and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α/ß. To evaluate nilotinib's potential use as a treatment of human ovarian cancer, we tested nilotinib's preclinical activity in ovarian cancer cell lines with different tyrosine kinase expression patterns. METHODS: The effects of nilotinib on ovarian cancer cell growth were studied alone and in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Proapoptotic and antimigratory effects were examined using TUNEL and migration assays. RESULTS: Nilotinib alone and in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel significantly inhibited cell growth in PDGFR-α-positive ovarian cancer cell lines. The combination of nilotinib with carboplatin and paclitaxel showed synergistic effects on cell proliferation. Nilotinib treatment led to the inhibition of cell migration alone and in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Apoptosis induction occurred in response to nilotinib that increased in combination with carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Nilotinib may be a feasible targeted therapy option for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Final safety and efficacy analysis of a phase I/II trial with imatinib and vinorelbine for patients with metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL, ABL, PDGFR-α and -ß, KIT, and DDR. In solid tumors, it inhibits proliferation and invasiveness and facilitates higher intratumoral cytotoxic drug concentrations. Vinorelbine has good tolerability and efficacy in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of imatinib and vinorelbine in combination. METHODS: In a prospective, open-label, phase I/II trial, 400 mg imatinib p.o. daily (corrected from 600 mg) was combined with an escalating dose of vinorelbine i.v. weekly in four dose levels of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/m(2) (each n ≥ 5) to treat patients with MBC (expressing PDGFR-α and/or -ß, and/or KIT). The last patient of each level was treated for >28 days, before enrolment for the next dose level started. Study endpoints were feasibility and tolerability, incidence of hematological and nonhematological toxicity, and clinical efficacy (data cutoff: November 18, 2011). A total of 33 patients have been enrolled, and all dose levels have been fully recruited. One patient is still on study medication. A translational subprotocol is ongoing. RESULTS: All 33 included patients are evaluable for safety (32 within the ITT population). Eleven patients were excluded early from the study (progressive disease, toxicity, and withdrawal of consent). Twenty-two patients participated in the study for >28 days ('ITT >28'). Within the ITT population, the response rate [complete response (CR) and partial response (PR)] was 9.4% (n = 3), the clinical benefit rate (CBR; CR+PR+stable disease) 50% (n = 16), and the median time to progression (TTP) 155 days. A total of 21.3% of the patients were on study medication for >6 months, and 15.2% for >12 months (mean 140 days, range 15-643). Within 'ITT >28', the response rate was 13.6%, CBR 72.7%, and median TTP 176 days. The response was independent of the receptor status (PDGFR-α, -ß, and KIT). Toxicities were as follows (safety population): 21.6% severe leukopenia, 9.1% severe neutropenia (with 1 febrile neutropenia), 1 case of bowel perforation, 36% diarrhea (3% severe), 84.8% nausea (severe 15.2%), 48.5% vomiting (severe 9.1%), 27.3% infections (severe 6.1%), 12.1% peripheral neuropathy (severe 9.1%), and 36.4% dyspnea (3% severe). Four patients on trial died (nondrug-related). CONCLUSION: The combination of imatinib and vinorelbine in MBC appeared to be feasible and tolerable. A CBR of 50% (ITT) in pretreated patients suggests that this combination may be active. Although toxicities were frequent, they appeared to be manageable.

Significance of syndecan-1 expression in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) supports tumor progression in breast cancer. FGF-2 signaling is modulated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans, such as syndecan-1 (CD138). The exact role of CD138 in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) is still uncertain. Differential expression depending on grading could suggest a role for syndecan-1 during growth and tumor progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of 127 cases of breast DCIS associated with follow-up data were included. CD138 staining intensity, number of positive cells, intracellular and tissue localization were examined. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 45.4 months and median recurrence-free survival (RFS) 86 months. Age, menopausal status and previous hormone replacement therapy had no significant influence on RFS. Smoking significantly influenced RFS (p=0.008). Endocrine therapy or radiotherapy did not improve RFS. Grading was not correlated with CD138 staining intensity, but was significantly associated with the percentage of CD138-positive cells (low-vs. high-grade, p=0.043). Estrogen receptor (ER) expression did not influence staining intensity of CD138 (p=0.247), but negatively correlated with the proportion of CD138-positive cells (p=0.032). Progesterone receptor (PR) expression significantly influenced the intensity of staining (p=0.010) and the percentage of CD138-positive cells (p=0.004); both were increased in PR-negative cases. CD138 staining intensity and percentage of positive cells did not correlate with RFS. Nuclear grade and syndecan-1 staining localization were significantly associated (p=0.001). ER-positive, and PR-positive DCIS more often exhibited membrane-bound syndecan-1 than ER- or PR-negative cases (p=0.001). Nuclear grade and tissue localization of CD138 correlated significantly (p=0.005). PR influenced CD138 tissue distribution, while ER did not. Syndecan-1 localization did not statistically impact RFS. CONCLUSION: In DCIS of different nuclear grades, tissue localization of syndecan-1 is significantly divergent, suggesting a specific effect on biology and progression of DCIS.

Hysterectomy trends over a 9-year period in an endoscopic teaching center.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in the performance of hysterectomy at a single certified endoscopic teaching center. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from 953 patients who underwent hysterectomy between 2002 and 2010 for benign indications at UKSH, Germany. Preoperative risk scores were assigned to patients. RESULTS: The most frequent indications for hysterectomy were uterine myoma, adenomyosis, prolapse, endometrial hyperplasia, menstrual disorders, and endometriosis. The shortest operating time was recorded for vaginal hysterectomy (VH) and the longest for laparoscopically assisted VH (LAVH). The average uterine weight was highest for abdominal hysterectomy (AH) and lowest for VH. The major postoperative complication rate was 11.8% for laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH) and 23.5% for AH. The highest intraoperative complication rate occurred with AH (46.4%) and the lowest with total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH; 3.6%). The minor postoperative complication rate was 5.9%. The mean preoperative score was 1.09±1.51 for AH, 0.75±0.96 for VH, 1.04±1.30 for LSH, 1.0±1.40 for LAVH, and 1.38±1.52 for TLH. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic hysterectomies have become more common and were associated with decreased complication rates, despite the higher preoperative risk score of these patients.

Laparoscopic hysterectomy and prolapse: a multiprocedural concept.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Today, laparoscopic intrafascial hysterectomy and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy are well-accepted techniques. With our multimodal concept of laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications, preservation of the pelvic floor as well as reconstruction of pelvic floor structures and pre-existing prolapse situations can be achieved. METHODS: The multimodal concept consists of 3 steps: 1. Intrafascial hysterectomy with preservation of existing structures. A. Technique 1: Primary uterine artery ligation. B. Technique 2: Classic intrafascial hysterectomy. 2. A technique for the stable fixation of the vaginal or cervical stump. 3. A new method of pectopexy to correct a pre-existing descensus situation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSTION: This well-balanced concept can be used by advanced endoscopic gynecologic surgeons as well as by novices in our field.

Distended jugular lymphatic sacs in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency: correlation with first-trimester findings in aberrant karyotypes.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prognostic relevance of ultrasound visibility of distendend jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS) in fetuses with aberrant karyotypes in First-trimester-screening. Furthermore we tried to differentiate between increased nuchal translucency (NT) and cystic hygroma colli. METHODS: We performed a retrospective single center study in 1874 patients presenting for First-trimester-screening between 2009 and 2013. All fetuses with an abnormal risk calculation and NT > 2.5 mm (95th percentile) were reviewed for ultrasound visibility of JLS. A group of 30 fetuses with normal risk calculation served as control. Karyotyping was performed by chorionic-villi-sampling or amniocentesis, respectively. RESULTS: In a total of 2030 fetuses 70 (3.44%) with pathologic first-trimester-screening results showed either aberrant karyotypes or severe ultrasound pathologies. Main aberrant karyotypes were trisomy 21 (25), trisomy 18 (16), trisomy 13(six), Monosomy X (four), 47, XYY or 47, XXX (three) and Noonan' syndrome (two). Distended JLS were visible in 47% of all cases. Statistical anaylsis found a significant correlation between NT and JLS size for the fetuses with trisomies 21, 18 and 13 (r = 0.53, p < 0.002). Cystic hygroma colli was present in all Turner and Noonan syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: Distended JLS have a strong correlation with abnormal karyotypes and increased nuchal translucency. Karyotyping should be offered in these cases.