Comparison of the IKr blockers moxifloxacin, dofetilide and E-4031 in five screening models of pro-arrhythmia reveals lack of specificity of isolated cardiomyocytes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Drug development requires the testing of new chemical entities for adverse effects. For cardiac safety screening, improved assays are urgently needed. Isolated adult cardiomyocytes (CM) and human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) could be used to identify pro-arrhythmic compounds. In the present study, five assays were employed to investigate their sensitivity and specificity for evaluating the pro-arrhythmic properties of I(Kr) blockers, using moxifloxacin (safe compound) and dofetilide or E-4031 (unsafe compounds). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Assays included the anaesthetized remodelled chronic complete AV block (CAVB) dog, the anaesthetized methoxamine-sensitized unremodelled rabbit, multi-cellular hESC-CM clusters, isolated CM obtained from CAVB dogs and isolated CM obtained from the normal rabbit. Arrhythmic outcome was defined as Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in the animal models and early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in the cell models. KEY RESULTS: At clinically relevant concentrations (5-12 µM), moxifloxacin was free of pro-arrhythmic properties in all assays with the exception of the isolated CM, in which 10 µM induced EADs in 35% of the CAVB CM and in 23% of the rabbit CM. At supra-therapeutic concentrations (≥100 µM), moxifloxacin was pro-arrhythmic in the isolated rabbit CM (33%), in the hESC-CM clusters (18%), and in the methoxamine rabbit (17%). Dofetilide and E-4031 induced EADs or TdP in all assays (50-83%), and the induction correlated with a significant increase in beat-to-beat variability of repolarization. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Isolated cardiomyocytes lack specificity to discriminate between TdP liability of the I(Kr) blocking drugs moxifloxacin and dofetilide or E4031.

Gender disparity in cardiac electrophysiology: implications for cardiac safety pharmacology.

BACKGROUND: Gender differences in cardiac electrophysiology were reported for the first time almost a century ago. The importance for safety pharmacology became significant when modern medicine came into use and women appeared to be more susceptible to drug-induced Torsade de Pointes (TdP). To unravel the underlying mechanisms, the effect of sex hormones on cardiac electrophysiology has been studied in humans, animals and cell models. In this review, these data have been summarized and discussed in regard to possible consequences for safety pharmacology testing. RESULTS: In man, electrophysiological differences become apparent during adolescence when the QTc interval shortens in males. This protective effect for long-QT related arrhythmias can be correlated to testosterone levels. Testosterone likely suppresses I(Ca,L) and enhances I(K) which increases the repolarization reserve. Though progesterone may have similar effects in women, these effects are probably balanced out by the small but opposite effects of estrogen. Progesterone levels, however, vary importantly throughout the different phases of the human menstrual cycle, implying that the sensitivity for drug-induced TdP changes too. The consequences for drug safety testing and TdP have not been assessed. CONCLUSION: The testosterone-mediated increase in repolarization reserve in men is a likely cause for their lower susceptibility to drug-induced TdP. For the female population, the shifting balance in estrogen and progesterone creates temporal variation in the lability of repolarization to drug-induced TdP. This is a possible confounding factor in the evaluation and comparison of drugs that has to be further tested.