Squamous Cell and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Collision Tumor of the Soft Palate Treated with Surface Mold Brachytherapy.

Simultaneous primary cancers are rare in the oropharynx. This report describes the first reported case of a collision tumor of squamous cell and adenoid cystic carcinoma in the soft palate. The patient was immunosuppressed with a history of liver transplantation, smoking and heavy alcohol drinking. He was treated with wide local excision followed by adjuvant radiotherapy with surface acrylic mold brachytherapy. This technique was used instead of external beam radiotherapy in order to minimize toxicity. The patient tolerated the treatment well and with the only acute grade two mucositis at the soft palate and minimal late toxicity. There is no evidence of disease recurrence and the patient continues to maintain excellent quality of speech and swallowing 14 months after treatment completion.

Age and Lymphovascular Invasion Accurately Predict Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in T2 Melanoma Patients.

BACKGROUND: The risk of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis in melanoma is related directly to tumor thickness and inversely to age. The authors hypothesized that for T2 (thickness 1.1-2.0 mm) melanoma, age, and other factors may be able to identify a cohort of patients with a low risk of SLN metastases. METHODS: The authors developed logistic regression models to predict positive SLNs in patients undergoing SLN biopsy for T2 melanoma using the National Cancer Database. Classification and regression-tree analysis were used to identify groups of patients with high and low risk for SLN metastases. The prediction model then was applied to a separate data set from a multicenter randomized clinical trial. RESULTS: The study identified 12,918 patients with T2 melanoma undergoing SLN biopsy with clinically node-negative melanoma. In the multivariable analysis, increasing thickness, younger age, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), mitotic rate of 1/mm2 or more, axial location, and Clark level of 4 or 5 were independent risk factors for SLN metastases. A cohort based on age (> 56 years) and no LVI was identified with a relatively low risk (7.8%; 95% confidence interval 7.2-8.4%) of SLN metastases. The independent data set of 1531 patients with T2 melanoma confirmed these findings. Among elderly patients (age > 75 years) with melanoma 1.2 mm or smaller and no LVI, the risk of a positive SLN was 4.9% (95% confidence interval 3.3-7.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Younger age and LVI are powerful predictors of SLN metastases for patients with T2 melanoma. This prediction model can inform shared decision-making regarding whether to perform SLN biopsy for older patients with otherwise low-risk T2 melanoma.

Combination of androgen receptor inhibitor and cisplatin, an effective treatment strategy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

PURPOSE: The role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in bladder cancer (BCa) is not fully characterized. This study aimed to delineate the role of AR signaling in BCa and to determine whether the combination of AR inhibitor, Enzalutamide (Enz), and Cisplatin (Cis) efficiently inhibit the growth of BCa cells. METHODS: AR expression was determined in 89 human urothelial BCa specimens by immunohistochemistry. A panel of BCa cell lines was treated with Cis, Enz, or a combination of both (Enz + Cis). We determined the expression of AR, changes in apoptotic signaling, DNA damage, and analyzed effect on epithelial mesenchymal transformation markers. RESULT: AR expression was detected in 61.4% of tumors from male BCa patients. Inhibition of AR signaling by Enz effectively inhibited the growth of AR+ BCa cells by inducing apoptosis (26%) in AR+ TCCSUP (P = 0.0201) and J82 (15%, P = 0.0386) cells. Interestingly, Enz + Cis synergistically inhibited the proliferation of BCa cells even at low concentrations by inducing proapoptotic signaling in AR+ BCa cells. Invasive and migratory potential of TCCSUP and J82 cells were reduced with Enz + Cis treatment, and associated with down-regulation of mesenchymal markers. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of the bladder tumors from male patients in our cohort expressed AR. The combination of Enz and Cis synergistically inhibited growth of BCa cells more efficiently than single agent alone. This supports the rationale for future investigation of AR antagonists in combination with standard chemotherapy in MIBC.

Should Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Be Performed for All T1b Melanomas in the New 8th Edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System?

BACKGROUND: In the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system, the T1b category has been redefined based solely on thickness and ulceration. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend consideration of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for all patients with T1b melanomas (0.8 to 1.0 mm thick). We hypothesized that the new staging system would lead to excessive use of SLNB in patients with non-ulcerated T1b melanomas with a low risk of positive sentinel lymph nodes. STUDY DESIGN: The National Cancer Database 2015 Melanoma Public Use File was used to select patients undergoing SLNB for thin T1 cutaneous melanoma from 2010 to 2015. Clinicopathologic risk factors for having a positive SLNB were evaluated. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models and classification and regression tree analysis were performed to identify groups with high and low risk of positive SLNB. RESULTS: We selected patients undergoing SLNB without ulceration with thickness 0.75 to 1.04 mm, staged T1b in the new 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer by thickness criteria alone (6,894 patients). Independent risk factors for a positive sentinel lymph node were age 56 years or younger (odds ratio [OR] 1.74; 95% CI 1.38 to 2.17), thickness 1.0 vs 0.8 to 0.9 mm (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.70), female sex (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.69), and mitotic rate ≥1/mm2 (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.54 to 2.64). Classification and regression tree analysis identified 2 groups based on age, mitotic rate, and thickness with a risk of positive SLNB <5%. These 2 groups made up 55% of T1b, nonulcerated melanoma patients who underwent SLNB. CONCLUSIONS: The new 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system T1b category should not be used to determine use of SLNB in thin melanoma, as more than one half of T1b lesions without ulceration have a low risk of positive sentinel lymph nodes.

Eyelid trichilemmal carcinoma.

Trichilemmal carcinomas are rare malignant adnexal tumors which can involve the head and, rarely, the eyelid. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation from basal cell carcinoma or trichoepithelioma are dependent on histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. We report a case of an eyelid mass, initially diagnosed by incisional biopsy as a trichoepithelioma, later found on excisional biopsy to be a trichilemmal carcinoma and present a review of the literature of the histopathology, differential diagnosis and management. Consideration of these entities will be useful to the histopathologist and clinician to better identify and treat these challenging lesions.

Diagnosis of Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Arcade of Struthers with Electromyography and Ultrasound.

Ulnar neuropathy is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve in the upper extremity, frequently occurring at the level of the elbow or wrist. Rarely, ulnar nerve entrapment may be seen proximal to the elbow. This report details a case of ulnar neuropathy diagnosed and localized to the arcade of Struthers with electromyography (EMG) and ultrasound (US) imaging and confirmed at time of operative release. US imaging and EMG findings were used to preoperatively localize the level of compression in a patient presenting with left ulnar neuropathy. In this case, ulnar entrapment 8 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle was diagnosed. Surgical release was performed and verified the level of entrapment at the arcade of Struthers in the upper arm. Alleviation of symptoms was noted at 8-week follow-up; no complications occurred. US imaging can be used in complement with EMG studies to properly diagnose and localize the level of ulnar nerve entrapment. This facilitates full release of the nerve and may prevent the need for revision surgery.

Pediatric desmoid fibromatosis of the parapharyngeal space: A case report and review of literature.

Desmoid fibromatosis, or aggressive fibromatosis, is a benign but locally infiltrative fibroblastic neoplasm arising from fascial or musculoaponeurotic tissues. Although lacking metastatic potential, head and neck fibromatosis can have significant functional or cosmetic morbidities. 7%-15% of all desmoid tumors are seen in the head and neck region, 57% of which occur in the pediatric population. The incidence of pediatric desmoid tumor peaks around age 8. Treatment of choice is complete surgical resection; however, local recurrence is common. We present a case of a 14-month-old male with an 8-cm desmoid tumor in the right parapharyngeal space and provide an overview of diagnosis and management of pediatric head and neck fibromatosis. This is the largest desmoid tumor of the parapharyngeal space in the youngest patient described in the literature.

Effects of Zeaxanthin on Growth and Invasion of Human Uveal Melanoma in Nude Mouse Model.

Uveal melanoma cells were inoculated into the choroid of nude mice and treated with or without intraocular injection of zeaxanthin. After 21 days, mice were sacrificed and the eyes enucleated. Histopathological analysis was performed in hematoxylin and eosin stained frozen sections. Melanoma developed rapidly in the control group (without treatment of zeaxanthin). Tumor-bearing eye mass and tumor mass in the control group were significantly greater than those in zeaxanthin treated group. Melanoma in the controlled eyes occupied a large part of the eye, was epithelioid in morphology, and was with numerous mitotic figures. Scleral perforation and extraocular extension were observed in half of the eyes. Melanomas in zeaxanthin treated eyes were significantly smaller with many necrosis and apoptosis areas and no extraocular extension could be found. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the tumor size was reduced by 56% in eyes treated with low dosages of zeaxanthin and 92% in eyes treatment with high dosages of zeaxanthin, as compared to the controls. This study demonstrated that zeaxanthin significantly inhibits the growth and invasion of human uveal melanoma in nude mice, suggesting that zeaxanthin may be a promising agent to be explored for the prevention and treatment of uveal melanoma.

Management of Ocular Diseases Using Lutein and Zeaxanthin: What Have We Learned from Experimental Animal Studies?

Zeaxanthin and lutein are two carotenoid pigments that concentrated in the retina, especially in the macula. The effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on the prevention and treatment of various eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and cataract, ischemic/hypoxia induced retinopathy, light damage of the retina, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, and uveitis, have been studied in different experimental animal models. In these animal models, lutein and zeaxanthin have been reported to have beneficial effects in protecting ocular tissues and cells (especially the retinal neurons) against damage caused by different etiological factors. The mechanisms responsible for these effects of lutein and zeaxanthin include prevention of phototoxic damage by absorption of blue light, reduction of oxidative stress through antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging, and their anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties. The results of these experimental animal studies may provide new preventive and therapeutic procedures for clinical management of various vision-threatening diseases.

Massive nodular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast arising simultaneously in the axilla and vulva.

The authors describe a 52-year-old woman with a history of bilateral mastectomies for macromastia caused by massive nodular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH), who presented with 2 large growths in her left axilla and groin. These masses had been increasing in size for nearly a year. When excised, the axillary mass had dimensions of 14.0 × 14.0 × 5.5 cm(3) and weighed 664 g. The groin mass was slightly smaller at 14.5 × 11.0 × 5.0 cm(3) and 518 g. Microscopic examination of both masses revealed breast tissue expanded by a hyalinized stroma with prominent slit-like pseudovascular spaces, consistent with PASH. Small incidental foci of PASH are common findings in breast excisions; however, large nodular foci are rare. Furthermore, nodular foci in accessory breast tissue are exceedingly rarer and can raise clinical concerns for malignancy. Histopathologically, PASH can be mistaken for low-grade angiosarcoma. To the authors' knowledge, the present case appears to be the first description of multiple simultaneous foci of massive nodular PASH arising in accessory breast tissue.