RESUMO
We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A memingococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis. The first trial involved 130,178 children between the ages of three months and five years; 49,295 children received the vaccine, 48,977 received a control Haemophilus influenzae Type b polysaccharide vaccine, and 31.906 remained unvaccinated. No cases of meningitis or sepsis caused by Group A meningococci were seen in the first year of observation among the children vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine whereas six occurred among those vaccinated with the H. influenzae vaccine and 13 among those not vaccinated. In the second trial 21,007 children of the same ages received the meningococcal vaccine. No cases caused by Group A occurred among those vaccinated, although five to seven would have been expected within the year. Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas , Meningite Meningocócica/prevenção & controle , Neisseria meningitidis/imunologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/análise , Vacinas Bacterianas/efeitos adversos , Pré-Escolar , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Finlândia , Haemophilus influenzae/imunologia , Humanos , Lactente , Meningite Meningocócica/epidemiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas , Haemophilus influenzae/imunologia , Meningite/prevenção & controle , Neisseria meningitidis/imunologia , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/imunologia , Fatores Etários , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/efeitos adversos , Pré-Escolar , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Finlândia , Humanos , Imunização Secundária , Lactente , VacinaçãoAssuntos
Bacteriúria/tratamento farmacológico , Nitrofurantoína/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Artrite Reumatoide/complicações , Bacteriúria/complicações , Bacteriúria/epidemiologia , Complicações do Diabetes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nitrofurantoína/efeitos adversos , Recidiva , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
A set of R (rough) mutants, in which the synthesis of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide is defective, were analyzed genetically. These same Salmonella minnesota mutants have been used extensively in biochemical studies. By combining the information from all these studies, we obtained a complete genetic description of many of these mutants. Most of them turned out to be double rfe rfa mutants in which the rfe mutation (close to ilv) accounts for inability to synthesize O-specific structures and the rfa mutation accounts for defects in the synthesis of the core and, thus, for the lipopolysaccharide chemotype. These mutants demonstrate that in S. minnesota of O group L, as well as in S. typhimurium of the O group B, the rfb gene cluster close to his determines the synthesis of the O-specific side chain of the lipopolysaccharide, and the rfa genes in a cluster close to pyrE determine the synthesis of the lipopolysaccharide core. Phosphorylation of the core is determined by a rfaP gene also in this cluster and so far identified only by these S. minnesota mutants. In addition, the rfe gene(s) close to ilv is required for O-side chain synthesis in S. minnesota but not in S. typhimurium.