RESUMO
BACKGROUND A dramatic rise in the rate of clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported in recent years. METHODS In this observational case control study, 65 patients were included and were divided into two groups of IBD + CDI as case group and IBD without CDI as control group. RESULTS 35 patients who had positive test for clostridium difficile were assigned to the case group. The control group consisted of 30 patients with negative test for clostridium difficile. Pancolitis was seen in the cases more statistically significant than the controls and proctitis was seen more among the controls than the cases (p = 0.001). The cases were on immunosuppressive (p = 0.001) and antibiotic (p = 0.02) therapy more than the controls. Colonoscopic findings revealed more severe and extensive inflammation among the cases versus milder inflammation among the controls, but these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.2). Colectomy was seen in 10% of controls and none of the cases and this difference was statistically significant (p value = 0.05). More fecal calprotectin were seen among the cases than the controls and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05) CONCLUSION This study showed more clostridium difficile infection among the patients on antibiotic or immunosuppressive therapy. Pathological investigation revealed more severe and extensive inflammation among the cases than the controls. Cases had clinically more severe signs and symptoms with higher mayo scores than the controls. ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and fecal calprotectin were higher in patients with positive clostridium difficile infection and serum albumin was lower in such patients.
RESUMO
The idea of using the colon to replace a resected esophagus has a long history. The colon has become a favored organ for esophageal reconstruction in adults with esophageal cancer when the stomach is not suitable or is unavailable. In this article, we introduce an 84-year-old woman that she had surgery 40 years ago and presented with an invasive well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of colonic origin in reconstructed esophagus.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: 30% of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) show mild, transient hyperprolactinemia. It is suggested that a reduction of the dopamine inhibitory effect might raise both prolactin and luteinizing hormone. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the adjuvant cabergoline therapy effects on menstrual irregularity and androgen system in PCOS women with hyperprolactinemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was done on 110 polycystic ovary syndrome women with increased serum prolactin concentration [1.5 fold more than normal level (>37.5 ng/ml)]. Participants were divided into two groups: Case group (n=55) treated with metformin 1gr/day and cabergoline 0.5 mg/week for 4 months and control group (n=55) treated with metformin 1g/day and placebo weekly. Testosterone, prolactin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level were measured before and four months after intervention in two groups. Also, situation of menstrual cycles asked and recorded before and after intervention. RESULTS: We found decrease in the mean of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, weight and total testosterone level in the two groups after intervention but their changes were not significant. Patients in case group showed a significant decrease in serum prolactin level before and after intervention (p<0.001), but no difference was found in control group. All patients in both studied groups had irregular menstrual cycles, which regulate after intervention and the difference was significant (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: The results showed that cabergoline can be used as a safe administration in PCOS patients with hyperprolactinemia to improve the menstrual cycles. Considering that the administration of cabergoline plus metformin may reduce the required duration and dose of metformin, patient acceptability of this approach is higher.