Superoxide-imbalance Pharmacologically Induced by Rotenone Triggers Behavioral, Neural, and Inflammatory Alterations in the Eisenia fetida Earthworm.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction and a superoxide imbalance could increase susceptibility to chronic stressful events, contributing to the establishment of chronic inflammation and the development of mood disorders. The mitochondrial superoxide imbalance induced by some molecules, such as rotenone, could be evolutionarily conserved, causing behavioral, immune, and neurological alterations in animals with a primitive central nervous system. OBJECTIVE: Behavioral, immune, and histological markers were analyzed in Eisenia fetida earthworms chronically exposed to rotenone for 14 days. METHODS: Earthworms were placed in artificial soil containing 30 nM of rotenone distributed into a plastic cup that allowed the earthworms to leave and return freely into the ground. Since these organisms prefer to be buried, the model predicted that the earthworms would necessarily have to return to the rotenone-contaminated medium, creating a stressful condition. The effect on survival behavior in the immune and histological body wall and ventral nervous ganglia (VNG) structures, as well as gene expression related to inflammation and mitochondrial and neuromuscular changes. RESULTS: Rotenone-induced loss of earthworm escape behavior and immune alterations indicated a chronic inflammatory state. Some histological changes in the body wall and VNG indicated a possible earthworm reaction aimed at protecting against rotenone. Overexpression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (nAChR α5) in neural tissues could also help earthworms reduce the degenerative effects of rotenone on dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction could be an evolutionarily conserved element that induces inflammatory and behavioral changes related to chronic stress.

Avocado oil (Persea americana) protects SH-SY5Y cells against cytotoxicity triggered by cortisol by the modulation of BDNF, oxidative stress, and apoptosis molecules.

Chronic psycho-environmental stress can induce neurological dysfunction due to an increase in cortisol levels. It is possible that some food supplements could attenuate its negative impact, such as avocado oil (AO), which is rich in fatty acids with beneficial effects on the brain. This hypothesis was tested by an in vitro model using undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) exposed to hydrocortisone (HC), an active cortisol molecule with and without AO-supplementation. Cortisol can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis events, and a lowering effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurogenic molecule. As AO protective effects on HC-exposed cells could involve these routes, some markers of these routes were compared among neuroblastoma cultures. In the first assay, the range concentrations of HC exposure that trigger cell mortality and range AO-concentrations that could revert the HC effect. AO at all concentrations tested (2-30 µg/ml) did not present a cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells, whereas HC at 0.3-10 ng/ml had a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on these cells. From these results, HC at 10 ng/ml and AO at 5 µg/ml were chosen for mechanistic analysis. AO was able to decrease the oxidative molecules; however, both AO- and HC-induced differential and varied gene expression modulation of these enzymes. AO partially reverted the protein and gene expression of apoptotic markers that were higher in HC-exposed cells. AO also increases the BDNF levels, which are lower HC-exposed cultures. The results indicate that AO could be a beneficial supplement in situations where cortisol levels are elevated, including chronic psycho-environmental stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Psychological chronic stress that induces high cortisol exposure has been linked to premature aging and decreased healthy life expectancy. Neurobiological models involving cortisol have suggested a neurotoxic effect of this molecule, increasing the risk of psychiatric and other CNTDs. This effect can have a high impact mainly in infants and elderly people. In child abuse situations, chronic cortisol exposure could induce extensive apoptosis events, causing impairment in synaptogenesis. In both age groups, chronic cortisol exposure increased the risk of psychiatric conditions, especially anxiety and major depression. However, it is possible that the negative effects associated with chronic cortisol exposure could be attenuated by some food supplements. This is the case for molecules acquired through diet, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3. As inadequate omega-3 levels in the brain can increase the risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders, it is possible to infer that some from food supplements, such as avocado oil, could attenuate the neurotoxic effects of chronic cortisol exposure. This hypothesis was tested using an exploratory in vitro protocol, and the results suggested that avocado oil could be used as a cytoprotective food supplement by decreasing the oxidative stress and apoptotic events induced by cortisol.

Lifestyle, health characteristics and alcohol abuse in young adults who are non-daily smokers / Estilo de vida, características de saúde e consumo excessivo de álcool em adultos jovens que são fumantes esporádicos

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the decline in the prevalence of tobacco use in many countries, including Brazil, there are growing numbers of smokers who continue to smoke at a low daily rate, or less frequently (non-daily smokers). This group needs to be better characterized in order to direct preventive actions and public health policies. The aim here was to compare lifestyle, health characteristics and alcoholism problems among young adult smokers, non-daily smokers and non-smokers. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study in which volunteers from the university community and its surrounds in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were included between October 2007 and January 2008. METHODS: Out of 1240 volunteers initially contacted in a university cafeteria, a total of 728 participants of mean age 22.45 ± 3.32 years were selected for final analysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: In general, it was observed that the non-daily smokers showed intermediate characteristics in relation to the smokers and non-smokers. However, there was a significant association between non-daily smoking and alcohol abuse. The non-daily smokers presented an odds ratio of 2.4 (95 percent confidence interval: 1.10-5.48) in relation to the daily smokers and an odds ratio of 3.3 (confidence interval: 1.7-6.5) in relation to the non-smokers, with regard to presenting a positive CAGE test, thereby indicating alcohol abuse or dependence. CONCLUSION: The study suggested that non-daily smoking and alcohol consumption were concomitant behaviors.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Apesar do declínio na prevalência do tabagismo em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil, existe um número crescente de fumantes que continua a fumar em baixa quantidade diária ou com menor frequência (fumantes esporádicos). Esse grupo precisa ser mais bem caracterizado para que se possa direcionar ações preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. O objetivo foi comparar o estilo de vida, características de saúde e problemas de alcoolismo entre fumantes, fumantes esporádicos e não fumantes entre adultos jovens. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em que se incluíram voluntários da comunidade universitária e do seu entorno entre outubro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008 em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: A partir de um contato inicial com 1.240 voluntários numa cafeteria universitária, 728 participantes com idade média de 22.45 ± 3.32 anos foram selecionados para análise final. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário estruturado. RESULTADOS: Em geral, foi observado que os fumantes esporádicos apresentaram características intermediárias em relação aos fumantes e não fumantes. Entretanto, foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre fumo esporádico e abuso de álcool. Os fumantes esporádicos apresentaram uma razão de chance de 2,4 vezes (intervalo de confiança de 1,10-5,48) em relação aos fumantes diários e uma razão de chance de 3,3 (intervalo de confiança de 1,7-6,5) em relação aos não fumantes de apresentar um teste CAGE positivo indicador de abuso ou dependência de álcool. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo sugere que o tabagismo esporádico e o consumo de álcool são comportamentos concomitantes.

Dinamic balance, lifestyle and emotional states in young adults.

UNLABELLED: A one hypothesis to explain some vestibular peripheral disorders is their association with life style. Thus, studies with young adults are relevant. AIM: to analyze the prevalence of dynamic balance alterations in young adults and their possible association with life style variables, health and negative emotional states (since they can impact the outcome). MATERIALS AND METHODS: we carried out a non-probabilistic cross-sectional, clinical-retrospective study with young adults (18-32 years of age) from a university with 751 individuals, with a mean age of 22.45+/- 3.32 years. Life style, health and negative emotional states (NES) variables - depression, stress and anxiety, were collected by means of an interview. The Unterberger test was used in order to check for indications of dynamic balance alterations. Individuals with altered dynamic balance (ADB) were compared to those without these alterations (controls). RESULTS: From our sample, 642 (83.6%) had less than 45 masculine of deviation, while 109 (14.2%) had greater than 45 masculine deviation and were the considered with ADB. The ADB group had a greater prevalence of smoking, alcohol abuse/dependence, high blood pressure and NES. CONCLUSION: the study highlights the occurrence of ADB which needs to be corroborated in future studies.

Equilíbrio dinâmico, estilo de vida e estados emocionais em adultos jovens / Dinamic balance, lifestyle and emotional states in young adults

A one hypothesis to explain some vestibular peripheral disorders is their association with life style. Thus, studies with young adults are relevant. AIM: to analyze the prevalence of dynamic balance alterations in young adults and their possible association with life style variables, health and negative emotional states (since they can impact the outcome). MATERIALS AND METHODS: we carried out a non-probabilistic cross-sectional, clinical-retrospective study with young adults (18-32 years of age) from a university with 751 individuals, with a mean age of 22.45± 3.32 years. Life style, health and negative emotional states (NES) variables - depression, stress and anxiety, were collected by means of an interview. The Unterberger test was used in order to check for indications of dynamic balance alterations. Individuals with altered dynamic balance (ADB) were compared to those without these alterations (controls). RESULTS: From our sample, 642 (83.6 percent) had less than 45º of deviation, while 109 (14.2 percent) had greater than 45º deviation and were the considered with ADB. The ADB group had a greater prevalence of smoking, alcohol abuse/dependence, high blood pressure and NES. CONCLUSION: the study highlights the occurrence of ADB which needs to be corroborated in future studies

Uma hipótese para explicar algumas desordens periféricas vestibulares seria sua correlação com variáveis do estilo de vida. Assim, a realização de estudos populacionais sobre o tema em adultos jovens é relevante. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a prevalência de indicação de alterações no equilíbrio dinâmico em adultos jovens e sua possível associação com variáveis do estilo de vida, saúde e estados emocionais negativos (pois podem intervir nos resultados). MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal, não-probabilístico, retrospectivo-clínico, em adultos jovens (18-32 anos) de uma comunidade universitária com 751 indivíduos, com média de 22.45± 3.32 anos. Variáveis do estilo de vida, saúde e estados emocionais negativos (EEN), que são depressão, ansiedade e estresse, foram coletadas via entrevista. Teste de Unterberger foi aplicado para averiguar indicação de alteração no equilíbrio dinâmico. Indivíduos com equilíbrio dinâmico alterado (EDA) foram então comparados com os sem alteração (controle). RESULTADOS: Da amostra 642 (83.6 por cento) desviaram menos que 45º enquanto que 109 (14.2 por cento) apresentaram um desvio maior que 45º sendo então considerados o grupo EDA. O grupo EDA apresentou maior prevalência de tabagismo, abuso/dependência de álcool, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e de EEN. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo destaca a ocorrência de EDA que precisa ser comprovado em estudos futuros

Lifestyle, health characteristics and alcohol abuse in young adults who are non-daily smokers.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the decline in the prevalence of tobacco use in many countries, including Brazil, there are growing numbers of smokers who continue to smoke at a low daily rate, or less frequently (non-daily smokers). This group needs to be better characterized in order to direct preventive actions and public health policies. The aim here was to compare lifestyle, health characteristics and alcoholism problems among young adult smokers, non-daily smokers and non-smokers. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study in which volunteers from the university community and its surrounds in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were included between October 2007 and January 2008. METHODS: Out of 1240 volunteers initially contacted in a university cafeteria, a total of 728 participants of mean age 22.45 ± 3.32 years were selected for final analysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: In general, it was observed that the non-daily smokers showed intermediate characteristics in relation to the smokers and non-smokers. However, there was a significant association between non-daily smoking and alcohol abuse. The non-daily smokers presented an odds ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.10-5.48) in relation to the daily smokers and an odds ratio of 3.3 (confidence interval: 1.7-6.5) in relation to the non-smokers, with regard to presenting a positive CAGE test, thereby indicating alcohol abuse or dependence. CONCLUSION: The study suggested that non-daily smoking and alcohol consumption were concomitant behaviors.