Choline chloride/urea as a green and efficient deep eutectic solvent in three-component and four-component synthesis of novel pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives with antibacterial and antifungal activity.

In this study, choline chloride/urea was used as a green deep eutectic solvent in the three-component reaction of hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives, and in the four-component reaction of methyl/ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. Elemental analysis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives. The antimicrobial effects of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives were investigated. In antimicrobial tests, instructions from clinical and laboratory standards institutes were used. Antimicrobial study was done on pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative species, and specialized aquatic strains and fungal species. Using choline chloride/urea, novel pyrazole derivatives and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized, and other derivatives were synthesized with higher efficiency in less time than some previously reported methods. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) obtained for derivatives were higher than some antibiotic drugs. Synthesis and reports of new derivatives of pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole, and investigation and reports of their antimicrobial properties on gram-positive, gram-negative, and specialized aquatic and fungal species are among the novel and important findings of this study.

Qualitative study on barriers and coping strategies for dental care in autistic children: Parents' perspective.

BACKGROUND: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) face challenges in home oral care, accessing a dentist and accepting dental treatment. AIM: To determine the barriers to dental care for autistic children in Singapore through the experiences and opinions of their parents. DESIGN: A qualitative exploratory approach comprising semistructured interviews and a focus group discussion was used. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded into themes using NVivo 12 software. RESULTS: Participants were 23 parents of autistic children aged 3-12 years. The following barriers were identified: (1) Sensory, physical and parental knowledge issues are related to toothbrushing difficulties and use of nonoptimally fluoridated toothpaste in autistic children. (2) Accessing dental services was hindered by a lack of parental knowledge on the importance of an early dental home, parental apprehension about the child's acceptance of dental care, lack of information on specialised dentists and perceived high cost of dental visits. Parental suggestions for improvements included understanding the child's sensory profile, more information on finding a suitable dentist and subsidisation of costs for multiple acclimatisation visits. CONCLUSION: Caregivers' education, information about specialised dentists and the availability of specific dental care resources for autistic children in Singapore are needed for optimising their dental care.

Occupational and speech therapists' perceptions of their role in dental care for children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative exploration.

BACKGROUND: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have challenges in home oral care, accessing a dentist and accepting dental treatment. Occupational therapists (OTs) and speech therapists (STs) are likely to be involved earlier in managing communication, behavioural and sensory processing issues. AIM: To determine perceived issues, barriers and potential solutions to dental care for children with ASD in Singapore from the perspective of OTs and STs. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion involving OTs and STs who treat children with ASD were conducted. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded into themes using the NVivo 12 software. RESULTS: Emergent themes indicated that: (i) OTs and STs have important roles in recognition of issues with toothbrushing, oral pathology and harmful oral habits; (ii) OTs and STs were able to identify reasons for difficulties in oral home care for children with ASD and offer helpful strategies; and (iii) OTs and STs can play a role in pre-dental visit preparations but lack a clear dental referral pathway. CONCLUSIONS: OTs and STs exclusively assist in the early identification and referrals of children with ASD to the dentist. Interprofessional collaboration with dentists should be further explored to aid in the provision of preventive dental advice.