Vilazodone Alleviates Neurogenesis-Induced Anxiety in the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Female Rat Model: Role of Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling.

Defective ß-catenin signaling is accompanied with compensatory neurogenesis process that may pave to anxiety. ß-Catenin has a distinct role in alleviating anxiety in adolescence; however, it undergoes degradation by the degradation complex Axin and APC. Vilazodone (VZ) is a fast, effective antidepressant with SSRI activity and 5-HT1A partial agonism that amends somatic and/or psychic symptoms of anxiety. Yet, there is no data about anxiolytic effect of VZ on anxiety-related neurogenesis provoked by stress-reduced ß-catenin signaling. Furthermore, females have specific susceptibility toward psychopathology. The aim of the present study is to uncover the molecular mechanism of VZ relative to Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in female rats. Stress-induced anxiety was conducted by subjecting the rats to different stressful stimuli for 21 days. On the 15th day, stressed rats were treated with VZ(10 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or concomitant with the Wnt inhibitor: XAV939 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Anxious rats showed low ß-catenin level turned over by Axin-1 with unanticipated reduction of APC pursued with elevated protein levels of neurogenesis-stimulating proteins: c-Myc and pThr183-Erk likewise gene expressions of miR-17-5p and miR-18. Two weeks of VZ treatment showed anxiolytic effect figured by alleviation of hippocampal histological examination. VZ protected ß-catenin signal via reduction in Axin-1 and elevation of APC conjugated with modulation of ß-catenin downstream targets. The cytoplasmic ß-catenin turnover by Axin-1 was restored by XAV939. Herein, VZ showed anti-anxiety effect, which may be in part through regaining the balance of the reduced ß-catenin and its subsequent exaggerated response of p-Erk, c-Myc, Dicer-1, miR-17-5p, and miR-18.

Sulforaphane's role in Redefining autophagic Responses in depression associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome: Unveiling the SIRT1/AMPK/LKB1 pathway connection.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with depression and suicidal ideations in females. Studies have highlighted the role of autophagic deficiency in depression pathogenesis. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural product that improved autophagic deficiency and showed antidepressant activity in depressed patients. Herein, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of using SFN on depression-associated with PCOS via hippocampal energy sensors and cellular bioenergetics. PCOS was induced by administering letrozole (1 mg/kg, p. o.) for 21 days, followed by SFN treatment (0.5 mg/kg, i. p.) for one week. Two days before euthanasia, PCOS rats showed anhedonic behavior in the sucrose preference test and increased immobility time in the forced swimming test. Depressed rats showed a reduction in nuclear SIRT1 and an elevated cytoplasmic one. This was associated with a reduction in phosphorylation of energy sensors, liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), along with an imbalance of autophagic markers such as Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein I/II light chain 3, autophagy enzyme 7 and selective autophagy receptor P62. Additionally, Nrf2 and KEAP1 levels were decreased. These abnormalities were alleviated by SFN treatment, as evidenced by the nuclear translocation of SIRT1 and the repression of downstream proteins, including FOXO1, NF-κB, and TNF-α production. These changes were reflected in improved behavioral performance in the sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST). The antidepressant effects of SFN were counteracted by an autophagic inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. Eventually, SFN, as a nutraceutical, has a promising antidepressant effect via restoring autophagic-related depression in the PCOS rat model.

Influence of ß-catenin signaling on neurogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders: Anxiety and depression.

It has been proven that stress, mainly in the early years of life, can lead to anxiety and mood problems. Current treatments for psychiatric disorders are not enough, and some of them show intolerable side effects, emphasizing the urgent need for new treatment targets. Hence, a better understanding of the different brain networks, which are involved in the response to anxiety and depression, may evoke treatments with more specific targets. One of these targets is ß-catenin that regulates brain circuits. ß-Catenin has a dual response toward stress, which may influence coping or vulnerability to stress response. Indeed, ß-catenin signaling involves several processes such as inflammation-directed brain repair, inflammation-induced brain damage, and neurogenesis. Interestingly, ß-catenin reduction is accompanied by low neurogenesis, which leads to anxiety and depression. However, in another state, this reduction activates a compensatory mechanism that enhances neurogenesis to protect against depression but may precipitate anxiety. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of ß-catenin could enhance our knowledge about anxiety and depression's pathophysiology, potentially improving clinical results by targeting it. Herein, the different states of ß-catenin were discussed, shedding light on possible drugs that showed action on psychiatric disorders through ß-catenin.

The preferential effect of Clemastine on F3/Contactin-1/Notch-1 compared to Jagged-1/Notch-1 justifies its remyelinating effect in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis in rats.

Clemastine (CLM) is repurposed to enhance remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. CLM blocks histamine and muscarinic receptors as negative regulators to oligodendrocyte differentiation. These receptors are linked to the canonical and non-canonical Notch-1 signaling via specific ligands; Jagged-1 and F3/Contactin-1, respectively. Yet, there are no previous studies showing the influence of CLM on Notch entities. Herein, the study aimed to investigate to which extent CLM aligns to one of the two Notch-1 arms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model. Three groups were utilized where first group received vehicles. The second group was injected by spinal cord homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0 and 7. In the third group, CLM (5 mg/kg/day; p.o) was administered for 15 days starting from the day of the first immunization. CLM ameliorated EAE-associated motor and gripping impairment in rotarod, open-field, and grip strength arena beside sensory anomalies in hot plate, cold allodynia, and mechanical Randall-Selitto tests. Additionally, CLM alleviated depressive mood observed in tail suspension test. These findings harmonized with histopathological examinations of Luxol-fast blue stain together with enhanced immunostaining of myelin basic protein and oligodendrocyte lineage gene 2 in corpus callosum and spinal cord. Additionally, CLM enhanced oligodendrocyte myelination and maturation by increasing 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, proteolipid protein, aspartoacylase as well. CLM restored the level of F3/Contactin-1 in the diseased rats over Jagged-1 level; the ligand of the canonical pathway. This was accompanied by elevated gene expression of Deltex-1 and reduced hairy and enhancer-of-split homologs 1 and 5. Additionally, CLM suppressed microglial and astrocyte activation via reducing the expression of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. These results outlined the remyelinating beneficence of CLM which could be due to augmenting the non-canonical Notch-1 signaling over the canonical one.

Novel quinazolinone Derivatives: Design, synthesis and in vivo evaluation as potential agents targeting Alzheimer disease.

Since Alzheimer disease is one of the most prevalent types of dementia with a high mortality and disability rate, so development of multi-target drugs becomes the major strategy for battling AD. This study shows the development of a series of quinazolinone based derivatives as novel, multifunctional anti-AD drugs that exhibit both cholinesterase inhibitoryand anti-inflammatory properties. The preliminary results of the in vitro AChE inhibition activity showed that compounds 4b, 5a, 6f, 6h and 7b were better represented for further evaluation. Furthermore, in-vivo AChE inhibition activity and behavior Morris water maze test against donepezil as reference drug were evaluated. Additionally, hippocampal inflammatory markers; TNF-α, NFĸB, IL-1ß and IL-6 and antioxidant markers; SOD and MDA were assessed to evaluate the efficacy of quinazolinone derivatives against AD hallmarks. The results showed that 6f, 6h and 7b have promising anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities thus, have a significant effect in treatment of AD. Moreover, Histopathological examination revealed that 6f, 6h and 7b derivatives have neuroprotective effect against neuronal damage caused by induced scopolamine model in mice. Finally, the binding ability of the synthesized derivatives to the target, AChE was investigated through molecular docking which reflected significant interactions to the target based on their docking binding scores. Hence, the newly designed quinazolinone derivatives possess promising anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and challenging for the management of AD in the future.

Preclinical Evidence for the Role of the Yin/Yang Angiotensin System Components in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Therapeutic Target of Astaxanthin.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is emerging with an unclear etiology, hindering effective therapeutic interventions. Recent studies suggest potential renin-angiotensin system (RAS) alterations in different neurological pathologies. However, its implications in ASD are unexplored. This research fulfills the critical gap by investigating dual arms of RAS and their interplay with Notch signaling in ASD, using a valproic acid (VPA) model and assessing astaxanthin's (AST) modulatory impacts. Experimentally, male pups from pregnant rats receiving either saline or VPA on gestation day 12.5 were divided into control and VPA groups, with subsequent AST treatment in a subset (postnatal days 34-58). Behavioral analyses, histopathological investigations, and electron microscopy provided insights into the neurobehavioral and structural changes induced by AST. Molecular investigations of male pups' cortices revealed that AST outweighs the protective RAS elements with the inhibition of the detrimental arm. This established the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory axes of RAS (ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR) in the ASD context. The results showed that AST's normalization of RAS components and Notch signaling underscore a novel therapeutic avenue in ASD, impacting neuronal integrity and behavioral outcomes. These findings affirm the integral role of RAS in ASD and highlight AST's potential as a promising treatment intervention, inviting further neurological research implications.

Nano-crystallization of flubendazole for enhanced dissolution rate and improved in vivo efficacy against Trichinella spiralis.

The aim was to enhance the dissolution rate and in vivo efficacy of flubendazole against trichinella spiralis. Flubendazole nanocrystals were developed by controlled anti-solvent recrystallization. Saturated flubendazole solution was prepared in DMSO. This was injected into phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing Aerosil 200, Poloxamer 407 or sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) while mixing using paddle mixer. The developed crystals were separated from DMSO/aqueous system by centrifugation. The crystals were characterized using DSC, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The crystals were suspended in Poloxamer 407 solution and dissolution rate was monitored. Optimal formulation was administered to Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Administration protocol attacked the parasite in intestinal, migrating and encysted phases. The crystals were spherical nanosized with formulation employing 0.2% Poloxamer 407 as stabilizer being optimum with size of 743.1 nm. DSC and X-ray supported particle size reduction with partial amorphization. Optimal formulation showed fast dissolution to deliver 83.1% after 5 min. Nanocrystals provided complete eradication of intestinal Trichinella and reduced larval count by 90.27 and 85.76% in migrating and encysted phases compared with marginal effect in case of unprocessed flubendazole. The efficacy was clearer from improved histopathological features of the muscles. The study introduced nano-crystallization for enhanced dissolution and in vivo efficacy of flubendazole.

Dapagliflozin modulates neuronal injury via instigation of LKB1/p-AMPK/GABAB R2 signaling pathway and suppression of the inflammatory cascade in an essential tremor rat model.

BACKGROUND: However, disturbances in cellular energy demarcate neuronal hyperexcitability in essential tremor (ET); nevertheless, no available data relates energy sensors and GABAergic neurotransmission in ET. Noteworthy, reports have asserted dapagliflozin's (DAPA) role in enhancing autophagic sensors in other disorders. Herein, this study aims to investigate DAPA's impact on the GABAB receptor subunit (GABAB R2), notwithstanding the GABA A involvement, in an ET model. METHODS: ET was induced by a single dose of harmaline (30 mg/kg; i.p.), while DAPA (1 mg/kg/day; p.o.) was given for 5 days before ET induction. The autophagic sensors were examined by injecting a single dose of dorsomorphin (DORSO) AMPK inhibitor (0.2 mg/kg; i.p.) on the 5th day before ET induction. RESULTS: DAPA decreased the HAR-induced tremor score and alleviated motor disabilities observed in the open field, rotarod, wire grip strength, and gait kinematics confirmed by reduced electrical activity in electroencephalogram. In the cerebella, DAPA curbed HAR-evoked inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic markers, and glutamate while restoring the disturbed GABA, BDNF, LKB1, p-AMPK, and GABAB R2 levels. DAPA's effect was mostly obliterated by DORSO. CONCLUSION: DAPA offers a potential neuroprotective effect in ET by augmenting the neuronal inhibitory machinery via suppressing the inflammatory and excitotoxicity systems through LKB1/p-AMPK/GABAB R2 signaling.

Modulation of p38 MAPK and Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis outline the anti-neuroinflammatory and remyelinating characters of Clemastine in EAE rat model.

There is vast evidence for the effect of NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Clemastine (CLM) targets NLRP3 in hypoxic brain injury and promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation. However, no previous study pointed to the link of CLM with inflammasome components in MS. Herein, the study aimed to verify the action of CLM on NLRP3 signaling in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an MS rat model. Homogenate of spinal cord with complete Freund's adjuvant was administered on days 0 and 7 to induce EAE. Rats received either CLM (5 mg/kg/day; p.o.) or MCC950 (2.5 mg/kg/day; i.p) for 15 days starting from the first immunization day. In EAEs' brains, NLRP3 pathway components; total and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), caspase-1, interleukins 1ß and -18 along with pyroptotic marker; gasdermin D (GSDMD) were upregulated. These were accompanied with diminished nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and total antioxidant capacity levels. CLM improved these perturbations as well as signs of MS; weight loss, clinical scores, and motor disorders observed in the open field, hanging wire and rotarod tests. Histopathological examinations revealed improvement in H&E abnormalities and axonal demyelination as shown by luxol fast blue stain in lumbar sections of spinal cord. These CLM's actions were studied in comparison to MCC950 as a well-established selective blocker of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusively, CLM has a protective role against neuroinflammation and demyelination in EAE via its anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptotic actions.

Boosting amygdaloid GABAergic and neurotrophic machinery via dapagliflozin-enhanced LKB1/AMPK signaling in anxious demented rats.

Anxiety is a neuropsychiatric disturbance that is commonly manifested in various dementia forms involving Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms underlying AD-associated anxiety haven't clearly recognized the role of energy metabolism in anxiety represented by the amygdala's autophagic sensors; liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK). Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a SGLT2 inhibitor, acts as an autophagic activator through LKB1 activation in several diseases including AD. Herein, the propitious yet undetected anxiolytic potential of DAPA as an autophagic enhancer was investigated in AD animal model with emphasis on amygdala's GABAergic neurotransmission and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Alzheimer's disease was induced by ovariectomy (OVX) along with seventy-days-D-galactose (D-Gal) administration (150 mg/kg/day, i.p). On the 43rd day of D-Gal injection, OVX/D-Gal-subjected rats received DAPA (1 mg/kg/day, p.o) alone or with dorsomorphin the AMPK inhibitor (DORSO, 25 µg/rat, i.v.). In the amygdala, LKB1/AMPK were activated by DAPA inducing GABAB2 receptor stimulation; an effect that was abrogated by DORSO. Dapagliflozin also replenished the amygdala GABA, NE, and 5-HT levels along with glutamate suppression. Moreover, DAPA triggered BDNF production with consequent activation of its receptor, TrkB through activating GABAB2-related downstream phospholipase C/diacylglycerol/protein kinase C (PLC/DAG/PKC) signaling. This may promote GABAA expression, verifying the crosstalk between GABAA and GABAB2. The DAPA's anxiolytic effect was visualized by improved behavioral traits in elevated plus maze together with amendment of amygdala' histopathological abnormalities. Thus, the present study highlighted DAPA's anxiolytic effect which was attributed to GABAB2 activation and its function to induce BDNF/TrkB and GABAA expression through PLC/DAG/PKC pathway in AMPK-dependent manner.

Dapagliflozin as an autophagic enhancer via LKB1/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in ovariectomized/D-galactose Alzheimer's rat model.

Autophagy and mitochondrial deficits are characteristics of early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have been nominated as a promising class against AD hallmarks. However, there are no available data yet to discuss the impact of gliflozins on autophagic pathways in AD. Peripherally, dapagliflozin's (DAPA) effect is mostly owed to autophagic signals. Thus, the goal of this study is to screen the power of DAPA centrally on LKB1/AMPK/SIRT1/mTOR signaling in the ovariectomized/D-galactose (OVX/D-Gal) rat model. Animals were arbitrarily distributed between 5 groups; the first group undergone sham operation, while remaining groups undergone OVX followed by D-Gal (150 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 70 days. After 6 weeks, the third, fourth, and fifth groups received DAPA (1 mg/kg/day; p.o.); concomitantly with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (DORSO, 25 µg/rat, i.v.) in the fourth group and the SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 (10 µg/rat, i.v.) in the fifth group. DAPA mitigated cognitive deficits of OVX/D-Gal rats, as mirrored in neurobehavioral task with hippocampal histopathological examination and immunohistochemical aggregates of p-Tau. The neuroprotective effect of DAPA was manifested by elevation of energy sensors; AMP/ATP ratio and LKB1/AMPK protein expressions along with autophagic markers; SIRT1, Beclin1, and LC3B expressions. Downstream the latter, DAPA boosted mTOR and mitochondrial function; TFAM, in contrary lessened BACE1. Herein, DORSO or EX-527 co-administration prohibited DAPA's actions where DORSO elucidated DAPA's direct effect on LKB1 while EX-527 mirrored its indirect effect on SIRT1. Therefore, DAPA implied its anti-AD effect, at least in part, via boosting hippocampal LKB1/AMPK/SIRT1/mTOR signaling in OVX/D-Gal rat model.

Experimental Evidence for Diiodohydroxyquinoline-Induced Neurotoxicity: Characterization of Age and Gender as Predisposing Factors.

Though quinoline anti-infective agents-associated neurotoxicity has been reported in the early 1970s, it only recently received regulatory recognition. In 2019, the European Medicines Agency enforced strict use for quinoline antibiotics. Thus, the current study evaluates the relation between subacute exposure to diiodohydroxyquinoline (DHQ), a commonly misused amebicide, with the development of motor and sensory abnormalities, highlighting age and gender as possible predisposing factors. Eighty rats were randomly assigned to eight groups according to their gender, age, and drug exposure; namely, four control groups received saline (adult male, adult female, young male, and young female), and the other four groups received DHQ. Young and adult rats received DHQ in doses of 176.7 and 247.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. After 4 weeks, rats were tested for sensory abnormality using analgesiometer, hot plate, and hind paw cold allodynia tests, and for motor function using open field and rotarod tests. Herein, the complex behavioral data were analyzed by principal component analysis to reduce the high number of variables to a lower number of representative factors that extracted components related to sensory, motor, and anxiety-like behavior. Behavioral outcomes were reflected in a histopathological examination of the cerebral cortex, striatum, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve, which revealed degenerative changes as well demyelination. Noteworthy, young female rats were more susceptible to DHQ's toxicity than their counterparts. Taken together, these findings confirm previous safety concerns regarding quinoline-associated neurotoxicity and provide an impetus to review risk/benefit balance for their use.

Role of PI3K/Akt axis in mitigating hippocampal ischemia-reperfusion injury via CB1 receptor stimulation by paracetamol and FAAH inhibitor in rat.

AIMS: Acetaminophen or paracetamol (PAR), the recommended antipyretic in COVID-19 and clinically used to alleviate stroke-associated hyperthermia interestingly activates cannabinoid receptor (CB1) through its AM404 metabolite, however, to date, no study reports the in vivo activation of PAR/AM404/CB1 axis in stroke. The current study deciphers the neuroprotective effect off PAR in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) rat model and unmasks its link with AM404/CB1/PI3K/Akt axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animals were allocated into 5 groups: (I) sham-operated (SO), (II) IR, (III) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg), (IV) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg) + URB597; anandamide degradation inhibitor (0.3 mg/kg) and (V) IR + PAR (100 mg/kg) + AM4113; CB1 Blocker (5 mg/kg). All drugs were intraperitoneally administered at the inception of the reperfusion period. KEY FINDINGS: PAR administration alleviated the cognitive impairment in the Morris Water Maze as well as hippocampal histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of GFAP. The PAR signaling was associated with elevation of anandamide level, CB1 receptor expression and survival proteins as pS473-Akt. P(tyr202/thr204)-ERK1/2 and pS9-GSK3ß. Simultaneously, PAR increased hippocampal BDNF and ß-arrestin1 levels and decreased glutamate level. PAR restores the deranged redox milieu induced by IR Injury, by reducing lipid peroxides, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB and increasing NPSH, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and Nrf2 levels. The pre-administration of AM4113 reversed PAR effects, while URB597 potentiated them. SIGNIFICANCE: PAR poses a significant neuroprotective effect which may be mediated, at least in part, via activation of anandamide/CB1/PI3K/Akt pathway in the IR rat model.

Sesquiterpene lactones; Damsin and neoambrosin suppress cytokine-mediated inflammation in complete Freund's adjuvant rat model via shutting Akt/ERK1/2/STAT3 signaling.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIAL RELEVANCE: Although Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) is traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and diuretic, the biological activity and mechanism of action of its major constituents are to be elucidated. AIM: to decipher the anti-arthritic potential of damsin (DMS) and neoambrosin (NMS) and to unfold their molecular signaling in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the right hind paw was inoculated with CFA (0.1 ml) at day 0 and 7 while treatments were started from the 14th day and continued for 2 weeks. Rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups; normal group (NRML), CFA-induced arthritis group, CFA-induced arthritis treated with DMS and NMS (10 mg/kg/day) as 3rd and 4th group; respectively. RESULTS: Throughout experimental period, treatments ameliorated the increase of paw volume, knee joint diameter and nociception tests as reflected in open field arena. Also, DSM and NMS suppressed phosphorylation of Akt, STAT-3, ERK1/2 which was further mirrored by inactivation of GSK3ß and downregulation of MCP-1 together with CCN1 and NF-kß in hind paw tissue. Concomitantly, inflammation markers; TNF-α, IL-6, -12 were lowered as confirmed microscopically during examination of hind paw tissue. CONCLUSION: DSM and NMS-induced suppression of NF-kß subdues clinical features of RA most probably through repression of Akt/ERK1/2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, DMS and NMS can serve as safe and effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, one of the most disabling chronic, inflammatory and painful autoimmune disease.

Immunomodulatory effect of diallyl sulfide on experimentally-induced benign prostate hyperplasia via the suppression of CD4+T/IL-17 and TGF-ß1/ERK pathways.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate common in older men. Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a major component of garlic, has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. However, the underlying protective immunomodulatory mechanism of DAS on BPH remains vague. Herein, experimental BPH was induced in rats by daily subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (TP) (3 mg/kg, s.c.) for 4 weeks. In parallel, finasteride (Fin) (5 mg/kg, p.o) or DAS (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered orally during BPH induction. TP-induced histological alterations and the immune-inflammatory cascade. On the other hand, DAS or Fin administration alleviated all abnormalities induced testosterone. Fin and DAS administration markedly reduced prostate weight by 53% with Fin, and by 60% with DAS. Moreover, serum testosterone and DHT were reduced by 55% and 52%, respectively, with Fin and by 68% and 75%, respectively, with DAS, in concordance with decreased protein expression of androgen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Furthermore, both regime lessen immune-inflammatory milieu, as evidenced by decrease CD4+ T-cells protein expression and associated inflammatory cytokines. Concomitantly, Fin and DAS exhibited marked mitigation in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-ß1), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling. Besides alleviating oxidative stress by 53% and 68% in prostatic MDA and by 27% and 7% in prostatic iNOS with Fin and DAS, respectively. In conclusion, this work highlighted a potential therapeutic approach of DAS as a dietary preventive agent against BPH via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect along with suppression of the ERK pathway.

Vildagliptin Attenuates Huntington's Disease through Activation of GLP-1 Receptor/PI3K/Akt/BDNF Pathway in 3-Nitropropionic Acid Rat Model.

Vildagliptin (Vilda), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, has been highlighted as a promising therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Vilda's effect is mostly linked to PI3K/Akt signaling in CNS. Moreover, PI3K/Akt activation reportedly enhanced survival and dampened progression of Huntington's disease (HD). However, Vilda's role in HD is yet to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of the study is to uncover the potentiality of Vilda in HD and unfold its link with PI3K/Akt pathway in 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) rat model. Rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups; group 1 received saline, whereas, groups 2, 3 and 4 received 3NP (10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) for 14 days, concomitantly with Vilda (5 mg/kg/day; p.o.) in groups 3 and 4, and wortmannin (WM), a PI3K inhibitor, (15 µg/kg/day; i.v.) in group 4. Vilda improved cognitive and motor perturbations induced by 3NP, as confirmed by striatal histopathological specimens and immunohistochemical examination of GFAP. The molecular signaling of Vilda was estimated by elevation of GLP-1 level and protein expressions of survival proteins; p85/p55 (pY458/199)-PI3K, pS473-Akt. Together, it boosted striatal neurotrophic factors and receptor; pS133-CREB, BDNF, pY515-TrKB, which subsequently maintained mitochondrial integrity, as indicated by enhancing both SDH and COX activities, and the redox modulators; Sirt1, Nrf2. Such neuroprotection restored imbalance of neurotransmitters through increasing GABA and suppressing glutamate as well PDE10A. These effects were reversed by WM pre-administration. In conclusion, Vilda purveyed significant anti-Huntington effect which may be mediated, at least in part, via activation of GLP-1/PI3K/Akt pathway in 3NP rat model.

Stimulation of ACE2/ANG(1-7)/Mas Axis by Diminazene Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease in the D-Galactose-Ovariectomized Rat Model: Role of PI3K/Akt Pathway.

Overactivation of angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin 2/angiotensin receptor-1 (ACE/Ang2/AT1) axis provokes amyloid-ß-induced apoptosis and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, activation of AT1 impairs the survival pathway phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt). Interestingly, the coupling between ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis and PI3K/Akt activation opposes AT1-induced apoptosis. However, the effect of in vivo stimulation of MasR against AD and its correlation to PI3K/Akt is not yet elucidated. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between PI3K/Akt pathway and the activation of ACE2/MasR in the AD model of D-galactose-ovariectomized rats. AD features were induced following 8-week injection of D-galactose (150 mg/kg, i.p.) in ovariectomized female rats. The ACE2 activator dimenazine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was daily administered for 2 months. DIZE administration boosted the hippocampal expression of ACE2 and Mas receptors while suppressing AT1 receptor. Notably, dimenazine enhanced the expression of phosphorylated survival factors (PI3K, Akt, signal transducer, and activator of transcription-3) and neuroplasticity proteins such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor along with nicotinic and glutamatergic receptors. Such effects were accompanied by suppressing phosphorylated tau and glycogen synthase kinase3ß along with caspase-3, cytochrome-c, nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein contents. Dimenazine ameliorated the histopathological damage observed in D-galactose-ovariectomized rats and improved their learning and recognition memory in Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. In conclusion, dimenazine-induced stimulation of ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis subdues cognitive deficits in AD most probably through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.