A Worsening Cough: An Unusual Presentation of Malignant Mesothelioma.

Localized malignant pleural mesothelioma (LMPM) is a rare cancer with poor survival rates. Often affecting males with asbestos exposure, we report a case of a 56-year-old female with no history of occupational exposure presenting with a worsening cough. A radiological examination revealed left pleural effusion and pleural thickening. Cytological and pathological reports of pleural samples were consistent with malignant mesothelioma of epithelioid type, with the histological examination via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) consistent with a clear cell epithelioid mesothelioma. We discuss the rapid presentation of the disease with emphasis on considering the disease in young patients with no prior asbestos exposure.

Severe tracheomalacia in the ICU: identification of diagnostic criteria and risk factor analysis from a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Severe tracheomalacia (STM) is being increasingly recognized as a cause for respiratory failure in the ICU. The diagnosis is often overlooked, as chest radiography appears normal, and the role of invasive diagnostic testing for this diagnosis is not well described in the ICU setting. The prevalence and risk factors for STM are not known, and computed tomography (CT) based diagnostic criteria for ventilated patients are not well studied. METHODS: Patients admitted between January 2008 and December 2010, with respiratory failure and who failed ventilator discontinuation or required reintubation, were screened for the presence of any tracheal collapse, utilizing prior CT of the chest. Bronchoscopically confirmed cases were compared with age and sex matched controls to identify risk factors. RESULTS: Twenty-five subjects were identified as having STM, which represented 0.7% of ICU admissions and 1.6% of subjects with respiratory failure. The mean ICU stay was significantly longer in STM (30 d, 95% CI 19.7-40 d), compared to controls (4.4 d, 95% CI 3.6-5.2 d). Obesity (odds ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.54) and gastro-esophageal reflux (odds ratio 31, 1.7- 586) were associated with increased risk for STM. The pre-intubation PaCO2 (68 mm Hg, 95% CI 57-79 mm Hg) was significantly higher in STM, compared to controls (38 mm Hg, 95% CI 35-41). The distal tracheal antero-posterior diameter (2.80 mm, 95% CI 2.15-3.46) was significantly lower in STM. A receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a distal tracheal antero-posterior diameter < 7 mm to be the optimal cutoff measurement to diagnose STM. CONCLUSION: STM was associated with prolonged ICU stay. A distal tracheal antero-posterior diameter < 7 mm on a non-intubated CT chest was suggestive of STM that required a confirmatory bronchoscopy. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity were potential risk factors.

Review of adult tracheomalacia and its relationship with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the literature on adult or acquired tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) and explores its association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS: Dynamic imaging of central airways, a noninvasive test as effective as bronchoscopy to diagnose TBM, has increased the recognition of this disorder. Airway stabilization techniques using stents placed via bronchoscopy have also furthered the interest in TBM. The association of TBM with COPD is of growing interest particularly in the face of worldwide rise in COPD incidence. The pathobiology behind this condition may share significant common ground with COPD. SUMMARY: Despite the lack of uniformly accepted diagnostic criteria and the uncertain correlation to clinical manifestations and course, technologic advances in imaging and interventional bronchoscopy have spurred clinicians' interest in TBM. In exploring the association of TBM and COPD, an intriguing consideration is whether TBM could be an extension of peripheral airway disease.

Hypertension after kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the possible role of blood pressure (BP), independent of acute rejection and graft function, on outcomes after kidney transplantation. METHODS: We investigated the prevalence, treatment, control, and clinical correlates of hypertension and its association with outcomes, using multivariate analyses with time-dependent covariates, in a retrospective cohort of 1,666 kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS: Hypertension was common, and its control was poor. For example, at 1 year, only 55.5% had a BP less than 140 mm Hg. Control improved only slightly in 1993-2002 compared to 1976-2002, even as patients administered 2 or more antihypertensive medications at 1 year increased from 43.5% to 54.6%. Independent correlates of higher BP included male sex, age, donor age, diabetes, body mass index, the presence of native kidneys, and delayed graft function. Previous acute rejection was associated with higher BP at virtually all times after transplantation, and these associations were independent of estimated creatinine clearance (C(Cr)). Conversely, an association between BP and subsequent acute rejection was not statistically significant when differences in C(Cr) were taken into account. After adjusting for the effects of acute rejection, C(Cr), and other variables, each 10 mm Hg of systolic BP was associated with an increased relative risk for graft failure (1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.15; P < 0.0001), death-censored graft failure (1.17; 1.12 to 1.22; P < 0.0001), and death (1.18; 1.12 to 1.23; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: High BP is closely tied to graft function, but nevertheless is an independent risk factor for graft failure and mortality. Better strategies are needed to control BP after kidney transplantation.