Tirzepatide and exercise training in obesity.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of resistance training (RT) combined with aerobic training (AT) and Tirzepatide supplementation on lipid profiles, insulin resistance, anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness in prediabetic obese soldiers. METHODS: 61 obese men were randomly divided into six groups: Placebo; Tirzepatide 5 mg (T5); Tirzepatide 2.5 mg (T2.5); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Placebo (Ex+P); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Tirzepatide 5 mg (Ex+T5); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Tirzepatide 2.5 mg (Ex+T2.5). All training groups performed aerobic training (AT) after resistance training. Subjects trained for six weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after the intervention period, the participants were evaluated for anthropometric measures, body composition [body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and fat mass (FM)], cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and muscle strength (chest press 1RM and leg press 1RM). Blood biochemistry evaluations included triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin level and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). To evaluate the differences between the groups, ANCOVA statistical method was used along with Bonferroni's post hoc test, and the significance level was P <  0.05. RESULTS: Body weight, BMI, WC, FM, FBG, LDL-C, TC, TG and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. WHR significantly decreased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo group. HDL-C, chest press and leg press significantly increased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. VO2max significantly increased and insulin significantly decreased in Ex+P group compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. FM, FBG and TG were significantly decreased in both the T2.5 and T5 groups compared to Placebo group. HOMA-IR, LDL-C and TC significantly decreased in the T5 group compared to Placebo group. Also, leg press significantly increased in Ex+P group compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Performing six weeks of combined resistance and aerobic training in the form of RT+AT alone is more effective than the simultaneous use of Tirzepatide on cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and modulating insulin levels. Taking Tirzepatide in doses of 5 mg and 2.5 mg in combination with exercise training did not have a significant advantage over exercise training alone. Finally, taking Tirzepatide in doses of 5 mg or 2.5 mg in combination with exercise training is not significantly superior to each other.

Rivastigmine ameliorates botulinum-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory impairment in male rats.

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is widely used in beauty industry and its long-term consequences can be a matter of concern. The hippocampal cholinergic system plays a significant role in memory and learning that could be affected by Botulinum toxin. However, to date, the effect of Botox on memory system has been controversial. This survey aimed to examine the effects of Botox on spatial memory, and biochemical and histological parameters of the hippocampus in male rats by using Rivastigmine (R) as a cholinesterase inhibitor that is more selective for the central nervous system (CNS). Thirty-five male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were distributed into seven groups: Sham, Botox A (3, 6, and 15 IU intramascularly) and Botox A (3, 6, and 15 IU) plus Rivastigmine (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Spatial memory was assessed in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) 4 weeks later. Moreover, the hippocampal tissue was removed for histopathological and biochemical analyses. Botox significantly impaired memory performance in MWM by increasing escape latency and swim distance and decreasing the time spent in the target zone. Furthermore, in the Botox groups, the level of acetylcholine decreased, while the level of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme increased significantly in the hippocampus. Also, local lesions were observed in the form of degeneration and loss of pyramidal neurons, as well as a decrease in the volume and shrinkage of the cell body and an increase in microglia in the damaged area. Rivastigmine administration alleviated biochemical and histological parameters and partially ameliorated Botox-induced impairments. In summary, rivastigmine could be a suitable protective approach for side effects of Botox in the hippocampus.

Differential Association of Dietary Linoleic Acid and Alpha-linolenic Acid with Adipose Tissue in a Sample of Iranian Adults; A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are the most critical risk factors for chronic diseases. The quality of dietary fatty acids as one of the factors affecting fat accumulation has received little attention. This study investigates the association between dietary linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) with body fat indices in a sample of healthy Iranian adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cohort-based cross-sectional study, 3,195 individuals aged 20 to 60 who participated in the Shiraz University of Medical Science Employees Health Cohort study were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 118-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and body composition was assessed by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. Multiple linear regression adjusted for relevant confounders was used to determine the associations. RESULTS: Mean dietary intake of LA was 14.20 ± 7.01 mg/day for men and 13.90 ± 6.71 mg/day for women. Additionally, the daily intake of ALA was 0.18 ± 0.18 mg/day in men and 0.17 ± 0.19 mg/day in women. Dietary intake of ALA for men had an inversely significant association with body fat mass (BFM) (ß: -0.585, 95% CI: -1.137, -0.032, P=0.038), percentage of body fat (PBF) (ß: -0.537, 95% CI: -0.945, -0.129, P=0.010), Visceral Fat Area (VFA) (ß: -2.998, 95% CI: -5.695, -0.302, P=0.029), and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) (ß: -0.689, 95% CI: -1.339, -0.040, P=0.038). CONCLUSION: Higher dietary ALA intake was associated with lower BFM, BFP, VAF, and WHR in men. The present study confirms that ALA intake should be considered a preventive treatment to improve body composition. However, further research is recommended in this regard.