Reliability of assessing proximal femur geometry with Rutz classification schema in patients with cerebral palsy.

Our investigation aimed to assess the reliability of the femoral head shape classification system devised by Rutz et al . and observe its application in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) at different skeletal maturity levels. Four independent observers assessed anteroposterior radiographs of the hips of 60 patients with hip dysplasia associated with non-ambulatory CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V) and recorded the femoral head shape radiological grading system as described by Rutz et al . Radiographs were obtained from 20 patients in each of three age groups: under 8 years, between 8 and 12 years and above 12 years old, respectively. Inter-observer reliability was assessed by comparing the measurements of four different observers. To determine the intra-observer reliability, radiographs were reassessed after a 4-week interval. Accuracy was checked by comparing these measurements with the assessment of expert consensus. Validity was checked indirectly by observing the relationship between the Rutz grade and the migration percentage. The Rutz classification system's evaluation of femoral head shape showed moderate to substantial intra- and inter-observer reliability (mean κ  = 0.64 for intraobserver and mean κ  = 0.5 for interobserver). Specialist assessors had slightly higher intra-observer reliability than trainee assessors. The grade of femoral head shape was significantly associated with increasing migration percentage. Rutz's classification was shown to be reliable. Once the clinical utility of this classification can be established, it has the potential for broad application for prognostication and surgical decision-making and as an essential radiographic variable in studies involving the outcomes of hip displacement in CP. Level of evidence: III.

Catheter-related bloodstream infections in infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units: a single center study.

Sepsis in neonates carries a high morbidity and mortality rate and is among the most feared complications in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are a common etiology of late-onset sepsis. The aim of this study was to compare risk factors and characteristics between patients according to the type of catheter that was utilized and according to birth weight classification. The study included 51 newborns with confirmed CRBSI, which were hospitalized in our level 3 NICU between January 2017 and December 2018. The study population was stratified according to the type of venous catheter utilized (peripherally inserted central catheter, central venous catheter (CVC), and peripheral venous catheter). Infants with low birth weight and those who required prolonged parenteral nutrition were most likely to develop CRBSI in our study group. The type of venous catheter was not associated with blood culture results. Also, infants with a birth weight of < 1500 g and > 1500 g did not differ in sepsis etiology. Further research is required to assess venous catheters relative risk of causing sepsis and if the outcome can be traced back specifically to catheter type or patient characteristics.

Polymorphisms of fibronectin-1 (rs3796123; rs1968510; rs10202709; rs6725958; and rs35343655) are not associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that mainly affects premature newborns. Many different factors, increasingly genetic, are involved in the pathogenesis of BPD. The aim of the study is to investigate the possible influence of fibronectin SNP on the occurrence of BPD. The study included 108 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. BPD was diagnosed based on the National Institutes of Health Consensus definition. The 5 FN1 gene polymorphisms assessed in the study were the following: rs3796123; rs1968510; rs10202709; rs6725958; and rs35343655. BPD developed in 30 (27.8%) out of the 108 preterm infants. Incidence of BPD was higher in infants with lower APGAR scores and low birthweight. Investigation did not confirm any significant prevalence for BPD development in any genotypes and alleles of FN1. Further studies should be performed to confirm the role of genetic factors in etiology and pathogenesis of BPD.

Hearing Impairment in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Treated with Hypothermia.

Therapeutic hypothermia acts as the standard of care for infants with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). A proportion of neonates who undergo hypothermia due to HIE have shown to develop various degrees of hearing impairment. Analyzing and identifying infants at high risk of developing hearing difficulties is fundamental for early intervention of such auditory complications. The aim was to assess clinical factors in the development of hearing impairment following therapeutic hypothermia in HIE infants. A retrospective analysis was performed on infants hospitalized in our neonatology department in Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. All infants experienced moderate to severe HIE, and were treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Risk factors for hearing impairment were identified in all infants included in the study. Clinical data during hospital stay and follow-up hearing status were analyzed. A total of 87 HIE infants were included in the study. Seventy-six infants (40 male and 36 female) had otoacoustic emission (OAE) examination following birth, of which 14 (18.4%) demonstrated abnormal (positive) results. Infants with abnormal OAE results had significantly lower blood pH (6.86 ± 0.16, p = 0.001) and base excess (BE) (-22.46 ± 2.59, p = 0.006). Of the 49 infants who returned for follow-up assessment, 4 (8.2%) were diagnosed with sensorineural bilateral hearing impairment (1 infant, mild [<40 dB], 2 moderate [41-70 dB], and 1 profound [>90 dB]). The biochemical analysis following birth revealed significantly lower umbilical BE levels (-23.90 ± 4.99, p = 0.041) and higher lactate levels (160.67 ± 4.93, p = 0.019) in the infants with eventual sensorineural hearing deficit. Infants with moderate or severe HIE are at risk of delayed onset hearing loss. Diligent efforts to monitor auditory status are required, even if early screening results for hearing are insignificant. Exploring biochemical parameters, such as lactate, BE, and blood pH, can prove beneficial in identifying HIE infants at risk of developing a hearing impairment.

Contracting COVID-19 in the first and second trimester of pregnancy: what we know - a concise qualitative systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Recent medical literature has drawn attention to the possible influence of COVID-19 on the course of pregnancies. As the coherence of results seems to vary, especially in relation to first and second trimester pregnancies, a concise qualitative systematic review can shed light on the most recent data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A structured systematic search was performed to collect all COVID-19 pregnancy-related articles published between January 1 and September 16, 2020. Two independent reviewers evaluated studies using the STROBE statement in combination with the CERQual quality assessment of findings. RESULTS: In total 1387 articles were screened and finally 22 studies were evaluated (179 1st/2nd trimesters of pregnant women with COVID-19). The majority of reported mothers who contracted COVID-19 during 1st/2nd trimesters are yet to complete their pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Evidently a limited amount of data is available. Usually, mothers and newborns are discharged from the hospital without any serious complications. Further observations are imperative.

Organ Complications of Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Before Therapeutic Hypothermia.

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious neurological complication that may develop in asphyxiated infants. Severity of encephalopathy may vary, and concurrent multiorgan dysfunctions are commonly observed. Analyzing the incidence of such complications according to severity of HIE, and how they correlate with each other, may shape clinical judgment and allow for early intervention. The study included a total of 57 HIE infants, in which 27/57 (47.37%) met Sarnat inclusion criteria for moderate stage II HIE (Group A) and 30/57 (52.63%) for severe stage III HIE (Group B). Both groups were assessed and compared for incidence of kidney dysfunction, liver dysfunction, coagulopathy, qualitative cardiac abnormalities, respiratory-related dysfunction, and bone marrow insufficiency/thrombocytopenia. All assessments were performed before initiation of therapeutic hypothermia. The complications were further assessed for the presence of correlations. Group B experienced significantly higher incidence of kidney dysfunction (A: 2/27 [7.4%] vs. B: 21/30 [70%], p < 0.001), liver dysfunction (A: 14/27 [51.8%] vs. B: 28/30 [93.3%], p < 0.001), and thrombocytopenia (A: 8/27 [29.6%] vs. B 21/30 [70%], p = 0.002) in our study group. Kidney dysfunction and bone marrow insufficiency showed the highest affiliation with other organ systems in both groups, correlating positively with each other as well as HIE severity, cardiac abnormalities, liver dysfunction, and infant death. A total of 8/57 (14%) infant deaths were observed, all originating from grade III severe HIE group (p = 0.003). Multiorgan dysfunction showed a significant difference between HIE severity (A: 12/27 [44.4%] vs. B: 28/30 [93.3%], p < 0.001). A positive correlation was obtained between multiorgan dysfunction, HIE severity, and infant death. Stage III HIE infants are more likely to experience abnormalities in the kidneys, liver, bone marrow as compared with stage II HIE infants. Correlations between organ complications are present, and should be taken into account during clinical assessment of HIE infants. The probability of mortality is higher in stage III HIE infants with observed multiorgan dysfunctions.

Single nucleotide vitamin D receptor polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI) in the pathogenesis of prematurity complications.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR), coded by the VDR gene, plays a pivotal role in executing cellular functions when bound by the active form of vitamin D. Gene polymorphisms in this receptor have been increasingly associated with a heightened state of vulnerability to certain diseases. However, limited data is available concerning the role of VDR gene polymorphisms in preterm infant complications. In 114 premature infants (< 32 weeks gestation) we analyze four single nucleotide VDR polymorphisms (rs2228570 (FokI), rs1544410 (BsmI), rs797532 (ApaI), rs731236 (TaqI)) for their association with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The results show that BPD was almost four times more likely in infants with the genotype CC of ApaI (rs7975232) (OR 3.845; p = 0.038). While both BPD and NEC were 2.1 times more likely to occur in preterm infants with the allele C of ApaI (rs7975232) (respectively: OR 2.111 and OR 2.129, p < 0.05). The ApaI VDR polymorphism appears to influence incidence of BPD and NEC in preterm infants. Considering VDR polymorphisms in future genetic investigations, in preterm complications, may prove clinically relevant.

Clinical Characteristics and Survival Analysis in a Small Sample of Older COVID-19 Patients with Defined 60-Day Outcome.

The older population is one of the most vulnerable to experience adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Exploring different clinical features that may act as detrimental to this population's survival is pivotal for recognizing the highest risk individuals for poor outcome. We thus aimed to characterize the clinical differences between 60-day survivors and non-survivors, as well as analyze variables influencing survival in the first older adults hospitalized in Poznan, Poland, with COVID-19. Symptoms, comorbidities, complications, laboratory results, and functional capacity regarding the first 50 older patients (≥60 years) hospitalized due to COVID-19 were retrospectively studied. Functional status before admission (dependent/independent) was determined based on medical history. The 60-day survivors (n = 30/50) and non-survivors (n = 20/50) were compared across clinical parameters. The patients had a mean age of 74.8 ± 9.4 years. Overall, 20/50 patients died during hospitalization, with no further fatal outcomes reported during the 60-day period. The non-survivors were on average older (78.3 ± 9.7 years), more commonly experienced concurrent heart disease (75%), and displayed functional dependence (65%) (p < 0.05). When assessing the variables influencing survival (age, heart disease, and functional dependence), using a multivariate proportional hazards regression, functional dependence (requiring assistance in core activities of daily living) was the main factor affecting 60-day survival (HR, 3.34; 95% CI: 1.29-8.63; p = 0.01). In our study, functional dependence was the most important prognostic factor associated with mortality. Elderly with COVID-19 who required assistance in core activities of daily living prior to hospitalization had a three times increased risk to experience mortality, as compared to those with complete independence. Exploring geriatric approaches, such as assessment of functional capacity, may assist in constructing comprehensive survival prognosis in the elderly COVID-19 population.

COVID 19 - Clinical Picture in the Elderly Population: A Qualitative Systematic Review.

The SARS-CoV-2 tendency to affect the older individuals more severely, raises the need for a concise summary isolating this age population. Analysis of clinical features in light of most recently published data allows for improved understanding, and better clinical judgement. A thorough search was performed to collect all articles published from 1st of January to 1st of June 2020, using the keywords COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 followed by the generic terms elderly, older adults or older individuals. The quality assessment of studies and findings was performed by an adaptation of the STROBE statement and CERQual approach. Excluding duplicates, a total of 1598 articles were screened, of which 20 studies were included in the final analysis, pertaining to 4965 older COVID-19 patients (≥60 years old). Variety in symptoms was observed, with fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, or sputum production being the most common. Prominent changes in laboratory findings consistently indicated lymphopenia and inflammation and in some cases organ damage. Radiological examination reveals ground glass opacities with occasional consolidations, bilaterally, with a possible peripheral tendency. An evident fraction of the elderly population (25.7%) developed renal injury or impairment as a complication. Roughly 71.4% of the older adults require supplementary oxygen, while invasive mechanical ventilation was required in almost a third of the reported hospitalized older individuals. In this review, death occurred in 20.0% of total patients with a recorded outcome (907/4531). Variability in confidence of findings is documented. Variety in symptom presentation is to be expected, and abnormalities in laboratory findings are present. Risk for mortality is evident, and attention to the need for supplementary oxygen and possible mechanical ventilation is advised. Further data is required isolating this age population. Presented literature may allow for the construction of better predictive models of COVID-19 in older populations.

Ultraweak Photon Emissions as a Non-Invasive, Early-Malignancy Detection Tool: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

Early detection of cancer improves treatment options and increases survival. Building upon previous demonstrations that ultraweak photon emissions (UPE) could be measured to detect cancers, we designed an early detection protocol to test malignancy in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Photons were measured for 100 s from plates containing ~1 million malignant or non-malignant cells from 13 different types of human and mouse cell lines. Tumor cells displayed increased photon emissions compared to non-malignant cells. Examining the standardized Spectral Power Density (SPD) configurations for flux densities between 0.1 and 25 Hz (Δf = 0.01 Hz) yielded 90% discriminant accuracy. The emission profiles of mice that had been injected with melanoma cells could be differentiated from a non-malignant reference groups as early as 24 h post-injection. The peak SPD associated with photon emissions was ~20 Hz for both malignant cell cultures and mice with growing tumors. These results extend the original suggestion by Takeda and his colleagues (2004) published in this journal concerning the potential diagnostic value of UPEs for assessing proliferations of carcinoma cells. The specificity of the spectral profile in the 20 Hz range may be relevant to the consistent efficacy reported by several authors that weak magnetic field pulsations within this frequency range can diminish the growth of malignant cells in culture and tumor weights in mice.

Role of Fibronectin-1 polymorphism genes with the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a dangerous complication facing a significant proportion of preterm infants. It is multifactorial in nature, and an observed fibronectin deficiency in the germinal matrix basal lamina is among the most prominent factors that influence such rupture. Better understanding of the FN1 gene polymorphisms and their role in IVH may further clarify the presence of a genetic susceptibility of certain babies to this complication. The aim of this study was to assess if 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the fibronectin gene may be linked to an increased incidence of IVH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 108 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. IVH was diagnosed using cranial ultrasound performed on the 1st,3rd, and 7th day after birth and classified according to Papile et al. IVH classification. The 5 FN1 gene polymorphisms assessed in the study were the following: rs3796123; rs1968510; rs10202709; rs6725958; and rs35343655. RESULTS: IVH developed in 51 (47.2%) out of the 108 preterm infants. This includes, 18 (35.3%) with stage I IVH, 19 (37.3%) with stage II, 11 (21.6%) with stage III, and 3 (5.9%) with stage IV IVH. Incidence of IVH was higher in infants with lower APGAR scores, low gestational age, and low birthweight. Analysis showed that IVH stage II to IV was approximately seven times more likely to occur in infants with the genotype TT FN1 rs10202709 (OR 7237 (1046-79.59; p = 0,044)). No other significant association was found with the rest of the polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate a sevenfold increased genetic susceptibility to IVH in preterm infants with the TT FN1 rs10202709 gene polymorphism. The fibronectin gene polymorphism may therefore be of crucial importance as a genetic risk factor for IVH in preterm infants. Further studies are warranted.

Biophotonic markers of malignancy: Discriminating cancers using wavelength-specific biophotons.

Early detection is a critically important factor when successfully diagnosing and treating cancer. Whereas contemporary molecular techniques are capable of identifying biomarkers associated with cancer, surgical interventions are required to biopsy tissue. The common imaging alternative, positron-emission tomography (PET), involves the use of nuclear material which poses some risks. Novel, non-invasive techniques to assess the degree to which tissues express malignant properties are now needed. Recent developments in biophoton research have made it possible to discriminate cancerous cells from normal cells both in vitro and in vivo. The current study expands upon a growing body of literature where we classified and characterized malignant and non-malignant cell types according to their biophotonic activity. Using wavelength-exclusion filters, we demonstrate that ratios between infrared and ultraviolet photon emissions differentiate cancer and non-cancer cell types. Further, we identified photon sources associated with three filters (420-nm, 620-nm., and 950-nm) which classified cancer and non-cancer cell types. The temporal increases in biophoton emission within these wavelength bandwidths is shown to be coupled with intrisitic biomolecular events using Cosic's resonant recognition model. Together, the findings suggest that the use of wavelength-exclusion filters in biophotonic measurement can be employed to detect cancer in vitro.

Synergistic interactions between temporal coupling of complex light and magnetic pulses upon melanoma cell proliferation and planarian regeneration.

Synergisms between a physiologically patterned magnetic field that is known to enhance planarian growth and suppress proliferation of malignant cells in culture and three light emitting diode (LED) generated visible wavelengths (blue, green, red) upon planarian regeneration and melanoma cell numbers were discerned. Five days of hourly exposures to either a physiologically patterned (2.5-5.0 µT) magnetic field, one of three wavelengths (3 kLux) or both treatments simultaneously indicated that red light (680 nm), blue light (470 nm) or the magnetic field significantly facilitated regeneration of planarian compared to sham field exposed planarian. Presentation of both light and magnetic field conditions enhanced the effect. Whereas the blue and red light diminished the growth of malignant (melanoma) cells, the effect was not as large as that produced by the magnetic field. Only the paired presentation of the blue light and magnetic field enhanced the suppression. On the other hand, the changes following green light (540 nm) exposure did not differ from the control condition and green light presented with the magnetic field eliminated its effects for both the planarian and melanoma cells. These results indicate specific colors affect positive adaptation that is similar to weak, physiologically patterned frequency modulated (8-24 Hz) magnetic fields and that the two forms of energy can synergistically summate or cancel.

Experimental Evidence of Classical Conditioning and Microscopic Engrams in an Electroconductive Material.

Synthetic experimental substrates are indispensable tools which can allow researchers to model biological processes non-invasively in three-dimensional space. In this study, we investigated the capacities of an electroconductive material whose properties converge upon those of the brain. An electrically conductive material composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, ions, water, and trace amounts of other organic compounds and minerals was classically conditioned as inferred by electrophysiological measurements. Spectral densities evoked during the display of a conditioned stimulus (CS) probe were strongly congruent with those displayed during the conditioned-unconditioned stimulus pairing (CS-UCS). The neutral stimulus consisted of the pulsed light from a LED. The unconditioned stimulus was an alternating current. Interstimulus intervals >130 ms did not result in conditioned responses. Microscopic analysis of the chemically-fixed substratum revealed 10-200 µm wide 'vessel structures' within samples exposed to a stimulus. Greater complexity (increased fractal dimensions) was clearly discernable by light microscopy for stained sections of fixed samples that had been conditioned compared to various controls. The denser pixels indicated greater concentration of stain and increased canalization. Implications for learning and memory formation are discussed.

LORETA indicates frequency-specific suppressions of current sources within the cerebrums of blindfolded subjects from patterns of blue light flashes applied over the skull.

An array of eight cloistered (completely covered) 470-nm LEDs was attached to the right caudal scalp of subjects while each sat blindfolded within a darkened chamber. The LEDs were activated by a computer-generated complex (frequency-modulated) temporal pattern that, when applied as weak magnetic fields, has elicited sensed presences and changes in LORETA (low-resolution electromagnetic tomography) configurations. Serial 5-min on to 5-min off presentations of the blue light (10,000lx) resulted in suppression of gamma activity within the right cuneus (including the extrastriate area), beta activity within the left angular and right superior temporal regions, and alpha power within the right parahippocampal region. The effect required about 5min to emerge followed by a transient asymptote for about 15 to 20min when diminished current source density was evident even during no light conditions. Subjective experiences, as measured by our standard exit questionnaire, reflected sensations similar to those reported when the pattern was presented as a weak magnetic field. Given previous evidence that photon flux density of this magnitude can penetrate the skull, these results suggest that properly configured LEDs that generate physiologically patterned light sequences might be employed as noninvasive methods to explore the dynamic characteristics of cerebral activity in epileptic and nonepileptic brains.

Inverse relationship between photon flux densities and nanotesla magnetic fields over cell aggregates: Quantitative evidence for energetic conservation.

The quantitative relationship between local changes in magnetic fields and photon emissions within ∼2 mm of aggregates of 10(5)-10(6) cells was explored experimentally. The vertical component of the earth's magnetic field as measured by different magnetometers was ∼15 nT higher when plates of cells removed from incubation were measured compared to plates containing only medium. Additional experiments indicated an inverse relationship over the first ∼45 min between changes in photon counts (∼10(-12) W·m(-2)) following removal from incubation and similar changes in magnetic field intensity. Calculations indicated that the energy within the aqueous volume containing the cells was equivalent for that associated with the flux densities of the magnetic fields and the photon emissions. For every approximately 1 nT increase in magnetic field intensity value there was a decrease of ∼2 photons (equivalent of 10(-18) J). These results complement correlation studies and suggest there may be a conservation of energy between expression as magnetic fields that are subtracted or added to the adjacent geomagnetic field and reciprocal changes in photon emissions when aggregates of cells within a specific volume of medium (water) adapt to new environments.

Novel Cosic resonance (standing wave) solutions for components of the JAK-STAT cellular signaling pathway: A convergence of spectral density profiles.

Cosic discovered that spectral analyses of a protein sequence after each constituent amino acid had been transformed into an appropriate pseudopotential predicted a resonant energy between interacting molecules. Several experimental studies have verified the predicted peak wavelength of photons within the visible or near-visible light band for specific molecules. Here, this concept has been applied to a classic signaling pathway, JAK-STAT, traditionally composed of nine sequential protein interactions. The weighted linear average of the spectral power density (SPD) profiles of each of the eight "precursor" proteins displayed remarkable congruence with the SPD profile of the terminal molecule (CASP-9) in the pathway. These results suggest that classic and complex signaling pathways in cells can also be expressed as combinations of resonance energies.

Group planarian sudden mortality: Is the threshold around global geomagnetic activity ≥K6?

Sudden deaths in groups of animals have been observed by field and laboratory biologists. We have measured mortalities in large group-housed planarian during the infrequent periods of very intense geomagnetic activity. In 13 separate episodes over the last 5 y we have observed the sudden death in our laboratory of hundreds of planarian if their density was about 1 worm per cc and the global geomagnetic activity was K≥6 the day before or the day of the observation of the mortality. Such mortality never occurred in other conditions or days. Both estimates of the "magnetic moment" of a planarian in magnetic fields above this threshold of sustained magnetic flux density as well as the magnetic energy within the planarian volume predict values that could affect phenomenon associated with the total numbers of pH-dependent charges within each worm. These conditions could affect the Levin-Burr bioelectrical signals and networks that affect patterning information and sustainability in whole living systems. The establishment of a central reservoir for the report of these transient events might allow Life Scientists to more fully appreciate the impact of these pervasive global stimuli upon dense groups of animals.

Combined therapeutic use of oral alitretinoin and narrowband ultraviolet-B therapy in the treatment of hailey-hailey disease.

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD) is a chronic familial bullous disease characterized by recurrent blisters and erosions typically at friction-prone areas of the body accompanied by acantholysis upon histologic examination. There are a number of therapies used in the management of HHD. Its symptoms have been effectively treated with antimicrobial therapies, corticosteroids and other agents such as cyclosporine and prednisone. However, such treatments are not always effective. Therefore, there is a need for new treatments for the management of HHD. In this report, a patient with long-standing HHD responsive only to high levels of prednisone is described. After the successful tapering and cessation of oral prednisone the patient began a new combination therapy of complementary doses of oral alitretinoin, and narrowband UVB therapy, which yielded a favorable response within 2-3 weeks. After 6 weeks, a mono-therapy of daily (30 mg) oral alitretinoin was sufficient to maintain successful near-complete remission of the disease.

Shifting wavelengths of ultraweak photon emissions from dying melanoma cells: their chemical enhancement and blocking are predicted by Cosic's theory of resonant recognition model for macromolecules.

During the first 24 h after removal from incubation, melanoma cells in culture displayed reliable increases in emissions of photons of specific wavelengths during discrete portions of this interval. Applications of specific filters revealed marked and protracted increases in infrared (950 nm) photons about 7 h after removal followed 3 h later by marked and protracted increases in near ultraviolet (370 nm) photon emissions. Specific wavelengths within the visible (400 to 800 nm) peaked 12 to 24 h later. Specific activators or inhibitors for specific wavelengths based upon Cosic's resonant recognition model elicited either enhancement or diminishment of photons at the specific wavelength as predicted. Inhibitors or activators predicted for other wavelengths, even within 10 nm, were less or not effective. There is now evidence for quantitative coupling between the wavelength of photon emissions and intrinsic cellular chemistry. The results are consistent with initial activation of signaling molecules associated with infrared followed about 3 h later by growth and protein-structural factors associated with ultraviolet. The greater-than-expected photon counts compared with raw measures through the various filters, which also function as reflective material to other photons, suggest that photons of different wavelengths might be self-stimulatory and could play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication.